This page has only limited features, please log in for full access.
In this chapter, we apply conventional graph-theory and complex network methods to a sample of port and inter-port shipping flows at and amongst the top 50 European ports in 2017. Such methods help to detect the main topological and geographic structures of this network in order to answer three main questions. First, why are certain port nodes better connected than others? Such a level of hierarchy is best approached by testing the scale-free and rich-club dimension of the network. For this we measure node connectivity in various ways, from local to global indices, all confirming inequality in traffic distribution. Second, what is the influence of cargo specialisation or diversity on the network structure? This relates to the concepts of multiplexity and assortativity, i.e. the ability of nodes to diversify their activity or to specialise. Two principal layers are analysed and compared, namely cargo and bulk, showing that larger ports and links are more diversified. Lastly, what are the substructures or geographic patterns underlying the distribution of maritime flows? To answer this, we examine the influence of physical distance on connectivity and on the emergence of subnetworks.
César Ducruet; Justin Berli; Giannis Spiliopoulos; Dimitris Zissis. Maritime Network Analysis: Connectivity and Spatial Distribution. Guide to Maritime Informatics 2021, 299 -317.
AMA StyleCésar Ducruet, Justin Berli, Giannis Spiliopoulos, Dimitris Zissis. Maritime Network Analysis: Connectivity and Spatial Distribution. Guide to Maritime Informatics. 2021; ():299-317.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCésar Ducruet; Justin Berli; Giannis Spiliopoulos; Dimitris Zissis. 2021. "Maritime Network Analysis: Connectivity and Spatial Distribution." Guide to Maritime Informatics , no. : 299-317.
Affected by climate and natural conditions, cruise activities have obvious seasonal characteristics. For a cruise ship, seasonality consists of the systematic, although not necessarily regular, movement of a cruise ship in a selected time. To examine more specifically the natural factors of the seasonal characteristics from a microscopic perspective, we construct month-temperature, quarter-season, and year-climate zone, a seasonal analysis framework in two dimensions of space and time and using a single world cruise ship named Queen Elizabeth (QE) as the case. Comparing the characteristics of the trajectory network with the seasonal factors, we find the cruise ship tend to voyage in a stable temperature range of 10°C–20°C, flee the winter and catch up with the summer and spring, and mainly stay in the temperature maritime climate zone, the subtropical monsoon humid climate zone, and the Mediterranean climate zone to form several branch network. Finally, the academic and practical implications of the research findings for seasonal management and itinerary choice are elaborated from the supply-side and demand-side.
Xumao Li; Chengjin Wang; César Ducruet. Cruise trajectory network and seasonality: empirical evidence from Queen Elizabeth cruise. Maritime Policy & Management 2020, 48, 283 -298.
AMA StyleXumao Li, Chengjin Wang, César Ducruet. Cruise trajectory network and seasonality: empirical evidence from Queen Elizabeth cruise. Maritime Policy & Management. 2020; 48 (2):283-298.
Chicago/Turabian StyleXumao Li; Chengjin Wang; César Ducruet. 2020. "Cruise trajectory network and seasonality: empirical evidence from Queen Elizabeth cruise." Maritime Policy & Management 48, no. 2: 283-298.
A port system is a system of two or more ports, located in proximity within a given area. In literature, various geographical and functional scales have been identified ranging from complete coastlines to the notions of a ‘range’ and a ‘multi-port gateway region’. Not only does the spatial scale create confusion on the true functional delineation of port systems, but it also complicates a clear understanding of the relational mechanisms at stake within these port systems. This paper revisits existing approaches to and empirical delineations of port systems. Maritime network analysis techniques are deployed to understand hierarchies and interdependencies among nodes of container port systems and sub-systems in North Europe and Northeast Asia. The results provide additional insights on how ports interact from a maritime services’ perspectives and demonstrate whether or not ports which are traditionally considered as belonging to the same port system can in reality be considered forming a fully integrated port system.
César Ducruet; Theo E. Notteboom. Revisiting port system delineation through an analysis of maritime interdependencies among seaports. GeoJournal 2020, 1 -29.
AMA StyleCésar Ducruet, Theo E. Notteboom. Revisiting port system delineation through an analysis of maritime interdependencies among seaports. GeoJournal. 2020; ():1-29.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCésar Ducruet; Theo E. Notteboom. 2020. "Revisiting port system delineation through an analysis of maritime interdependencies among seaports." GeoJournal , no. : 1-29.
César Ducruet. Port specialization and connectivity in the global maritime network. Maritime Policy & Management 2020, 1 -17.
AMA StyleCésar Ducruet. Port specialization and connectivity in the global maritime network. Maritime Policy & Management. 2020; ():1-17.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCésar Ducruet. 2020. "Port specialization and connectivity in the global maritime network." Maritime Policy & Management , no. : 1-17.
Cruise tourism is an obviously global industry in different dimensions. From a geographical perspective, cruise ships are mobile and capable of being repositioned at a company’s notice, which forms the inherent basis for its global spatial layout. As a branch of the cruise industry, the world cruise is clearly globalizing in geographical space by offering long itinerary, even round-the-world trips, for everyone. Using the schedule data from 2018 to 2019, this paper analyzes the spatial characteristics of the itinerary and port organization of Cunard, a world cruise company. We find that the itinerary distribution and port organization of Cunard are both globalization and regionalization, and the latter is the core and main component of the former. Under the influence of the COVID-19 epidemic, the global mobility of cruises has ground to a halt, while local mobility offers the possibility of its resumption as soon as possible. Turning to the regional voyage with the shorter and simple itinerary is feasible for Cunard and other world cruises, which is conducive to the realization of the resuming voyage as soon as possible. Moreover, strict boarding and safety onboard are essential.
Xumao Li; Chengjin Wang; César Ducruet. Globalization and Regionalization: Empirical Evidence from Itinerary Structure and Port Organization of World Cruise of Cunard. Sustainability 2020, 12, 7893 .
AMA StyleXumao Li, Chengjin Wang, César Ducruet. Globalization and Regionalization: Empirical Evidence from Itinerary Structure and Port Organization of World Cruise of Cunard. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (19):7893.
Chicago/Turabian StyleXumao Li; Chengjin Wang; César Ducruet. 2020. "Globalization and Regionalization: Empirical Evidence from Itinerary Structure and Port Organization of World Cruise of Cunard." Sustainability 12, no. 19: 7893.
Despite early cartographical and graph-theoretical analyses of maritime flows in the 1940s and 1960s, it is only from the 2000s onwards that maritime network analysis had grown apace, backed by newly available shipping data, increased computational power, and renewed conceptual frameworks to study networks in general. The evolution of maritime network analysis, in geography and other sciences, is marked by a wide diversity of methods and themes, which we classify into three main parts. We first present studies looking at maritime flows in an abstract space, focusing on operational, statistical, or managerial aspects where navigation, graph structure, and firms' strategies are the key concerns. Second, we review researches where maritime flows and networks are markers and vectors of wider geo-economic structures and dynamics, such as regional inequalities and areas of dominance. Lastly, maritime networks have also been considered as integral parts of territories and wider chained systems, such as urban networks, regional networks, and coupled networks. We conclude that network analysis and maritime transport still share many uncovered areas and discuss potential research pathways for future works.
César Ducruet. The geography of maritime networks: A critical review. Journal of Transport Geography 2020, 88, 102824 .
AMA StyleCésar Ducruet. The geography of maritime networks: A critical review. Journal of Transport Geography. 2020; 88 ():102824.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCésar Ducruet. 2020. "The geography of maritime networks: A critical review." Journal of Transport Geography 88, no. : 102824.
While the spatial and functional relationships between ports and cities have been put in question in the last decades, the continued importance of urbanization and maritime transport in global socio-economic development motivates deeper research on their interaction. The global trade network is often studied at the country level and all transport modes included, concluding that distance remains a strong counterforce to exchange. This article wishes to detect whether the global container shipping network obeys similar properties at the city level. More than 2 million inter-port vessel movements between 1977 and 2016 are assigned to about 9000 ports and 4600 cities to run a gravity model on two different network topologies. Gravitational properties are found, as larger cities connect more with each other but less at distance. The degree of distance effects negatively expanded in 40 years, confirming the “puzzling” or reinforcing effect of distance, yet it varies greatly depending on node aggregation and network topology. We conclude that ports and cities continue to share important interdependencies, but these often rest on a detrimental physical transformation. A discussion is proposed about the underlying operational and theoretical mechanisms at stake. Keywords container shipping; gravity model; maritime trade; port cities; spatial interaction; world city networks.
César Ducruet; Hidekazu Itoh; Justin Berli. Urban gravity in the global container shipping network. Journal of Transport Geography 2020, 85, 102729 .
AMA StyleCésar Ducruet, Hidekazu Itoh, Justin Berli. Urban gravity in the global container shipping network. Journal of Transport Geography. 2020; 85 ():102729.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCésar Ducruet; Hidekazu Itoh; Justin Berli. 2020. "Urban gravity in the global container shipping network." Journal of Transport Geography 85, no. : 102729.
European cities, like most of the world’s cities, are to some degree dependent upon maritime transport for their development, as more than 90% of seaborne trade volume is carried by sea. This also applies to Europe’s external trade. While cities possessing ports play a crucial role in the distribution of goods traffic in such a context, the maritime influence exerted by global trade on non-port, inland cities have not been so far studied from a combined sea-land perspective. The results show a differentiation of the European territory in terms of modal specialisation, core-periphery, polycentricity, and intermodal centrality/accessibility. We map the maritime specialisation of European cities in recent decades, showing that combined sea-land centrality has stable but different relationships according to the type of place considered. The conclusion discusses the outcomes of our results for policy and further research on coupled networks and urban studies.
Justin Berli; César Ducruet; Romain Martin; Sevil Seten. The Changing Interplay Between European Cities and Intermodal Transport Networks (1970s–2010s). Developing Sustainability Competences Through Pedagogical Approaches 2020, 241 -263.
AMA StyleJustin Berli, César Ducruet, Romain Martin, Sevil Seten. The Changing Interplay Between European Cities and Intermodal Transport Networks (1970s–2010s). Developing Sustainability Competences Through Pedagogical Approaches. 2020; ():241-263.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJustin Berli; César Ducruet; Romain Martin; Sevil Seten. 2020. "The Changing Interplay Between European Cities and Intermodal Transport Networks (1970s–2010s)." Developing Sustainability Competences Through Pedagogical Approaches , no. : 241-263.
Port–city relationships have attracted paramount attention from a variety of scientific disciplines for several decades, such as geography, history, planning, regional science, sociology, and economics to name but a few. Yet, the extent to which maritime traffic specialization obeys the same spatial distribution than other economic activities remains underexplored today. This article tackles these lacunae head-on by proposing an empirical analysis of the way vessel tonnage per main categories of flows (e.g. containers, bulks, passengers) coincides with the demographic size of the world’s coastal and inland city-regions, using novel data on global inter-port vessel movements and harmonized population data over the period 1977–2008. Our main results confirm that such traffic is far from being randomly distributed, as its volume, value, and diversity concentrate at the top of the urban hierarchy. This research motivates the need to further integrate physical connectivity into the study of cities and their development mechanisms.
César Ducruet. Revisiting urban hierarchy and specialization from a maritime perspective. Maritime Policy & Management 2019, 47, 371 -387.
AMA StyleCésar Ducruet. Revisiting urban hierarchy and specialization from a maritime perspective. Maritime Policy & Management. 2019; 47 (3):371-387.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCésar Ducruet. 2019. "Revisiting urban hierarchy and specialization from a maritime perspective." Maritime Policy & Management 47, no. 3: 371-387.
In this research, the effect of local exogenous shocks on seaports and maritime networks is assessed throughout three case-studies. The Hanshin-Awaji earthquake, the 9/11 World Trade Center attack and hurricane Katrina triggered a shock on Kobe, New York and New Orleans respectively and led to temporary port failures. A global database on vessel movements is computed to gauge the intensity, duration and scope of these shocks with descriptive statistics. Port-centered analyses of the disrupted ports and their geographic as well as topological neighbors are conducted to assess the resilience of local port systems using traffic volumes, distances, and graph-theoretical methods at various time scales, from daily to yearly evolutions. Main results demonstrate certain similarities between the three cases given the importance of traffic specialization and of the spatial range of disruption.
Laure Rousset; César Ducruet. Disruptions in Spatial Networks: a Comparative Study of Major Shocks Affecting Ports and Shipping Patterns. Networks and Spatial Economics 2019, 20, 423 -447.
AMA StyleLaure Rousset, César Ducruet. Disruptions in Spatial Networks: a Comparative Study of Major Shocks Affecting Ports and Shipping Patterns. Networks and Spatial Economics. 2019; 20 (2):423-447.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLaure Rousset; César Ducruet. 2019. "Disruptions in Spatial Networks: a Comparative Study of Major Shocks Affecting Ports and Shipping Patterns." Networks and Spatial Economics 20, no. 2: 423-447.
Created in 1993, the particularity of Journal of Transport Geography (JTRG) is to put ‘transport’ at center stage in human geography, long after similar initiatives about cultural, tourism, political, urban, and rural geographies. The goal of this research is to estimate JTRG's relative importance of (and interplay between) ‘transport specialization’ and ‘human geography’, focusing on port-related research as a case study. Constituting a database of 864 port articles published in JTRG and other selected geography and (non-geography) transport journals between 2009 and 2018 constitutes the backbone of our analysis. We particularly examine the thematic focus and the geographic scale of the corpus articles, which we complement by an analysis of their references. Main results reveal a stable preference for global-level studies and operational research, but compared with other journals, our corpus is marked by a stronger affinity with regional/national spatial scales and the locational (i.e., space-related) perspective. We conclude that JTRG publications (about ports) are more multidisciplinary than in other geography and transport journals. The paper contributes to a better understanding of the disciplinary evolution of academic research in the field of spatial studies, transport studies, and beyond.
César Ducruet; Roozbeh Panahi; Adolf K.Y. Ng; Changmin Jiang; Mawuli Afenyo. Between geography and transport: A scientometric analysis of port studies in Journal of Transport Geography. Journal of Transport Geography 2019, 81, 102527 .
AMA StyleCésar Ducruet, Roozbeh Panahi, Adolf K.Y. Ng, Changmin Jiang, Mawuli Afenyo. Between geography and transport: A scientometric analysis of port studies in Journal of Transport Geography. Journal of Transport Geography. 2019; 81 ():102527.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCésar Ducruet; Roozbeh Panahi; Adolf K.Y. Ng; Changmin Jiang; Mawuli Afenyo. 2019. "Between geography and transport: A scientometric analysis of port studies in Journal of Transport Geography." Journal of Transport Geography 81, no. : 102527.
After the the Belt and Road initiative launched in 2013, Chinese terminal operators invested in ports situated along the “21st- century Maritime Silk Road (MSR)”. Identifying which ports are important is made possible through applying complex network methods and GIS analysis. This paper thus identifies strategic hub ports and investment strategies along the MSR. Our main conclusions are as follows. (1) In 2017, the ports with the greatest contact with China were located in the Southeast Asian and European shipping areas. (2) The overseas invested terminals of Chinese terminal operators are mainly concentrated in European and the Mediterranean Sea. Although the connection between China and Southeast Asia is strengthening, terminal operations in Southeast Asia did not expand significantly in the past 12 years. (3) The ports of Singapore, Kelang, Manila (Asia), Rotterdam, Hamburg (Europe), Suez and Port Said (Mediterranean and Red Sea), Brisbane, Melbourne, and Sydney (Oceania) are the ports of major concern for current and future investment by Chinese terminal operators.
Liehui Wang; Yuanbo Zheng; Cesar Ducruet; Fan Zhang. Investment Strategy of Chinese Terminal Operators along the “21st-Century Maritime Silk Road”. Sustainability 2019, 11, 2066 .
AMA StyleLiehui Wang, Yuanbo Zheng, Cesar Ducruet, Fan Zhang. Investment Strategy of Chinese Terminal Operators along the “21st-Century Maritime Silk Road”. Sustainability. 2019; 11 (7):2066.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLiehui Wang; Yuanbo Zheng; Cesar Ducruet; Fan Zhang. 2019. "Investment Strategy of Chinese Terminal Operators along the “21st-Century Maritime Silk Road”." Sustainability 11, no. 7: 2066.
This article tackles the longstanding issue of intermodality head on. From a geomatics perspective, we model both maritime and road networks connecting port and non-port cities taking into account crucial features such as physical geography, shortest paths, and transport costs. This creates the opportunity to study a hybrid network – both planar and non-planar, and the centrality/accessibility of cities in this bi-layered network. Based on the case of Australia, main results convey new empirical findings on how port and urban hierarchies correlate with single-layered and bi-layered connectivity. We discuss main results in the light of network science, spatial science, and transport studies.
Justin Berli; Mattia Bunel; César Ducruet. Sea-Land Interdependence in the Global Maritime Network: the Case of Australian Port Cities. Networks and Spatial Economics 2018, 18, 447 -471.
AMA StyleJustin Berli, Mattia Bunel, César Ducruet. Sea-Land Interdependence in the Global Maritime Network: the Case of Australian Port Cities. Networks and Spatial Economics. 2018; 18 (3):447-471.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJustin Berli; Mattia Bunel; César Ducruet. 2018. "Sea-Land Interdependence in the Global Maritime Network: the Case of Australian Port Cities." Networks and Spatial Economics 18, no. 3: 447-471.
International audienceThis article is the first-ever analysis of cities in relation to maritime transport flows from a relational, or network, perspective. Based on untapped vessel movement data covering the last 120 years, this articles sheds new light about the interdependencies at stake between urban hierarchies and port hierarchies overtime. Main results point to the fading correlation between traffic volume, port centrality, and city size, while the largest cities have maintained their prominence in the global maritime network despite contemporary spatial and functional changes affecting the distribution of transport systems and commodity chains. Such findings help better understanding not only the spatial and functional evolution of port-city relationships and maritime transport; they also confirm the importance of taking into account the long-term dynamics and socio-economic embedding of spatial networks in geography and other disciplines
César Ducruet; Sylvain Cuyala; Ali El Hosni. Maritime networks as systems of cities: The long-term interdependencies between global shipping flows and urban development (1890–2010). Journal of Transport Geography 2018, 66, 340 -355.
AMA StyleCésar Ducruet, Sylvain Cuyala, Ali El Hosni. Maritime networks as systems of cities: The long-term interdependencies between global shipping flows and urban development (1890–2010). Journal of Transport Geography. 2018; 66 ():340-355.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCésar Ducruet; Sylvain Cuyala; Ali El Hosni. 2018. "Maritime networks as systems of cities: The long-term interdependencies between global shipping flows and urban development (1890–2010)." Journal of Transport Geography 66, no. : 340-355.
Container shipping gives a rise of international trade since the 1960s. Based on navigation data start from the mid-1990s to 2016, this paper empirically analyses the spatial pattern of China’s international maritime linkages along the “twenty-first-century Maritime Silk Road”. We interpret such evolutionary dynamics in terms of growth, hierarchical diffusion and networking phases. Networking is a new stage of the evolution of the port system, which is approached based on the graph theory, complex network methods and geomatics, the paper discusses the networking’s basic characteristics: multi-hub spatial agglomeration, the connection of the network develops across space, functional differentiation and a division of labour appear among ports. Our results show that, while the scope of China’s maritime linkages had expanded overtime, more foreign ports become connected to the “Maritime Silk Road”. In addition, the external linkages of domestic ports tend to be dispersed, reflecting upon the decline of Pearl River Delta ports and the rise of Yangtze River Delta ports, with mixed evidence for the Bohai Rim region. Lastly, the analysis underlines the emergence of a polycentric shipping system, from the Hong Kong dominance to the more diversified Shanghai/Ningbo/Shenzhen configuration. Academic and managerial implications are included.
Liehui Wang; Yan Zhu; Cesar Ducruet; Mattia Bunel; Yui-Yip Lau. From hierarchy to networking: the evolution of the “twenty-first-century Maritime Silk Road” container shipping system. Transport Reviews 2017, 38, 416 -435.
AMA StyleLiehui Wang, Yan Zhu, Cesar Ducruet, Mattia Bunel, Yui-Yip Lau. From hierarchy to networking: the evolution of the “twenty-first-century Maritime Silk Road” container shipping system. Transport Reviews. 2017; 38 (4):416-435.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLiehui Wang; Yan Zhu; Cesar Ducruet; Mattia Bunel; Yui-Yip Lau. 2017. "From hierarchy to networking: the evolution of the “twenty-first-century Maritime Silk Road” container shipping system." Transport Reviews 38, no. 4: 416-435.
The paper investigates collaborative and semantic patterns that emerged between 1967 and 2013 about the theme of container shipping based on a corpus of 294 articles published in scholarly journals within the fields of transportation, supply chain, economics, geography, regional planning and development, and operations research. An analysis based on the co-occurrence of title words allows identifying dominant sub-themes and their evolution. Main results point to the gradual diversification of container shipping research, from the dominance of economics towards a more trans-disciplinary set of approaches which integrate port-related activities and multimodal networks. Yet, disciplinary specialization remains strong up to nowadays so that container shipping research remains rather fragmented. While co-authorships have increased over time, they remain polarized by few, weakly connected research battalions. Our study suggests that research on container shipping would benefit from more frequent contacts between such communities to foster in-depth cross-disciplinary studies and fundamental cooperation.
Yui-Yip Lau; César Ducruet; Adolf K. Y. Ng; Xiaowen Fu. Across the waves: a bibliometric analysis of container shipping research since the 1960s. Maritime Policy & Management 2017, 44, 667 -684.
AMA StyleYui-Yip Lau, César Ducruet, Adolf K. Y. Ng, Xiaowen Fu. Across the waves: a bibliometric analysis of container shipping research since the 1960s. Maritime Policy & Management. 2017; 44 (6):667-684.
Chicago/Turabian StyleYui-Yip Lau; César Ducruet; Adolf K. Y. Ng; Xiaowen Fu. 2017. "Across the waves: a bibliometric analysis of container shipping research since the 1960s." Maritime Policy & Management 44, no. 6: 667-684.
International audienceThis article investigates the degree of overlap among the different layers of circulation composing global maritime flows in recent decades. Mobilizing several methods originating from complex networks allows us to shed new light on specialization and diversification dynamics affecting the evolution of ports and shipping. The principal confirm the strong and path-dependent influence of multiplexity on traffic volume, range of interaction and centrality from various perspectives, such as matrices correlations, homophily, assortativity, and single linkage analysis. While the network grows and concentrates around large hubs over time, traffic distribution is also place-dependent due to the reinforced position of already established nodes
César Ducruet. Multilayer dynamics of complex spatial networks: The case of global maritime flows (1977–2008). Journal of Transport Geography 2017, 60, 47 -58.
AMA StyleCésar Ducruet. Multilayer dynamics of complex spatial networks: The case of global maritime flows (1977–2008). Journal of Transport Geography. 2017; 60 ():47-58.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCésar Ducruet. 2017. "Multilayer dynamics of complex spatial networks: The case of global maritime flows (1977–2008)." Journal of Transport Geography 60, no. : 47-58.
César Ducruet; Sylvain Cuyala; Ali El Hosni. The changing influence of city-systems on global shipping networks: an empirical analysis. Journal of Shipping and Trade 2016, 1, 145 .
AMA StyleCésar Ducruet, Sylvain Cuyala, Ali El Hosni. The changing influence of city-systems on global shipping networks: an empirical analysis. Journal of Shipping and Trade. 2016; 1 (1):145.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCésar Ducruet; Sylvain Cuyala; Ali El Hosni. 2016. "The changing influence of city-systems on global shipping networks: an empirical analysis." Journal of Shipping and Trade 1, no. 1: 145.
International audienceModels and empirical studies of port system evolution dominantly focus on land-based dynamics. Hence, it is traditionally recognized that such dynamics condition the evolution of ports and their relations as well as wider regional integration processes. The Maghreb region (Algeria, Morocco, and Tunisia), which is currently responsible for no less than one-third of all African port throughputs, offers a fertile ground to test the possibility for regional integration to occur through maritime linkages despite limited trade integration and land-based transport connectivity. Main results highlight the increase of trans-Maghreb maritime connectivity but this occurs mostly at the periphery of the system based on transit flows. Logistical integration versus trade integration is discussed in light of the recent evolution of Maghreb ports and of the region in general
Fatima Mohamed-Chérif; César Ducruet. Regional integration and maritime connectivity across the Maghreb seaport system. Journal of Transport Geography 2016, 51, 280 -293.
AMA StyleFatima Mohamed-Chérif, César Ducruet. Regional integration and maritime connectivity across the Maghreb seaport system. Journal of Transport Geography. 2016; 51 ():280-293.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFatima Mohamed-Chérif; César Ducruet. 2016. "Regional integration and maritime connectivity across the Maghreb seaport system." Journal of Transport Geography 51, no. : 280-293.
César Ducruet. Port cities and global legacies: urban identity, waterfront work, and radicalism, by Alice Mah. Urban Geography 2016, 37, 801 -802.
AMA StyleCésar Ducruet. Port cities and global legacies: urban identity, waterfront work, and radicalism, by Alice Mah. Urban Geography. 2016; 37 (5):801-802.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCésar Ducruet. 2016. "Port cities and global legacies: urban identity, waterfront work, and radicalism, by Alice Mah." Urban Geography 37, no. 5: 801-802.