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Dr. Ahmed WA Hammad
School of Built Environment, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia

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0 Risk Management
0 Sustainability
0 Mathematical Modelling
0 Building information modelling (BIM)
0 Digital engineering

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Sustainability
Building information modelling (BIM)

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Journal article
Published: 28 August 2021 in Cleaner Engineering and Technology
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This work presents an evaluation and comparison of the environmental impacts generated in the vertical sealing subsystem of a single-family residential unit, using the methodology of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) to evaluate the environmental impacts of ceramic blocks and concrete blocks applied in the same unit. The research is justified by the possibility of using LCA method to increase the sustainability of the construction process. The novelty herein is to identify the critical points (i.e. the respiratory effects, the intensive use of fossil fuels, and the consequent climate changes) in the LCA of the building materials of two types of masonry commonly used in Brazil, namely ceramic blocks and concrete blocks. The method adopted is following the recommendations of ISO 14040 and ISO 14044, including the four main phases. It was also integrated the EcoInvent as an endpoint method and Eco-indicator 99. Ecoinvent is of foreign origin, it does not accurately portray the Brazilian reality, however, it was used because there are still no data at the national level. The Analysis of the environmental impact of particular systems may help select building materials, about the environmental performance at an early designing phase of buildings. Categories were established based on the endpoint categories that are ecosystem quality (EQ), human health (HH), and natural resources (R). This work insight that the ceramic blocks appear to have the highest impacts concerning the R, with 46%, while for the same impact the production of the concrete block represents 69%. There is still a higher environmental impact in the case of masonry in concrete blocks, mainly due to the brick burning stage in the cement manufacturing process. The masonry in ceramic bricks has its highest impact due to the step of burning the bricks. It is noted that both construction methods have the same critical points, however, the analysis of the environmental impact of particular systems may help select building materials, concerning the environmental performance in the early project phase. As a scientific contribution this study shows that LCA methodology can be a very useful and appropriate tool in sustainability studies in the construction industry. It is recognized that despite the inherent limitations of conducting an LCA based on a case study, the results will serve as a benchmark for Brazil brick production.

ACS Style

Letícia M. Muneron; Ahmed Wa. Hammad; Mohammad K. Najjar; Assed Haddad; Elaine G. Vazquez. Comparison of the environmental performance of ceramic brick and concrete blocks in the vertical seals' subsystem in residential buildings using life cycle assessment. Cleaner Engineering and Technology 2021, 100243 .

AMA Style

Letícia M. Muneron, Ahmed Wa. Hammad, Mohammad K. Najjar, Assed Haddad, Elaine G. Vazquez. Comparison of the environmental performance of ceramic brick and concrete blocks in the vertical seals' subsystem in residential buildings using life cycle assessment. Cleaner Engineering and Technology. 2021; ():100243.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Letícia M. Muneron; Ahmed Wa. Hammad; Mohammad K. Najjar; Assed Haddad; Elaine G. Vazquez. 2021. "Comparison of the environmental performance of ceramic brick and concrete blocks in the vertical seals' subsystem in residential buildings using life cycle assessment." Cleaner Engineering and Technology , no. : 100243.

Journal article
Published: 24 August 2021 in Infrastructures
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Infrastructure implementation and renovation in cities require work on public roads that impact the daily lives of road users and local population and commerce. Although the study of the impacts of infrastructure works in the researched literature has received various approaches, there is still a shortage of studies that identify the impacts of the implementation of infrastructure on public roads and the importance of each one. This study collaborates with this theme by researching the main impacts caused by infrastructure works on public roads based on extensive and detailed bibliographic research and based on a survey carried out toward residents of the areas impacted by these works, road users, and Brazilian professionals with experience in the concerned field. The results showed that fourteen impacts identified in the literature were considered important by survey respondents, of which seven were considered the most important.

ACS Style

Eduardo A. N. e Santos; Clézio T. de S. Dutra; Christine K. Chinelli; Ahmed W. A. Hammad; Assed N. Haddad; Carlos A. P. Soares. The Main Impacts of Infrastructure Works on Public Roads. Infrastructures 2021, 6, 118 .

AMA Style

Eduardo A. N. e Santos, Clézio T. de S. Dutra, Christine K. Chinelli, Ahmed W. A. Hammad, Assed N. Haddad, Carlos A. P. Soares. The Main Impacts of Infrastructure Works on Public Roads. Infrastructures. 2021; 6 (9):118.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Eduardo A. N. e Santos; Clézio T. de S. Dutra; Christine K. Chinelli; Ahmed W. A. Hammad; Assed N. Haddad; Carlos A. P. Soares. 2021. "The Main Impacts of Infrastructure Works on Public Roads." Infrastructures 6, no. 9: 118.

Journal article
Published: 19 August 2021 in Sustainability
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The social, economic, and environmental impacts associated with fuels used to power cities cause the sustainability of energy produced and consumed in our urban environment to be constantly challenged. In order to address the issue of urban energy sustainability, we propose a Framework for Assessing Urban Energy Sustainability (FAUES), whose main approach relies on defining a method for determining critical indices associated with the major criteria of sustainable energy generation and consumption. The framework is based on developing a three-step process that integrates historical data regarding energy consumption and production and forecasted parameters on energy sustainability and can be used both in urban energy operations and in planning new urban settlements. The framework was implemented in Brazil as a representative case study, given that its cities lack social inclusion, economic stability, and environmental protection when it comes to energy. The framework functions so that policy makers and managers can assess the sustainability of energy produced and consumed in urban environments on the basis of relevant criteria for the city in which the energy is being evaluated.

ACS Style

Assed Haddad; Ahmed Hammad; Danielle Castro; Diego Vasco; Carlos Alberto Pereira Soares. Framework for Assessing Urban Energy Sustainability. Sustainability 2021, 13, 9306 .

AMA Style

Assed Haddad, Ahmed Hammad, Danielle Castro, Diego Vasco, Carlos Alberto Pereira Soares. Framework for Assessing Urban Energy Sustainability. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (16):9306.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Assed Haddad; Ahmed Hammad; Danielle Castro; Diego Vasco; Carlos Alberto Pereira Soares. 2021. "Framework for Assessing Urban Energy Sustainability." Sustainability 13, no. 16: 9306.

Review
Published: 14 August 2021 in Infrastructures
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Annually, millions of dollars are spent to carry out defect detection in key infrastructure including roads, bridges, and buildings. The aftermath of natural disasters like floods and earthquakes leads to severe damage to the urban infrastructure. Maintenance operations that follow for the damaged infrastructure often involve a visual inspection and assessment of their state to ensure their functional and physical integrity. Such damage may appear in the form of minor or major cracks, which gradually spread, leading to ultimate collapse or destruction of the structure. Crack detection is a very laborious task if performed via manual visual inspection. Many infrastructure elements need to be checked regularly and it is therefore not feasible as it will require significant human resources. This may also result in cases where cracks go undetected. A need, therefore, exists for performing automatic defect detection in infrastructure to ensure its effectiveness and reliability. Using image processing techniques, the captured or scanned images of the infrastructure parts can be analyzed to identify any possible defects. Apart from image processing, machine learning methods are being increasingly applied to ensure better performance outcomes and robustness in crack detection. This paper provides a review of image-based crack detection techniques which implement image processing and/or machine learning. A total of 30 research articles have been collected for the review which is published in top tier journals and conferences in the past decade. A comprehensive analysis and comparison of these methods are performed to highlight the most promising automated approaches for crack detection.

ACS Style

Hafiz Suliman Munawar; Ahmed W. A. Hammad; Assed Haddad; Carlos Alberto Pereira Soares; S. Travis Waller. Image-Based Crack Detection Methods: A Review. Infrastructures 2021, 6, 115 .

AMA Style

Hafiz Suliman Munawar, Ahmed W. A. Hammad, Assed Haddad, Carlos Alberto Pereira Soares, S. Travis Waller. Image-Based Crack Detection Methods: A Review. Infrastructures. 2021; 6 (8):115.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hafiz Suliman Munawar; Ahmed W. A. Hammad; Assed Haddad; Carlos Alberto Pereira Soares; S. Travis Waller. 2021. "Image-Based Crack Detection Methods: A Review." Infrastructures 6, no. 8: 115.

Journal article
Published: 29 July 2021 in Engineering Structures
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An evolutionary metaheuristic optimization model for sizing reinforced concrete beams is presented. The proposed optimization model transcends ones in the literature as it is able to consider characteristic concrete strength (fck), cross-section area and reinforcement bars' diameters as discrete design variables, thus representing a more realistic model. The goal is to minimize construction costs via configuring cross-sectional dimensions, determining reinforcement layouts, and defining fck. The design constraints formulated in the mathematical model proposed are related to structural integrity, considering ultimate limit state, serviceability limit state, and good construction practices. A finite element method program was developed to obtain the stresses and strains of beams, geometries, and load forces. Additionally, a longitudinal reinforcement database generator was developed, ensuring that the reinforcement layouts generated are within codes of practice. A Genetic Algorithm was adopted to solve the resulting optimisation problem. Results of case studies demonstrate that the cost variance implications are directly related to the reinforcement detailing arrangements, with 3.63% to 17.07% improvements in costs that are achieved when compared with other studies in the literature.

ACS Style

Rodrigo Pierott; Ahmed W.A. Hammad; Assed Haddad; Sergio Garcia; Gines Falcón. A mathematical optimisation model for the design and detailing of reinforced concrete beams. Engineering Structures 2021, 245, 112861 .

AMA Style

Rodrigo Pierott, Ahmed W.A. Hammad, Assed Haddad, Sergio Garcia, Gines Falcón. A mathematical optimisation model for the design and detailing of reinforced concrete beams. Engineering Structures. 2021; 245 ():112861.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Rodrigo Pierott; Ahmed W.A. Hammad; Assed Haddad; Sergio Garcia; Gines Falcón. 2021. "A mathematical optimisation model for the design and detailing of reinforced concrete beams." Engineering Structures 245, no. : 112861.

Journal article
Published: 28 July 2021 in Infrastructures
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Supply chain management is an emerging topic in the oil and gas industry. There is higher exposure of contractors to undesirable incidents and supplier selection is a multicriteria decision problem (MCDM). A fuzzy-TOPSIS method was employed in the evaluation of three suppliers regarding four HSE criteria. This method was applied in a case study of the oil and gas industry involving a contractor bidding process. Results reinforced that fuzzy-TOPSIS is a versatile and suitable method for supplier selection problems, with low computational complexity and promoting a better user experience. This method contributes to greater effectiveness and agility in the selection processes of suppliers regarding HSE management. The fuzzy-TOPSIS model is suitable for supplier selection problems and some of the benefits of applying this method are that it allows the attribution weights according to the level of importance of each criterion and considers the complexity, subjectivity, and uncertainty of the decision process. One has determined that it was essential to have a robust and consistent process for weighting the criteria and defining the most appropriate linguistic variables.

ACS Style

Assed Haddad; Bruno da Costa; Larissa de Andrade; Ahmed Hammad; Carlos Soares. Application of Fuzzy-TOPSIS Method in Supporting Supplier Selection with Focus on HSE Criteria: A Case Study in the Oil and Gas Industry. Infrastructures 2021, 6, 105 .

AMA Style

Assed Haddad, Bruno da Costa, Larissa de Andrade, Ahmed Hammad, Carlos Soares. Application of Fuzzy-TOPSIS Method in Supporting Supplier Selection with Focus on HSE Criteria: A Case Study in the Oil and Gas Industry. Infrastructures. 2021; 6 (8):105.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Assed Haddad; Bruno da Costa; Larissa de Andrade; Ahmed Hammad; Carlos Soares. 2021. "Application of Fuzzy-TOPSIS Method in Supporting Supplier Selection with Focus on HSE Criteria: A Case Study in the Oil and Gas Industry." Infrastructures 6, no. 8: 105.

Review
Published: 15 July 2021 in Sustainability
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Rapid advances that improve flood management have facilitated the disaster response by providing first aid services, finding safe routes, maintaining communication and developing flood maps. Different technologies such as image processing, satellite imagery, synthetic imagery and integrated approaches have been extensively analysed in the literature for disaster operations. There is a need to review cutting-edge technologies for flood management. This paper presents a review of the latest advancements in the flood management domain based on image processing, artificial intelligence and integrated approaches with a focus on post-disaster. It answers the following research questions: (1) What are the latest developments in image processing for flood management in a post-disaster scenario? (2) What are the latest techniques for flood management based on artificial intelligence in a post-disaster scenario? (3) What are the existing gaps in the selected technologies for post-disaster? (4) How can the authorities improve the existing post-disaster management operation with cutting-edge technologies? A novel framework has been proposed to optimise flood management with the application of a holistic approach.

ACS Style

Hafiz Munawar; Ahmed Hammad; S. Waller; Muhammad Thaheem; Asheem Shrestha. An Integrated Approach for Post-Disaster Flood Management Via the Use of Cutting-Edge Technologies and UAVs: A Review. Sustainability 2021, 13, 7925 .

AMA Style

Hafiz Munawar, Ahmed Hammad, S. Waller, Muhammad Thaheem, Asheem Shrestha. An Integrated Approach for Post-Disaster Flood Management Via the Use of Cutting-Edge Technologies and UAVs: A Review. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (14):7925.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hafiz Munawar; Ahmed Hammad; S. Waller; Muhammad Thaheem; Asheem Shrestha. 2021. "An Integrated Approach for Post-Disaster Flood Management Via the Use of Cutting-Edge Technologies and UAVs: A Review." Sustainability 13, no. 14: 7925.

Journal article
Published: 30 June 2021 in Energy Reports
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Consumption of energy in buildings accounts for a considerable proportion of worldwide energy use. There is a dire need for enhancing the energy efficiency of building to limit their demand for operating energy as this leads to enhanced reductions in environmental impacts. Of particular relevance to the amount of energy utilised in a building during the operation phase is the nature of material and size of components utilised in the building. In this work, a mathematical programming framework is presented to optimise a number of building design objective functions, including heat gain, daylight and economic cost of material utilised. The variables that are focussed on in this study are the sizes of windows, type of material adopted for the building, embodied in the construction building systems used for various building components, and the type of lighting adopted. To validate the framework, two realistic case studies obtained from an industry partner are adopted and solved via the use of the proposed mathematical programming method. Results indicate that compared to the solutions proposed by an experienced engineer, the daylight, heating and cost of the building is enhanced by up to 39%, 43% and 23% respectively. The framework is hoped to help policy makers introduce more streamlined guidance for the building sector when it comes to optimised material choice and window sizing to result in energy-efficient and economical buildings.

ACS Style

Ahmed W.A. Hammad; Karoline Figueiredo; Ana Carolina Rosa; Elaine Vazquez; Assed Haddad. Enhancing the passive design of buildings: A mixed integer non-linear programming approach for the selection of building materials and construction building systems. Energy Reports 2021, 1 .

AMA Style

Ahmed W.A. Hammad, Karoline Figueiredo, Ana Carolina Rosa, Elaine Vazquez, Assed Haddad. Enhancing the passive design of buildings: A mixed integer non-linear programming approach for the selection of building materials and construction building systems. Energy Reports. 2021; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ahmed W.A. Hammad; Karoline Figueiredo; Ana Carolina Rosa; Elaine Vazquez; Assed Haddad. 2021. "Enhancing the passive design of buildings: A mixed integer non-linear programming approach for the selection of building materials and construction building systems." Energy Reports , no. : 1.

Original paper
Published: 21 June 2021 in Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy
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The shortage of water worldwide is increasingly worrying. Studies in the field suggest that sustainable water resource management via water recycling is fundamental to alleviate the issue. The use of rainwater is an important alternative source that must be considered, mainly, in the water crisis facing the planet. When integrated with the concept of green roofs, the capturing and treatment of rainwater in these structures becomes an even more ecological and sustainable practice. The water drained by the roof can be used for non-potable uses, such as flushing toilet bowls. One of the main concerns when using rainwater, even for non-potable uses, is the quality of the water available, so as not to put users' health at risk. In this way, the present work proposes to experimentally analyze the quality of rainwater drained in a green roof prototype for reuse purposes. The green roof prototype was installed on an experimental bench. After each rain event (four in total), two water samples were collected in the following situations: rainwater captured directly by a container next to the bench and rainwater, drained by the green roof prototype, captured by a container through existing drains at the base of the prototype. The analyses of the collected samples were carried out at the Environmental Engineering Laboratory (LEMA/UFRJ) and performed according to the Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. Specifically, the experiments examine physicochemical and biological parameters following a rain event on a green roof prototype for sanitary use. Experimental results that were observed and analyzed include color, turbidity, pH, ammonia nitrogen, nitrite, nitrate, orthophosphate, total coliforms, and thermotolerant coliforms to indicate the rainwater quality from green roofs. The majority of parameters assessed were within the value thresholds indicated by the Brazilian standards, while the results of orthophosphate, fecal coliforms, color, and turbidity were not. The greatest divergence is in the concentration of orthophosphate, where a concentration of 10.88 mg/L was obtained in this experimental study, while other authors present values of 0.1 and 0.01 mg/L. Total coliforms also presented high values, but within the expected range. Comparisons with technical documents and international references related to water quality to identify possibilities of the use of rainwater were also conducted. Results indicate that the water quality has the same order of quantity for turbidity, nitrite, and ammonia nitrogen parameters across the standards. Based on such observations, filtration and disinfection processes are therefore required in the green roof system for the use of rainwater for sanitary. Finally, the experimental study of rainwater quality on the green roof presented similar results comparing with international references. The use of green roofs combined with the use of rainwater demonstrates the potential and benefits as an alternative to face the water crisis.

ACS Style

Thomas Schatzmayr Welp Sá; Mohammad K. Najjar; Ahmed W. A. Hammad; Elaine Vazquez; Assed Haddad. Assessing rainwater quality treated via a green roof system. Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy 2021, 1 -16.

AMA Style

Thomas Schatzmayr Welp Sá, Mohammad K. Najjar, Ahmed W. A. Hammad, Elaine Vazquez, Assed Haddad. Assessing rainwater quality treated via a green roof system. Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy. 2021; ():1-16.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Thomas Schatzmayr Welp Sá; Mohammad K. Najjar; Ahmed W. A. Hammad; Elaine Vazquez; Assed Haddad. 2021. "Assessing rainwater quality treated via a green roof system." Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy , no. : 1-16.

Book chapter
Published: 18 May 2021 in Encyclopedia of the UN Sustainable Development Goals
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ACS Style

Ahmed W. A. Hammad; Assed Haddad. Infrastructure Resilience: Assessment, Challenges, and Insights. Encyclopedia of the UN Sustainable Development Goals 2021, 620 -631.

AMA Style

Ahmed W. A. Hammad, Assed Haddad. Infrastructure Resilience: Assessment, Challenges, and Insights. Encyclopedia of the UN Sustainable Development Goals. 2021; ():620-631.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ahmed W. A. Hammad; Assed Haddad. 2021. "Infrastructure Resilience: Assessment, Challenges, and Insights." Encyclopedia of the UN Sustainable Development Goals , no. : 620-631.

Journal article
Published: 18 March 2021 in Building and Environment
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Construction professionals and researchers are increasingly looking for sustainable solutions for buildings in a bid to reduce some of the negative impacts associated with the sector. A common misconception is to consider sustainability as only concerning environmental issues, without regard for the interaction between a triple bottom line framework that is comprised of social, economic, and environmental factors. Material choice is known to impact building sustainability directly since the use of certain materials can dramatically alter the footprint generated over the life cycle of the building. However, the construction industry is not yet equipped with approaches that simultaneously account for all three aspects of sustainability when it comes to deciding on materials to adopt. This paper proposes a decision-making framework for construction professionals and researchers involving the integration of Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment (LCSA), Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA), and Building Information Modeling (BIM) to choose suitable materials for buildings. The framework is built based on a literature review of relevant papers to identify critical factors and challenges to implementing this integration. The Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process was chosen as the MCDA method within the proposed framework, given that the problem of material choice often contains subjectivity, uncertainty, and ambiguity, which is best solved with fuzzy logic. A residential building was adopted as a case study to validate the proposed framework, and the LCSA method is applied, covering the construction, operation, and end-of-life phases of the building.

ACS Style

Karoline Figueiredo; Rodrigo Pierott; Ahmed W.A. Hammad; Assed Haddad. Sustainable material choice for construction projects: A Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment framework based on BIM and Fuzzy-AHP. Building and Environment 2021, 196, 107805 .

AMA Style

Karoline Figueiredo, Rodrigo Pierott, Ahmed W.A. Hammad, Assed Haddad. Sustainable material choice for construction projects: A Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment framework based on BIM and Fuzzy-AHP. Building and Environment. 2021; 196 ():107805.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Karoline Figueiredo; Rodrigo Pierott; Ahmed W.A. Hammad; Assed Haddad. 2021. "Sustainable material choice for construction projects: A Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment framework based on BIM and Fuzzy-AHP." Building and Environment 196, no. : 107805.

Review
Published: 19 February 2021 in Buildings
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In recent years, there has been significant focus on smart cities, on how they operate and develop, and on their technical and social challenges. The importance of infrastructure as a major pillar of support in cities, in addition to the rapid developments in smart city research, necessitate an up-to-date review of smart cities’ infrastructure issues and challenges. Traditionally, a majority of studies have focused on traffic control and management, transport network design, smart grid initiatives, IoT (Internet of Things) integration, big data, land use development, and how urbanization processes impact land use in the long run. The work presented herein proposes a novel review framework that analyzes how smart city infrastructure is related to the urbanization process while presenting developments in IoT sensor networks, big data analysis of the generated information, and green construction. A classification framework was proposed to give insights on new initiatives regarding smart city infrastructure through answering the following questions: (i) What are the various dimensions on which smart city infrastructure research focuses? (ii) What are the themes and classes associated with these dimensions? (iii) What are the main shortcomings in current approaches, and what would be a good research agenda for the future? A bibliometric analysis was conducted, presenting cluster maps that can be used to understand different research trends and refine further searches. A bibliographic analysis was then followed, presenting a review of the most relevant studies over the last five years. The method proposed serves to stress where future research into understanding smart systems, their implementation and functionality would be best directed. This research concluded that future research on the topic should conceptualize smart cities as an emergent socio-techno phenomenon.

ACS Style

Ana Kasznar; Ahmed Hammad; Mohammad Najjar; Eduardo Linhares Qualharini; Karoline Figueiredo; Carlos Soares; Assed Haddad. Multiple Dimensions of Smart Cities’ Infrastructure: A Review. Buildings 2021, 11, 73 .

AMA Style

Ana Kasznar, Ahmed Hammad, Mohammad Najjar, Eduardo Linhares Qualharini, Karoline Figueiredo, Carlos Soares, Assed Haddad. Multiple Dimensions of Smart Cities’ Infrastructure: A Review. Buildings. 2021; 11 (2):73.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ana Kasznar; Ahmed Hammad; Mohammad Najjar; Eduardo Linhares Qualharini; Karoline Figueiredo; Carlos Soares; Assed Haddad. 2021. "Multiple Dimensions of Smart Cities’ Infrastructure: A Review." Buildings 11, no. 2: 73.

Reference work
Published: 30 January 2021 in Encyclopedia of the UN Sustainable Development Goals
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ACS Style

Ahmed W. A. Hammad; Assed Haddad. Infrastructure Resilience: Assessment, Challenges and Insights. Encyclopedia of the UN Sustainable Development Goals 2021, 1 -13.

AMA Style

Ahmed W. A. Hammad, Assed Haddad. Infrastructure Resilience: Assessment, Challenges and Insights. Encyclopedia of the UN Sustainable Development Goals. 2021; ():1-13.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ahmed W. A. Hammad; Assed Haddad. 2021. "Infrastructure Resilience: Assessment, Challenges and Insights." Encyclopedia of the UN Sustainable Development Goals , no. : 1-13.

Journal article
Published: 28 January 2021 in Results in Engineering
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Ammonia has been used in refrigeration installations for years. It is a natural refrigerant and is replacing other synthetic fluids as it has zero ozone depletion potential and no global warming potential; however, an ammonia leak in a refrigeration plant can cause damage to the environment and human health as well. Here we evaluate the quantitative risk analysis of using ammonia in real industrial refrigeration in Rio de Janeiro. This work’s methodology used PHAST to achieve the assessment model of seven scenarios of ammonia leakage, which allowed the understanding of quantitative risk for ammonia leakage. For each scenario, three ammonia concentrations were simulated, and the gas dispersion distances and their zone of influence were analyzed. Results indicated the worst scenario reached 2677m and 665m and all accident scenarios showed that individual and societal risk were above the limit allowed by the Rio de Janeiro environmental agency. To reach the limits tolerable by the agency, two mitigation measures were proposed, guaranteeing a reduction in ammonia dispersion between 41 and 48% and 100% for each measure. Although the use of environmentally friendly refrigeration fluid is desired, the assessment needs to consider individual and societal risks to ensure that it will not affect the facility.

ACS Style

Ana Carolina Rosa; Ivenio T. de Souza; Alexandre Terra; Ahmed Wa. Hammad; Leandro Torres Di Gregório; Elaine Vazquez; Assed Haddad. Quantitative risk analysis applied to refrigeration’s industry using computational modeling. Results in Engineering 2021, 9, 100202 .

AMA Style

Ana Carolina Rosa, Ivenio T. de Souza, Alexandre Terra, Ahmed Wa. Hammad, Leandro Torres Di Gregório, Elaine Vazquez, Assed Haddad. Quantitative risk analysis applied to refrigeration’s industry using computational modeling. Results in Engineering. 2021; 9 ():100202.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ana Carolina Rosa; Ivenio T. de Souza; Alexandre Terra; Ahmed Wa. Hammad; Leandro Torres Di Gregório; Elaine Vazquez; Assed Haddad. 2021. "Quantitative risk analysis applied to refrigeration’s industry using computational modeling." Results in Engineering 9, no. : 100202.

Journal article
Published: 27 January 2021 in Journal of Cleaner Production
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Building facades play an important role in thermal loads, which act as an isolation barrier to ensure thermal comfort to the occupants. Depending on the properties of the building material adopted, each component of a building facade may lose or gain heat, contributing to the building’s thermal load. There is a growing need to examine the role that external construction components play from an energy perspective towards achieving environmental comfort in buildings. The novelty of this research is to propose a methodological framework based on Design of Experiments (DOE) that characterizes the thermal loads that are directly caused by variables controlled by building designers and consultants. Such variables include external construction components (walls and openings assessed via window-to-wall ratio), air infiltration rate, artificial lighting, occupation levels, heating, and cooling equipment, and appliances during the operation phase of a building, taking into consideration the local climate data in which the building is located. This work validates the proposed method with a case study of a single-family house, which provides a better understanding of the influence and interactions of design factors on building thermal loads. Results reveal that the window-to-wall ratio has a major influence on evaluating the thermal loads in buildings. The higher the ratio, the higher the value of the thermal loads. The proposed framework aids designers in determining the components that are influencing thermal loads in buildings, as well as the required window-to-wall ratio. Findings highlight that construction components of external walls and openings are responsible for around 93.9–97.58% of thermal loads in buildings. Furthermore, this work presents the important role of sustainable building decisions at an early stage of designing construction projects.

ACS Style

Mohammad K. Najjar; Ana Carolina Rosa; Ahmed.W.A. Hammad; Elaine Vazquez; Ana Catarina Jorge Evangelista; Vivian.W.Y. Tam; Assed Haddad. A regression-based framework to examine thermal loads of buildings. Journal of Cleaner Production 2021, 292, 126021 .

AMA Style

Mohammad K. Najjar, Ana Carolina Rosa, Ahmed.W.A. Hammad, Elaine Vazquez, Ana Catarina Jorge Evangelista, Vivian.W.Y. Tam, Assed Haddad. A regression-based framework to examine thermal loads of buildings. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2021; 292 ():126021.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mohammad K. Najjar; Ana Carolina Rosa; Ahmed.W.A. Hammad; Elaine Vazquez; Ana Catarina Jorge Evangelista; Vivian.W.Y. Tam; Assed Haddad. 2021. "A regression-based framework to examine thermal loads of buildings." Journal of Cleaner Production 292, no. : 126021.

Journal article
Published: 25 January 2021 in Applied Sciences
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Information technology (IT) systems are known to promote improvements in quality and productivity of the work environments of complex and adaptive socio-technical systems that span hardware, community and software aspects. Systems development lies in eliciting and specifying requirements. However, current requirements of elicitation techniques are limited to correctly understanding the complexity involved in socio-technical systems. Therefore, approaches based on Resilience Engineering can provide concepts and methods for a better understanding of socio-technical systems’ functioning. This study aims to increase the application of the Functional Resonance Analysis Method (FRAM) in the requirements elicitation process. Specifically, understanding variability and its role in enhancing the requirements elicitation and specification process for the design/redesign of IT systems in complex socio-technical systems deployed in building maintenance is the main goal. This study proposes the merging of human factors and ergonomics (HFE) and Resilience Engineering concepts with Software Engineering. A case study was performed with workers to produce requirements specifications for work order issuing activity. This case study indicates the usefulness of the proposed approach for the specification of functional requirements to redesign the IT system examined. FRAM enables inferences to be made from hidden or fuzzy situations that are often not expressed by system users or are not detected by the system designer.

ACS Style

Ivenio de Souza; Ana Rosa; Mario Vidal; Mohammad Najjar; Ahmed Hammad; Assed Haddad. Information Technologies in Complex Socio-Technical Systems Based on Functional Variability: A Case Study on HVAC Maintenance Work Orders. Applied Sciences 2021, 11, 1049 .

AMA Style

Ivenio de Souza, Ana Rosa, Mario Vidal, Mohammad Najjar, Ahmed Hammad, Assed Haddad. Information Technologies in Complex Socio-Technical Systems Based on Functional Variability: A Case Study on HVAC Maintenance Work Orders. Applied Sciences. 2021; 11 (3):1049.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ivenio de Souza; Ana Rosa; Mario Vidal; Mohammad Najjar; Ahmed Hammad; Assed Haddad. 2021. "Information Technologies in Complex Socio-Technical Systems Based on Functional Variability: A Case Study on HVAC Maintenance Work Orders." Applied Sciences 11, no. 3: 1049.

Journal article
Published: 27 November 2020 in Buildings
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Insulation systems for the floor, roof, and external walls play a prominent role in providing a thermal barrier for the building envelope. Design decisions made for the insulation material type and thickness can alleviate potential impacts on the embodied energy and improve the building thermal performance. This design problem is often addressed using a building information modelling (BIM)-integrated optimisation approach. However, one major weakness that lies in the current studies is that BIM is merely used as the source for design parameters input. This study proposes a BIM-based envelope insulation optimisation design tool using a common software Revit and its extension Dynamo to find the trade-off between the total embodied energy of the insulation system and the thermal performance of the envelope by considering the material type and thickness. In addition, the tool also permits data visualisation in a BIM environment, and automates subsequent material library mapping and instantiates the optimal insulation designs. The framework is tested on a case study based in Sydney, Australia. By analysing sample designs from the Pareto front, it is found that slight improvement in the thermal performance (1.3399 to 1.2112 GJ/m2) would cause the embodied energy to increase by more than 50 times.

ACS Style

Zixuan Chen; Ahmed W. A. Hammad; Imriyas Kamardeen; Ali Akbarnezhad. Optimising Embodied Energy and Thermal Performance of Thermal Insulation in Building Envelopes via an Automated Building Information Modelling (BIM) Tool. Buildings 2020, 10, 218 .

AMA Style

Zixuan Chen, Ahmed W. A. Hammad, Imriyas Kamardeen, Ali Akbarnezhad. Optimising Embodied Energy and Thermal Performance of Thermal Insulation in Building Envelopes via an Automated Building Information Modelling (BIM) Tool. Buildings. 2020; 10 (12):218.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zixuan Chen; Ahmed W. A. Hammad; Imriyas Kamardeen; Ali Akbarnezhad. 2020. "Optimising Embodied Energy and Thermal Performance of Thermal Insulation in Building Envelopes via an Automated Building Information Modelling (BIM) Tool." Buildings 10, no. 12: 218.

Journal article
Published: 17 November 2020 in Buildings
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Windows account for a significant proportion of the total energy lost in buildings. The interaction of window type, Window-to-Wall Ratio (WWR) scheduled and window placement height influence natural lighting and heat transfer through windows. This is a pressing issue for nontropical regions considering their high emissions and distinct climatic characteristics. A limitation exists in the adoption of common simulation-based optimisation approaches in the literature, which are hardly accessible to practitioners. This article develops a numerical-based window design optimisation model using a common Building Information Modelling (BIM) platform adopted throughout the industry, focusing on nontropical regions of Australia. Three objective functions are proposed; the first objective is to maximise the available daylight, and the other two emphasize undesirable heat transfer through windows in summer and winter. The developed model is tested on a case study located in Sydney, Australia, and a set of Pareto-optimum solutions is obtained. Through the use of the proposed model, energy savings of up to 8.57% are achieved.

ACS Style

Zixuan Chen; Ahmed W. A. Hammad; Imriyas Kamardeen; Assed Haddad. Optimising Window Design on Residential Building Facades by Considering Heat Transfer and Natural Lighting in Nontropical Regions of Australia. Buildings 2020, 10, 206 .

AMA Style

Zixuan Chen, Ahmed W. A. Hammad, Imriyas Kamardeen, Assed Haddad. Optimising Window Design on Residential Building Facades by Considering Heat Transfer and Natural Lighting in Nontropical Regions of Australia. Buildings. 2020; 10 (11):206.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zixuan Chen; Ahmed W. A. Hammad; Imriyas Kamardeen; Assed Haddad. 2020. "Optimising Window Design on Residential Building Facades by Considering Heat Transfer and Natural Lighting in Nontropical Regions of Australia." Buildings 10, no. 11: 206.

Preprint
Published: 02 November 2020
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Insulation systems for the floor, roof and external walls play a prominent role in providing a thermal barrier for the building envelope. Design decisions made for the insulation material type and thickness can alleviate potential impacts on the embodied energy and improve the building thermal performance. This design problem is often addressed using a BIM-integrated optimisation approach. However, one major weakness lies in the current studies is that BIM is merely used as the source for design parameters input. This study proposes a BIM-based envelope insulation optimisation design framework using a common software Revit to find the trade-off between the total embodied energy of the insulation system and the thermal performance of the envelope by considering the material type and thickness. In addition, the framework also permits data visualisation in a BIM environment, and subsequent material library mapping together with instantiating the optimal insulation designs. The framework is tested on a case study based in Sydney, Australia. By analysing sample designs from the Pareto front, it is found that slight improvement in the thermal performance (1.3399 to 1.2112 GJ/m2) would cause the embodied energy to increase by more than 50 times.

ACS Style

Zixuan Chen; Ahmed W A Hammad; Imriyas Kamardeen; Ali Akbarnezhad. Optimising Embodied Energy and Thermal Performance of Thermal Insulation in Building Envelopes Via an Automated Building Information Modelling (BIM) Tool. 2020, 1 .

AMA Style

Zixuan Chen, Ahmed W A Hammad, Imriyas Kamardeen, Ali Akbarnezhad. Optimising Embodied Energy and Thermal Performance of Thermal Insulation in Building Envelopes Via an Automated Building Information Modelling (BIM) Tool. . 2020; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zixuan Chen; Ahmed W A Hammad; Imriyas Kamardeen; Ali Akbarnezhad. 2020. "Optimising Embodied Energy and Thermal Performance of Thermal Insulation in Building Envelopes Via an Automated Building Information Modelling (BIM) Tool." , no. : 1.

Preprint
Published: 06 October 2020
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Windows account for a significant proportion of the total energy lost in buildings. The interaction of window type, Window-to-Wall Ratio (WWR) scheduled and window placement height would influence the natural lighting and heat transfer through windows. This is a pressing issue for non-tropical regions considering their high emissions and distinct climatic characteristics. A limitation exists in the adoption of common simulation-based optimisation approaches in the literature, which are hardly accessible to practitioners. This article develops a numerical-based window design optimisation model using a common Building Information Modelling (BIM) platform adopted throughout the industry, focusing on non-tropical regions of Australia. Three objective functions are proposed; the first objective is to maximize the available daylight, and the other two emphasize on the undesirable heat transfer through windows in summer and winter respectively. The developed model is tested on a case study located in Sydney, Australia, and a set of Pareto-optimum solutions is obtained. Through the use of the proposed model, energy savings of up to 16.43% are achieved. Key findings on the case example indicate that leveraging winter heat gain to reduce annual energy consumption should not be the top priority when designing windows for Sydney.

ACS Style

Zixuan Chen; Ahmed W A Hammad; Imriyas Kamardeen; Assed Haddad. Optimizing Window Design on Residential Building Facades by Considering Heat Transfer and Natural Lighting in Non-tropical Regions of Australia. 2020, 1 .

AMA Style

Zixuan Chen, Ahmed W A Hammad, Imriyas Kamardeen, Assed Haddad. Optimizing Window Design on Residential Building Facades by Considering Heat Transfer and Natural Lighting in Non-tropical Regions of Australia. . 2020; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zixuan Chen; Ahmed W A Hammad; Imriyas Kamardeen; Assed Haddad. 2020. "Optimizing Window Design on Residential Building Facades by Considering Heat Transfer and Natural Lighting in Non-tropical Regions of Australia." , no. : 1.