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Dr. Karolina Gromadzka
Department of Chemistry, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland

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0 bioactive compounds
0 Endophytes
0 Mycotoxins analysis
0 Toxins presence in grains and in aqueous environmental
0 Methods of cereals biological protection

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Journal article
Published: 11 August 2021 in Agriculture
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The quality of grain products from organic agriculture is an important subject of research for food safety and consumer health. The aim of the study was to examine the grain of spring wheat from organic agriculture according to their infestation by Fusarium spp., mycotoxin content, and technological value for milling and baking processing. The material was grain of 13 spring wheat varieties cultivated in organic systems in 3 years. The results showed that the intensity of Fusarium head blight (FHB) was low and ranged from 0.0% to 5.5% of ears. Grain infestation by Fusarium spp. varied between varieties and years from 1.5% to 18.5%. The colonization of grains by Fusarium spp. did not reflect the intensity of FHB. The lowest grain infestation by Fusarium spp. was noted for the varieties: Waluta, Zadra, and Arabella. Mycotoxin contamination of the grain of tested varieties did not exceed accepted standards. The requirements of the milling and baking industries were generally met by grain and flour of all the tested varieties. On the basis of the 3 year study results related to food safety and processing properties, the varieties most useful for organic production are Arabella, followed by Brawura, Izera, Kandela, Katoda, KWS Torridon, Waluta, and Zadra.

ACS Style

Beata Feledyn-Szewczyk; Grażyna Cacak-Pietrzak; Leszek Lenc; Karolina Gromadzka; Dariusz Dziki. Milling and Baking Quality of Spring Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) from Organic Farming. Agriculture 2021, 11, 765 .

AMA Style

Beata Feledyn-Szewczyk, Grażyna Cacak-Pietrzak, Leszek Lenc, Karolina Gromadzka, Dariusz Dziki. Milling and Baking Quality of Spring Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) from Organic Farming. Agriculture. 2021; 11 (8):765.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Beata Feledyn-Szewczyk; Grażyna Cacak-Pietrzak; Leszek Lenc; Karolina Gromadzka; Dariusz Dziki. 2021. "Milling and Baking Quality of Spring Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) from Organic Farming." Agriculture 11, no. 8: 765.

Journal article
Published: 09 June 2021 in Toxins
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Mycotoxin exposure assessments through biomonitoring studies, based on the analysis of amniotic fluid, provides useful information about potential exposure of mothers and fetuses to ubiquitous toxic metabolites that are routinely found in food and the environment. In this study, amniotic fluid samples (n = 86) were collected via abdominal amniocentesis at 15–22 weeks of gestation from pregnant women with a high risk of chromosomal anomalies or genetic fetal defects detected during 1st trimester prenatal screening. These samples were analyzed for the presence of the most typical Aspergillus, Penicillium and Fusarium mycotoxins, with a focus on aflatoxins, ochratoxins and trichothecenes, using the LC-FLD/DAD method. The results showed that the toxin was present in over 75% of all the tested samples and in 73% of amniotic fluid samples from fetuses with genetic defects. The most frequently identified toxins were nivalenol (33.7%) ranging from

ACS Style

Karolina Gromadzka; Jakub Pankiewicz; Monika Beszterda; Magdalena Paczkowska; Beata Nowakowska; Rafał Kocyłowski. The Presence of Mycotoxins in Human Amniotic Fluid. Toxins 2021, 13, 409 .

AMA Style

Karolina Gromadzka, Jakub Pankiewicz, Monika Beszterda, Magdalena Paczkowska, Beata Nowakowska, Rafał Kocyłowski. The Presence of Mycotoxins in Human Amniotic Fluid. Toxins. 2021; 13 (6):409.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Karolina Gromadzka; Jakub Pankiewicz; Monika Beszterda; Magdalena Paczkowska; Beata Nowakowska; Rafał Kocyłowski. 2021. "The Presence of Mycotoxins in Human Amniotic Fluid." Toxins 13, no. 6: 409.

Journal article
Published: 13 January 2021 in Biomolecules
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The occurrence and diversity of Lecanicillium and Sarocladium in maize seeds and their role in this cereal are poorly understood. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate Sarocladium and Lecanicillium communities found in endosphere of maize seeds collected from fields in Poland and their potential to form selected bioactive substances. The sequencing of the internally transcribed spacer regions 1 (ITS 1) and 2 (ITS2) and the large-subunit (LSU, 28S) of the rRNA gene cluster resulted in the identification of 17 Sarocladium zeae strains, three Sarocladium strictum and five Lecanicillium lecanii isolates. The assay on solid substrate showed that S. zeae and S. strictum can synthesize bassianolide, vertilecanin A, vertilecanin A methyl ester, 2-decenedioic acid and 10-hydroxy-8-decenoic acid. This is also the first study revealing the ability of these two species to produce beauvericin and enniatin B1, respectively. Moreover, for the first time in the present investigation, pyrrocidine A and/or B have been annotated as metabolites of S. strictum and L. lecanii. The production of toxic, insecticidal and antibacterial compounds in cultures of S. strictum, S. zeae and L. lecanii suggests the requirement to revise the approach to study the biological role of fungi inhabiting maize seeds.

ACS Style

Lidia Błaszczyk; Agnieszka Waśkiewicz; Karolina Gromadzka; Katarzyna Mikołajczak; Jerzy Chełkowski. Sarocladium and Lecanicillium Associated with Maize Seeds and Their Potential to Form Selected Secondary Metabolites. Biomolecules 2021, 11, 98 .

AMA Style

Lidia Błaszczyk, Agnieszka Waśkiewicz, Karolina Gromadzka, Katarzyna Mikołajczak, Jerzy Chełkowski. Sarocladium and Lecanicillium Associated with Maize Seeds and Their Potential to Form Selected Secondary Metabolites. Biomolecules. 2021; 11 (1):98.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lidia Błaszczyk; Agnieszka Waśkiewicz; Karolina Gromadzka; Katarzyna Mikołajczak; Jerzy Chełkowski. 2021. "Sarocladium and Lecanicillium Associated with Maize Seeds and Their Potential to Form Selected Secondary Metabolites." Biomolecules 11, no. 1: 98.

Journal article
Published: 15 April 2019 in Toxins
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Maize has become one of the most important crops for food and feed production—both as a silage and crop residue worldwide. The present study aimed to identify the co-occurrence of Fusarium subglutinans, Fusarium verticillioides, Trichoderma atroviride, Sarocladium zeae, and Lecanicillium lecanii on maize ear rot. Further, the accumulation of mycotoxins as secondary metabolites of Fusarium spp. in maize ear samples was also analyzed. Maize ear samples were collected between 2014 and 2017 from two main maize growing areas in Poland (Greater Poland and Silesia region). A significant difference was found in the frequency of two main Fusarium spp. that infect maize ears, namely F. subglutinans and F. verticillioides. In addition to Fusarium spp. T. atroviride, S. zeae, and L. lecanii were also identified. T. atroviride species was found in 14% of maize samples examined between 2014 and 2017, particularly with a high percentage of Trichoderma spp. recorded in 2014, i.e., in 31% of samples. However, mycotoxin content (beauvericin and fumonisins) varied, depending on both the location and year of sampling. The interaction of fungi and insects inhabiting maize ear and kernel is very complex and not yet elucidated. Therefore, further research is required in this area.

ACS Style

Karolina Gromadzka; Lidia Błaszczyk; Jerzy Chełkowski; Agnieszka Waśkiewicz. Occurrence of Mycotoxigenic Fusarium Species and Competitive Fungi on Preharvest Maize Ear Rot in Poland. Toxins 2019, 11, 224 .

AMA Style

Karolina Gromadzka, Lidia Błaszczyk, Jerzy Chełkowski, Agnieszka Waśkiewicz. Occurrence of Mycotoxigenic Fusarium Species and Competitive Fungi on Preharvest Maize Ear Rot in Poland. Toxins. 2019; 11 (4):224.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Karolina Gromadzka; Lidia Błaszczyk; Jerzy Chełkowski; Agnieszka Waśkiewicz. 2019. "Occurrence of Mycotoxigenic Fusarium Species and Competitive Fungi on Preharvest Maize Ear Rot in Poland." Toxins 11, no. 4: 224.

Journal article
Published: 15 November 2018 in Journal of Applied Genetics
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Maize ear rot is a common disease found worldwide, caused by several toxigenic Fusarium species. Maize ears and kernels infected by Fusarium subglutinans contained significant amounts of beauvericin, fusaproliferin, moniliformin, and enniatins. In 2011, F. subglutinans sensu lato has been divided into two species: Fusarium temperatum sp. nov. and F. subglutinans sensu stricto, showing different phylogeny and beauvericin production within the populations of maize pathogens in Belgium. Isolates of the new species—F. temperatum—were also identified and characterized in Spain, Argentina, Poland, France, and China as one of the most important pathogens of maize. Moreover, F. temperatum was proved to be pathogenic to maize seedlings and stalks. We identified Fusarium isolates obtained from diseased maize ears collected between 2013 and 2016 in Poland (321 isolates). Based on morphological analyses, six Fusarium species were identified. Molecular identification performed on the set of selected isolates (42 isolates) revealed 34 isolates to be F. temperatum and only five to be F. subglutinans. Interestingly, the phylogenetic analysis showed that the population of F. temperatum infecting maize in Poland remained quite uniform for over 30 years with only a few exceptions. For the first time, a single isolate of Fusarium ramigenum was detected from the area of Poland. Significant amounts of BEA were found in Fusarium-damaged kernels. The same kernel samples contained also enniatins A1, A, B1, and B. The results clearly demonstrate the occurrence of F. temperatum as maize pathogen in Poland for over the last three decades.

ACS Style

Ł. Stępień; K. Gromadzka; J. Chełkowski; A. Basińska-Barczak; J. Lalak-Kańczugowska. Diversity and mycotoxin production by Fusarium temperatum and Fusarium subglutinans as causal agents of pre-harvest Fusarium maize ear rot in Poland. Journal of Applied Genetics 2018, 60, 113 -121.

AMA Style

Ł. Stępień, K. Gromadzka, J. Chełkowski, A. Basińska-Barczak, J. Lalak-Kańczugowska. Diversity and mycotoxin production by Fusarium temperatum and Fusarium subglutinans as causal agents of pre-harvest Fusarium maize ear rot in Poland. Journal of Applied Genetics. 2018; 60 (1):113-121.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ł. Stępień; K. Gromadzka; J. Chełkowski; A. Basińska-Barczak; J. Lalak-Kańczugowska. 2018. "Diversity and mycotoxin production by Fusarium temperatum and Fusarium subglutinans as causal agents of pre-harvest Fusarium maize ear rot in Poland." Journal of Applied Genetics 60, no. 1: 113-121.

Journal article
Published: 30 March 2017 in Polish Journal of Microbiology
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The aim of the present study was to examine the abilities of twenty-four isolates belonging to ten different Trichoderma species (i.e., Trichoderma atroviride, Trichoderma citrinoviride, Trichoderma cremeum, Trichoderma hamatum, Trichoderma harzianum, Trichoderma koningiopsis, Trichoderma longibrachiatum, Trichoderma longipile, Trichoderma viride and Trichoderma viridescens) to inhibit the mycelial growth and mycotoxin production by five Fusarium strains (i.e., Fusarium avenaceum, Fusarium cerealis, Fusarium culmorum, Fusarium graminearum and Fusarium temperatum). Dual-culture bioassay on potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium clearly documented that all of the Trichoderma strains used in the study were capable of influencing the mycelial growth of at least four of all five Fusarium species on the fourth day after co-inoculation, when there was the first apparent physical contact between antagonist and pathogen. The qualitative evaluation of the interaction between the colonies after 14 days of co-culturing on PDA medium showed that ten Trichoderma strains completely overgrew and sporulated on the colony at least one of the tested Fusarium species. Whereas, the microscopic assay provided evidence that only T. atroviride AN240 and T. viride AN255 formed dense coils around the hyphae of the pathogen from where penetration took place. Of all screened Trichoderma strains, T. atroviride AN240 was also found to be the most efficient (69–100% toxin reduction) suppressors of mycotoxins (deoxynivalenol, 3-acetyl-deoxynivalenol, 15-acetyl-deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, zearalenone, beauvericin, moniliformin) production by all five Fusarium species on solid substrates. This research suggests that T. atroviride AN240 can be a promising candidate for the biological control of toxigenic Fusarium species.

ACS Style

Lidia Błaszczyk; Aneta Basińska-Barczak; Hanna Ćwiek-Kupczyńska; Karolina Gromadzka; Delfina Popiel; Łukasz Stępień. Suppressive Effect of Trichoderma spp. on Toxigenic Fusarium Species. Polish Journal of Microbiology 2017, 66, 85 -100.

AMA Style

Lidia Błaszczyk, Aneta Basińska-Barczak, Hanna Ćwiek-Kupczyńska, Karolina Gromadzka, Delfina Popiel, Łukasz Stępień. Suppressive Effect of Trichoderma spp. on Toxigenic Fusarium Species. Polish Journal of Microbiology. 2017; 66 (1):85-100.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lidia Błaszczyk; Aneta Basińska-Barczak; Hanna Ćwiek-Kupczyńska; Karolina Gromadzka; Delfina Popiel; Łukasz Stępień. 2017. "Suppressive Effect of Trichoderma spp. on Toxigenic Fusarium Species." Polish Journal of Microbiology 66, no. 1: 85-100.

Journal article
Published: 01 March 2017 in Cereal Research Communications
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ACS Style

K. Gromadzka; M. Wit; K. Górna; J. Chełkowski; A. Waśkiewicz; P. Ochodzki; R. Warzecha. Fumonisins and related Fusarium species in pre-harvest maize ear rot in Poland. Cereal Research Communications 2017, 45, 35 -46.

AMA Style

K. Gromadzka, M. Wit, K. Górna, J. Chełkowski, A. Waśkiewicz, P. Ochodzki, R. Warzecha. Fumonisins and related Fusarium species in pre-harvest maize ear rot in Poland. Cereal Research Communications. 2017; 45 (1):35-46.

Chicago/Turabian Style

K. Gromadzka; M. Wit; K. Górna; J. Chełkowski; A. Waśkiewicz; P. Ochodzki; R. Warzecha. 2017. "Fumonisins and related Fusarium species in pre-harvest maize ear rot in Poland." Cereal Research Communications 45, no. 1: 35-46.

Journal article
Published: 12 August 2016 in Plant, Soil and Environment
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This work presents a survey on mycotoxins (seasons 2013 and 2014) and Fusarium species (seasons from 1985 to 2014) in maize ear rot in Poland. Twelve mycotoxins were identified in maize kernel samples exhibiting symptoms of Fusarium ear rot or rotten kernels at the harvest in two locations in Poland during the seasons 2013 and 2014. This is the first complex survey on the co-occurrence of four Fusarium mycotoxin groups in maize kernels: the group of the mycohormone zearalenone; the group of trichothecenes – deoxynivalenol and nivalenol; the group of fumonisins; and the group of cyclic hexadepsipeptides – beauvericin and enniatins; and in addition, moniliformin. Four Fusarium species were identified in preharvest maize ear rot in the 2013 and 2014 harvests namely: F. graminearum, F. poae, F. subglutinans and F. verticillioides. Since 1985, eleven Fusarium species have been identified in 13 investigation seasons. Apart from those mentioned above, F. avenaceum, F. cerealis, F. culmorum and F. sporotrichioides were observed with irregular frequencies, and three species, i.e. F. proliferatum, F. tricinctum and F. equiseti, were identified sporadically. A significant increase of F. verticillioides frequency and a decrease of F. subglutinans frequency and changes of mycotoxin profile have been observed in the two decades since 1995.

ACS Style

Karolina Gromadzka; K. Górna; J. Chełkowski; A. Waśkiewicz. Mycotoxins and related Fusarium species in preharvest maize ear rot in Poland. Plant, Soil and Environment 2016, 62, 348 -354.

AMA Style

Karolina Gromadzka, K. Górna, J. Chełkowski, A. Waśkiewicz. Mycotoxins and related Fusarium species in preharvest maize ear rot in Poland. Plant, Soil and Environment. 2016; 62 (No. 8):348-354.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Karolina Gromadzka; K. Górna; J. Chełkowski; A. Waśkiewicz. 2016. "Mycotoxins and related Fusarium species in preharvest maize ear rot in Poland." Plant, Soil and Environment 62, no. No. 8: 348-354.

Journal article
Published: 03 August 2015 in Plant, Soil and Environment
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Open Access Agricultural Journals published by Institute of Agricultural Economics and Information

ACS Style

K. Gromadzka; J. Świetlik; J. Bocianowski; P. Goliński; A. Waśkiewicz. Possible way of zearalenone migration in the agricultural environment. Plant, Soil and Environment 2015, 61, 358 -363.

AMA Style

K. Gromadzka, J. Świetlik, J. Bocianowski, P. Goliński, A. Waśkiewicz. Possible way of zearalenone migration in the agricultural environment. Plant, Soil and Environment. 2015; 61 (8):358-363.

Chicago/Turabian Style

K. Gromadzka; J. Świetlik; J. Bocianowski; P. Goliński; A. Waśkiewicz. 2015. "Possible way of zearalenone migration in the agricultural environment." Plant, Soil and Environment 61, no. 8: 358-363.

Journal article
Published: 01 June 2015 in Archives of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology
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Zearalenone (ZEA) is a mycotoxin produced by some Fusarium species in food and feed. The toxicity of ZEA and its metabolites is related to the chemical structure of the mycotoxin, which is similar to naturally occurring oestrogens. Currently, there is increasing awareness of the presence of fungi and their toxic metabolites in the aquatic environment. One of the sources of these compounds are the effluents from wastewater treatment plants. The average annual efficiency of zearalenone reduction in the Łęczyca plant in our three-year study was in the range from 51.35 to 69.70 %. The threeway analysis of variance (year, month, and kind of wastewater) shows that the main effects of all factors and all interactions between them were significant for zearalenone and dissolved organic carbon content. Our findings suggest that wastewater is not the main source of surface water pollution with zearalenone. Future research should investigate the means to reduce ZEA and its migration from the fields through prevention strategies such as breeding for crops, plant debris management (crop rotation, tillage), and/or chemical and biological control.

ACS Style

Karolina Gromadzka; Agnieszka Waśkiewicz; Joanna Świetlik; Jan Bocianowski; Piotr Goliński. The role of wastewater treatment in reducing pollution of surface waters with zearalenone / Uloga pročišćavanja otpadnih voda u smanjenju onečišćenja površinskih voda zearalenonom. Archives of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology 2015, 66, 159 -164.

AMA Style

Karolina Gromadzka, Agnieszka Waśkiewicz, Joanna Świetlik, Jan Bocianowski, Piotr Goliński. The role of wastewater treatment in reducing pollution of surface waters with zearalenone / Uloga pročišćavanja otpadnih voda u smanjenju onečišćenja površinskih voda zearalenonom. Archives of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology. 2015; 66 (2):159-164.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Karolina Gromadzka; Agnieszka Waśkiewicz; Joanna Świetlik; Jan Bocianowski; Piotr Goliński. 2015. "The role of wastewater treatment in reducing pollution of surface waters with zearalenone / Uloga pročišćavanja otpadnih voda u smanjenju onečišćenja površinskih voda zearalenonom." Archives of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology 66, no. 2: 159-164.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2014 in BMC Microbiology
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Zearalenone is a mycotoxin produced by several species of Fusarium genus, most notably Fusarium graminearum and Fusarium culmorum. This resorcylic acid lactone is one of the most important toxins causing serious animal and human diseases. For over two decades it has been known that the mycoparasitic fungus Clonostachys rosea (synonym: Gliocladium roseum, teleomorph: Bionectria ochroleuca) can detoxify zearalenone, however no such attributes have been described within the Trichoderma genus.

ACS Style

Delfina Popiel; Grzegorz Koczyk; Adam Dawidziuk; Karolina Gromadzka; Lidia Blaszczyk; Jerzy Chelkowski. Zearalenone lactonohydrolase activity in Hypocreales and its evolutionary relationships within the epoxide hydrolase subset of a/b-hydrolases. BMC Microbiology 2014, 14, 82 -82.

AMA Style

Delfina Popiel, Grzegorz Koczyk, Adam Dawidziuk, Karolina Gromadzka, Lidia Blaszczyk, Jerzy Chelkowski. Zearalenone lactonohydrolase activity in Hypocreales and its evolutionary relationships within the epoxide hydrolase subset of a/b-hydrolases. BMC Microbiology. 2014; 14 (1):82-82.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Delfina Popiel; Grzegorz Koczyk; Adam Dawidziuk; Karolina Gromadzka; Lidia Blaszczyk; Jerzy Chelkowski. 2014. "Zearalenone lactonohydrolase activity in Hypocreales and its evolutionary relationships within the epoxide hydrolase subset of a/b-hydrolases." BMC Microbiology 14, no. 1: 82-82.

Journal article
Published: 01 December 2012 in Cereal Research Communications
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K. Gromadzka; L. Lenc; C. Sadowski; A. Baturo-Cieśniewska; J. Chełkowski; P. Goliński; J. Bocianowski. Effects of fungicidal protection programs on the development of fusarium head blight and the accumulation of mycotoxins in winter wheat. Cereal Research Communications 2012, 40, 518 -531.

AMA Style

K. Gromadzka, L. Lenc, C. Sadowski, A. Baturo-Cieśniewska, J. Chełkowski, P. Goliński, J. Bocianowski. Effects of fungicidal protection programs on the development of fusarium head blight and the accumulation of mycotoxins in winter wheat. Cereal Research Communications. 2012; 40 (4):518-531.

Chicago/Turabian Style

K. Gromadzka; L. Lenc; C. Sadowski; A. Baturo-Cieśniewska; J. Chełkowski; P. Goliński; J. Bocianowski. 2012. "Effects of fungicidal protection programs on the development of fusarium head blight and the accumulation of mycotoxins in winter wheat." Cereal Research Communications 40, no. 4: 518-531.

Journal article
Published: 01 December 2012 in Archives of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology
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The aim of this study was to establish a relation between zearalenone contamination of crops in the Polish province of Wielkopolska and its occurrence in aquatic ecosystems close by the crop fields. Water samples were collected from water bodies such as drainage ditches, wells, or watercourses located in four agricultural areas. Moreover, control water samples were collected from the Bogdanka river, which was located outside the agricultural areas and near an urban area. Cereal samples were collected in the harvest season from each agricultural area close to tested water bodies. Zearalenone (ZEA) was found in all water and cereal samples. The highest concentrations were recorded in the postharvest season (September to October) and the lowest in the winter and spring. Mean ZEA concentrations in water ranged between 1.0 ng L-1 and 80.6 ng L-1, and in cereals from 3.72 ng g-1 to 28.97 ng g-1. Our results confirm that mycotoxins are transported to aquatic systems by rain water through soil.

ACS Style

Agnieszka Waśkiewicz; Karolina Gromadzka; Jan Bocianowski; Paulina Pluta; Piotr Goliński. Zearalenone Contamination of the Aquatic Environment as a Result of its Presence in Crops / Pojava Mikotoksina U Vodenom Okolišu Zbog Njihove Prisutnosti U Usjevima. Archives of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology 2012, 63, 429 -435.

AMA Style

Agnieszka Waśkiewicz, Karolina Gromadzka, Jan Bocianowski, Paulina Pluta, Piotr Goliński. Zearalenone Contamination of the Aquatic Environment as a Result of its Presence in Crops / Pojava Mikotoksina U Vodenom Okolišu Zbog Njihove Prisutnosti U Usjevima. Archives of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology. 2012; 63 (4):429-435.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Agnieszka Waśkiewicz; Karolina Gromadzka; Jan Bocianowski; Paulina Pluta; Piotr Goliński. 2012. "Zearalenone Contamination of the Aquatic Environment as a Result of its Presence in Crops / Pojava Mikotoksina U Vodenom Okolišu Zbog Njihove Prisutnosti U Usjevima." Archives of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology 63, no. 4: 429-435.

Journal article
Published: 01 November 2012 in World Mycotoxin Journal
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Zearalenone is a non-steroidal, strongly oestrogenic substance, which can occur in food and feed. It causes functional changes in the reproductive system similar to those of oestrogens. Due to the occurrence of this toxin in agricultural areas it has been assumed that it may penetrate to surface and ground waters and thus poses a health hazard both for humans and animals. We examined the occurrence of zearalenone in Polish surface and ground waters as well as in sewage during 2010 and investigated the relation between organic carbon found in samples and toxin concentration. The highest zearalenone concentration was found in samples collected from the river Bogdanka: 65.2 ng/l, in August. In addition, in all cases investigated the dissolved organic carbon concentration was found to decrease with an increase in zearalenone concentration.

ACS Style

K. Gromadzka; A. Waśkiewicz; P. Goliński; J. Świetlik; J. Bocianowski. Dissolved organic carbon as an indicator of the presence of zearalenone in the aquatic environment. World Mycotoxin Journal 2012, 5, 357 -364.

AMA Style

K. Gromadzka, A. Waśkiewicz, P. Goliński, J. Świetlik, J. Bocianowski. Dissolved organic carbon as an indicator of the presence of zearalenone in the aquatic environment. World Mycotoxin Journal. 2012; 5 (4):357-364.

Chicago/Turabian Style

K. Gromadzka; A. Waśkiewicz; P. Goliński; J. Świetlik; J. Bocianowski. 2012. "Dissolved organic carbon as an indicator of the presence of zearalenone in the aquatic environment." World Mycotoxin Journal 5, no. 4: 357-364.

Journal article
Published: 01 May 2012 in World Mycotoxin Journal
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High incidence of Fusarium head blight occurred in Northern and Southern Poland in the 2009 season. Head samples from 106 wheat fields were collected before harvest from Northern, Central and Southern Poland in August 2009. Fusarium species were identified in 1,311 heads with visible scab symptoms and the collected material was subjected to mycotoxin analyses. Fusarium graminearum was identified as the most frequently occurring species on wheat, present in 48% of all samples examined. This species prevailed in Northern and Southern Poland, with the frequencies of 53% and 55%, respectively, and its frequency has increased over five-fold after two decades. In the central part of the country, Fusarium culmorum was the major pathogen of wheat, with a frequency of 43%, although in this region the incidence of infected heads in wheat fields was lower than 1%. Several other species, including Fusarium avenaceum, Fusarium cerealis and Microdochium nivale, occurred with lower frequencies. Microscopic identification of species was confirmed using species-specific markers in DNA extracted directly from sporodochia. For the first time, glucosylated deoxynivalenol was identified in Polish cereals, in amounts of 1.6 to 7.4 mg/kg. Deoxynivalenol (DON) content was estimated between 1.7 and 11.9 mg/kg for the healthy looking kernels (HLK) fraction, while the Fusarium-damaged kernels (FDK) were contaminated with high amounts of DON, from 57.3 to 312.3 mg/kg, and zearalenone, from 0.035 to 4.48 mg/kg. The HLK fractions contained about 20 times less DON and zearalenone (ZEA) than the FDK fractions. ZEA accumulated in both FDK kernels and chaff fractions at a similar level. DON was accumulated in the chaff fraction in much lower amounts than in the FDK fraction.

ACS Style

J. Chełkowski; K. Gromadzka; Lukasz Stepien; L. Lenc; M. Kostecki; Franz Berthiller. Fusarium species, zearalenone and deoxynivalenol content in preharvest scabby wheat heads from Poland. World Mycotoxin Journal 2012, 5, 133 -141.

AMA Style

J. Chełkowski, K. Gromadzka, Lukasz Stepien, L. Lenc, M. Kostecki, Franz Berthiller. Fusarium species, zearalenone and deoxynivalenol content in preharvest scabby wheat heads from Poland. World Mycotoxin Journal. 2012; 5 (2):133-141.

Chicago/Turabian Style

J. Chełkowski; K. Gromadzka; Lukasz Stepien; L. Lenc; M. Kostecki; Franz Berthiller. 2012. "Fusarium species, zearalenone and deoxynivalenol content in preharvest scabby wheat heads from Poland." World Mycotoxin Journal 5, no. 2: 133-141.

Journal article
Published: 22 February 2012 in Journal of Applied Genetics
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Fusarium equiseti (Corda) Saccardo is a soil saprophyte and a weak pathogen, associated with several diseases of fruit and other crops in subtropical and tropical areas, but also in countries with temperate climate. A wide range of secondary metabolites has been identified among natural F. equiseti populations, with zearalenone (ZEA), fusarochromanone and fusarenon-X being the most common. In present study, the genetic diversity of strains from two populations (from Italy and Poland) was evaluated by analysing the translation elongation factor 1α (tef-1α) sequences, two polyketide synthases from the ZEA biosynthetic pathway (PKS13 and PKS4) and the TRI5 gene from the trichothecene biosynthetic pathway. ZEA was produced in rice cultures by 20 of the 27 tested isolates in concentrations ranging from 1.34 ng/g to 34,000 ng/g). The ability to produce enniatins and trichothecenes was evaluated in all strains by identifying esyn1, TRI13 and TRI4 genes. The presence of PKS4 and PKS13 genes was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in only some ZEA-producing isolates. Similarly, the TRI5 gene was found in 14 of the 27 isolates tested. This is likely to have been caused by the divergence of those genes between F. equiseti and F. graminearum (the latter species was used for the primers design) and can be exploited in phylogenetic studies. The analysis of the mycotoxin biosynthetic gene sequences can be used to differentiate the studied genotypes even more precisely than the analysis of the non-coding regions (like tef-1α).

ACS Style

Łukasz Stępień; Karolina Gromadzka; Jerzy Chełkowski. Polymorphism of mycotoxin biosynthetic genes among Fusarium equiseti isolates from Italy and Poland. Journal of Applied Genetics 2012, 53, 227 -236.

AMA Style

Łukasz Stępień, Karolina Gromadzka, Jerzy Chełkowski. Polymorphism of mycotoxin biosynthetic genes among Fusarium equiseti isolates from Italy and Poland. Journal of Applied Genetics. 2012; 53 (2):227-236.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Łukasz Stępień; Karolina Gromadzka; Jerzy Chełkowski. 2012. "Polymorphism of mycotoxin biosynthetic genes among Fusarium equiseti isolates from Italy and Poland." Journal of Applied Genetics 53, no. 2: 227-236.

Comparative study
Published: 29 April 2010 in Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A
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This study compares the susceptibility of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars to Fusarium head blight (FHB) and accumulation of mycotoxins in kernels and chaff under different climatic conditions in two locations–Cerekwica near Poznan (Central West Poland) and Sitaniec, near Zamosc, Lublin region (South East Poland). Very high variations were found in the concentrations of mycotoxins (zearalenone, ZEA; nivalenol, NIV; deoxynivalenol, DON; moniliformin, MON) in examined fractions: Fusarium-damaged kernels (FDK) and healthy looking kernels (HLK) and in chaff for individual cultivars in both locations. In most cases, significantly higher concentrations of investigated toxins were recorded in wheat from the area of Lublin than from Poznan (p < 0.05). The highest Fusarium infection rates and mycotoxin biosynthesis levels were observed in the Lublin location, with the percentage of the FDK fraction ranging 8.1–81.6. In this region, ZEA concentration (µg g−1) after inoculation with F. culmorum and F. graminearum ranged from 0.02–0.48 and 0.32–1.04, respectively. In the Poznan area, the toxin concentrations were considerably lower, ranging 0.01–0.10 and 0.03–0.13 µg g−1 for both isolates, respectively. The concentration of DON was significantly higher than ZEA or NIV levels. The levels of MON accumulation (µg g−1) in the FDK fraction were between 0.14 and 1.73 (Poznan area) and ND (not detected) to 2.51 (Lublin area). F. avenaceum infection rate ranged 7–35% in samples where the toxin was detected.

ACS Style

P. Goliński; A. Waśkiewicz; H. Wiśniewska; I. Kiecana; E. Mielniczuk; K. Gromadzka; M. Kostecki; J. Bocianowski; E. Rymaniak. Reaction of winter wheat (Triticum aestivumL.) cultivars to infection withFusariumspp.: mycotoxin contamination in grain and chaff. Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A 2010, 27, 1015 -1024.

AMA Style

P. Goliński, A. Waśkiewicz, H. Wiśniewska, I. Kiecana, E. Mielniczuk, K. Gromadzka, M. Kostecki, J. Bocianowski, E. Rymaniak. Reaction of winter wheat (Triticum aestivumL.) cultivars to infection withFusariumspp.: mycotoxin contamination in grain and chaff. Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A. 2010; 27 (7):1015-1024.

Chicago/Turabian Style

P. Goliński; A. Waśkiewicz; H. Wiśniewska; I. Kiecana; E. Mielniczuk; K. Gromadzka; M. Kostecki; J. Bocianowski; E. Rymaniak. 2010. "Reaction of winter wheat (Triticum aestivumL.) cultivars to infection withFusariumspp.: mycotoxin contamination in grain and chaff." Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A 27, no. 7: 1015-1024.

Book chapter
Published: 27 August 2009 in Mycotoxins in Food, Feed and Bioweapons
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Mycotoxins are not a new problem in foods and feeds, and some suggest that they were first observed after the Flood reported in the Bible. However, a correlation of disease symptoms in humans and/or animals with the occurrence of pathogenic fungi and their metabolites was reported for the first time at the beginning of the twentieth century. For example, Svend Larsen (1928), a Danish veterinary inspector in a slaughterhouse, found that the macroscopic changes and abnormalities in the kidneys of slaughtered pigs, which were the effect of mouldy feed, probably containing toxic metabolites. After about 40 years, ochratoxin A related to mycotoxic porcine nephropathy was found in feeds. The metabolite was extracted, purified and the chemical structure of the compound was determined. The role of ochratoxin A in the etiology of the disease was proved and confirmed in biological experiments. For many years studies on mycotoxins were not successful because the metabolites are present in the matrix (usually at ppb or ppm levels) at much lower concentrations than other biologically active compounds recorded in samples. A necessary condition of mycotoxin biosynthesis is the presence of toxigenic fungi in the environment. Very important factors facilitating mycotoxin formation include substrate, temperature and humidity. Under ambient temperature and high air humidity, rapid growth and development of the fungus on the host tissue may easily be observed. A fungus having a new source of energy (organic matter) develops rapidly, using and transforming host tissue into energy, simultaneously forming mycotoxins. One of the theories explaining why biosynthesis of these toxic compounds by fungi is observed is that an increasing concentration of by-products of primary metabolism (delivering energy) such as acetates, malonates and propionates — according to Le Chatelier's principle — stops reactions of primary metabolism. Since energy is necessary for the life of the fungus (for continuation of metabolism), secondary metabolism with the biosynthesis of mycotoxins is initiated, originating from the above-mentioned anionic residues as the reaction substrate. That is why so many toxic metabolites may be formed by fungi, with some repeating similarities in their chemical structures, as in the case of trichothecenes group A and B, aflatoxin s, ochratoxin s, and fumonisin s.

ACS Style

Piotr Golinski; Agnieszka Waskiewicz; Karolina Gromadzka. Zearalenone and its Derivatives: Known Toxins in New Aspects. Mycotoxins in Food, Feed and Bioweapons 2009, 113 -129.

AMA Style

Piotr Golinski, Agnieszka Waskiewicz, Karolina Gromadzka. Zearalenone and its Derivatives: Known Toxins in New Aspects. Mycotoxins in Food, Feed and Bioweapons. 2009; ():113-129.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Piotr Golinski; Agnieszka Waskiewicz; Karolina Gromadzka. 2009. "Zearalenone and its Derivatives: Known Toxins in New Aspects." Mycotoxins in Food, Feed and Bioweapons , no. : 113-129.

Journal article
Published: 31 March 2009 in Water Research
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Zearalenone is a mycotoxin produced by some Fusarium species in food and feed. Toxicity of ZEA and its metabolites is related to the chemical structure of the mycotoxins, similar to naturally occurring estrogens. Currently, there is increasing awareness of the significance of fungi and their toxic metabolites in water. Thus it was considered essential to determine the concentration of estrogenic toxin in surface waters, groundwater and wastewater in Poland. The application of ZearalaTest immunoaffinity columns for zearalenone determination by HPLC method in water samples characterized by different natural organic matter (NOM) content gave the recovery rate ranging from 74 to 86%. Obtained results showed that the natural organic micropollutants of water with low molecular masses have an effect on zearalenone recovery. Zearalenone was present in water samples in the range from 0 to 43.7 ng L−1.

ACS Style

Karolina Gromadzka; Agnieszka Waśkiewicz; Piotr Goliński; Joanna Świetlik. Occurrence of estrogenic mycotoxin – Zearalenone in aqueous environmental samples with various NOM content. Water Research 2009, 43, 1051 -1059.

AMA Style

Karolina Gromadzka, Agnieszka Waśkiewicz, Piotr Goliński, Joanna Świetlik. Occurrence of estrogenic mycotoxin – Zearalenone in aqueous environmental samples with various NOM content. Water Research. 2009; 43 (4):1051-1059.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Karolina Gromadzka; Agnieszka Waśkiewicz; Piotr Goliński; Joanna Świetlik. 2009. "Occurrence of estrogenic mycotoxin – Zearalenone in aqueous environmental samples with various NOM content." Water Research 43, no. 4: 1051-1059.

Journal article
Published: 01 February 2009 in World Mycotoxin Journal
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Fusarium head blight and maize ear rot are destructive diseases in various cereal production regions, leading to significant yield losses and to the contamination of cereal grain with Fusarium mycotoxins. The mycotoxin zearalenone belongs to the three most important mycotoxins produced by Fusarium species worldwide; moreover, its hormonal oestrogenic activity is higher than its toxicity. The compound also exhibits fungitoxic activity. Toxigenic Fusarium species sporulate on cereal crop residues and produce inoculum to infect the next crop. Reduction of mycotoxin production and pathogen sporulation may be influenced by saprophytic fungal antagonists. Selected Trichoderma and Clonostachys isolates in dual culture bioassays on rice reduced zearalenone, α-zearalenol and zearalenone sulphate production by two isolates of Fusarium graminearum Schwabe and two isolates of F. culmorum (W.G. Smith) Saccardo belonging to three different chemotypes, by over 97%. Two Trichoderma isolates reduced the amount of zearalenone produced by the same four Fusarium isolates by 5-83% in solid substrate bioassays, whereas several Clonostachys isolates reduced the amount of zearalenone by over 96%. Examination of the dynamics of zearalenone reduction showed that the reduction occurred at the fastest rate during the first four days of incubation. Selected non-toxigenic Trichoderma and Clonostachys isolates are candidates for biocontrol agents against toxigenic Fusarium pathogens of cereals and may be useful for decomposition of zearalenone in contaminated cereal grain and cereal products.

ACS Style

K. Gromadzka; J. Chelkowski; D. Popiel; P. Kachlicki; M. Kostecki; P. Goliński. Solid substrate bioassay to evaluate the effect of Trichoderma and Clonostachys on the production of zearalenone by Fusarium species. World Mycotoxin Journal 2009, 2, 45 -52.

AMA Style

K. Gromadzka, J. Chelkowski, D. Popiel, P. Kachlicki, M. Kostecki, P. Goliński. Solid substrate bioassay to evaluate the effect of Trichoderma and Clonostachys on the production of zearalenone by Fusarium species. World Mycotoxin Journal. 2009; 2 (1):45-52.

Chicago/Turabian Style

K. Gromadzka; J. Chelkowski; D. Popiel; P. Kachlicki; M. Kostecki; P. Goliński. 2009. "Solid substrate bioassay to evaluate the effect of Trichoderma and Clonostachys on the production of zearalenone by Fusarium species." World Mycotoxin Journal 2, no. 1: 45-52.