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One possible way of recovering metals from spent lithium-ion batteries is to integrate the recycling with already existing metallurgical processes. This study continues our effort on integrating froth flotation and nickel-slag cleaning process for metal recovery from spent batteries (SBs), using anodic graphite as the main reductant. The SBs used in this study was a froth fraction from flotation of industrially prepared black mass. The effect of different ratios of Ni-slag to SBs on the time-dependent phase formation and metal behavior was investigated. The possible influence of graphite and sulfur contents in the system on the metal alloy/matte formation was described. The trace element (Co, Cu, Ni, and Mn) concentrations in the slag were analyzed using the laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) technique. The distribution coefficients of cobalt and nickel between the metallic or sulfidic phase (metal alloy/matte) and the coexisting slag increased with the increasing amount of SBs in the starting mixture. However, with the increasing concentrations of graphite in the starting mixture (from 0.99 wt.% to 3.97 wt.%), the Fe concentration in both metal alloy and matte also increased (from 29 wt.% to 68 wt.% and from 7 wt.% to 49 wt.%, respectively), which may be challenging if further hydrometallurgical treatment is expected. Therefore, the composition of metal alloy/matte must be adjusted depending on the further steps for metal recovery.
Anna Dańczak; Ronja Ruismäki; Tommi Rinne; Lassi Klemettinen; Hugh O’Brien; Pekka Taskinen; Ari Jokilaakso; Rodrigo Serna-Guerrero. Worth from Waste: Utilizing a Graphite-Rich Fraction from Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries as Alternative Reductant in Nickel Slag Cleaning. Minerals 2021, 11, 784 .
AMA StyleAnna Dańczak, Ronja Ruismäki, Tommi Rinne, Lassi Klemettinen, Hugh O’Brien, Pekka Taskinen, Ari Jokilaakso, Rodrigo Serna-Guerrero. Worth from Waste: Utilizing a Graphite-Rich Fraction from Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries as Alternative Reductant in Nickel Slag Cleaning. Minerals. 2021; 11 (7):784.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAnna Dańczak; Ronja Ruismäki; Tommi Rinne; Lassi Klemettinen; Hugh O’Brien; Pekka Taskinen; Ari Jokilaakso; Rodrigo Serna-Guerrero. 2021. "Worth from Waste: Utilizing a Graphite-Rich Fraction from Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries as Alternative Reductant in Nickel Slag Cleaning." Minerals 11, no. 7: 784.
Sodium sulfate accumulation in the water system is a common problem in the production of primary metals from sulfide minerals. In flash smelting-flash converting copper smelters, when molten copper matte quenched in industrial water to produce matte granules, Na2SO4 precipitated and entered the system, which had negative influence on the matte converting process. The reaction behaviors of copper matte powder containing Na2SO4 have been studied through thermodynamic calculation and single-particle experiments. Calculated results showed that a liquid sulfate phase, Na2S containing copper matte, and Cu–Na alloy may form in the processing conditions of the converting process. The influence of the Na2SO4 dosage, fluxing conditions, and processing temperature has been systematically studied, and the results obtained showed that: (1); Na2SO4 physically precipitated on matte particles, and the Cu–Na alloy phase was found within copper phase in reacted particles; (2); Na2SO4 contamination hindered oxygen transfer by forming a low melting sulfate phase, and the de-sulfuration rate of matte powder changed dramatically along with the variation in Na2SO4 amount; (3); CaO flux was able to promote the converting reactions and Na2SO4 transformation; (4); Na2SO4 melt and formed a sulphate layer on matte particles at 1000 °C, Cu–Na alloy phase was found in samples collected at 1200 °C, and Cu–Na–O phase was detected in blister copper at 1600 °C.
Feng Yu; Longgong Xia; Yinbin Zhu; Ari Jokilaakso; Zhihong Liu. Reaction Behavior of Na2SO4-Containing Copper Matte Powders in a Simulated Flash Converting Process. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A 2021, 1 -9.
AMA StyleFeng Yu, Longgong Xia, Yinbin Zhu, Ari Jokilaakso, Zhihong Liu. Reaction Behavior of Na2SO4-Containing Copper Matte Powders in a Simulated Flash Converting Process. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A. 2021; ():1-9.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFeng Yu; Longgong Xia; Yinbin Zhu; Ari Jokilaakso; Zhihong Liu. 2021. "Reaction Behavior of Na2SO4-Containing Copper Matte Powders in a Simulated Flash Converting Process." Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A , no. : 1-9.
The recycling and recovery of precious metals from secondary materials, such as waste-printed circuit boards, are an important area of circular economy research due to the limited existing resources and increasing amount of e-waste produced by the rapid development of technology. In this study, the kinetic behavior of precious metals Au, Ag, Pt, and Pd between copper matte and iron-silicate slag was investigated at a typical flash smelting temperature of 1300 °C in both air and argon atmospheres. SEM–EDS, EPMA, and LA-ICP-MS-advanced analysis methods were used for sample characterization. The results indicate that precious metals favor the matte phase over slag, and the deportment to matte occurred swiftly within a short time after the system had reached the experimental temperature. With increasing contact times, the precious metals were distributed increasingly into the sulfide matte. The distribution coefficients, based on experimentally measured element concentrations, followed the order of palladium > platinum > gold > silver in both air and argon, and the matte acted as an efficient collector of these precious metals. The obtained results can be applied to industrial copper matte smelting processes, and they also help in upgrading CFD models to simulate the flash smelting process more precisely. Graphical Abstract
Xingbang Wan; Lotta Kleemola; Lassi Klemettinen; Hugh O’Brien; Pekka Taskinen; Ari Jokilaakso. On the Kinetic Behavior of Recycling Precious Metals (Au, Ag, Pt, and Pd) Through Copper Smelting Process. Journal of Sustainable Metallurgy 2021, 1 -12.
AMA StyleXingbang Wan, Lotta Kleemola, Lassi Klemettinen, Hugh O’Brien, Pekka Taskinen, Ari Jokilaakso. On the Kinetic Behavior of Recycling Precious Metals (Au, Ag, Pt, and Pd) Through Copper Smelting Process. Journal of Sustainable Metallurgy. 2021; ():1-12.
Chicago/Turabian StyleXingbang Wan; Lotta Kleemola; Lassi Klemettinen; Hugh O’Brien; Pekka Taskinen; Ari Jokilaakso. 2021. "On the Kinetic Behavior of Recycling Precious Metals (Au, Ag, Pt, and Pd) Through Copper Smelting Process." Journal of Sustainable Metallurgy , no. : 1-12.
In view of the issues of low efficiency and environmental pollution existing in current antimony production, this work proposes an innovative and cleaner process to extract antimony from stibnite concentrate and co-treat goethite residues. The mechanisms of antimony extraction and zinc, iron, sulfur conservation was thermodynamically and experimentally investigated. The results show that iron- and zinc-bearing components in the goethite residue firstly reacted and releasing FexOy and ZnO, then stibnite (Sb2S3) quickly converted to senarmontite (Sb2O3) in the presence of FexOy and ZnO. Intermediate Sb2O3 was subsequently reduced to metallic Sb. Bench-scale experiments of antimony extraction from stibnite concentrate with goethite residue as sulfur-fixing agent validated that 85.7% of Sb was directly recovered as crude antimony bullion, only around 7.4% antimony volatilized to fume. Pb, As, Au, and Ag tended to also be co-enriched in the bullion. 97.4% of sulfur, 88.8% of zinc and 86.1% of iron were recovered and fixed simultaneously. Sulfur in Sb2S3, iron and zinc contained in goethite residues was conserved in matte as marketable Fe2Zn3S5, FeS, and ZnS, instead of forming gaseous SO2. This novel process is a promising recycling and co-treatment alternative for various secondary iron- and zinc-containing materials.
Yun Li; Haotian Xue; Pekka Taskinen; Ari Jokilaakso; Chaobo Tang; Wei Jin; Minna Rämä; Yongming Chen; Shenghai Yang. Clean antimony production from stibnite concentrate with goethite residue co-treatment for zinc, iron, sulfur conservation. Journal of Cleaner Production 2021, 313, 127847 .
AMA StyleYun Li, Haotian Xue, Pekka Taskinen, Ari Jokilaakso, Chaobo Tang, Wei Jin, Minna Rämä, Yongming Chen, Shenghai Yang. Clean antimony production from stibnite concentrate with goethite residue co-treatment for zinc, iron, sulfur conservation. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2021; 313 ():127847.
Chicago/Turabian StyleYun Li; Haotian Xue; Pekka Taskinen; Ari Jokilaakso; Chaobo Tang; Wei Jin; Minna Rämä; Yongming Chen; Shenghai Yang. 2021. "Clean antimony production from stibnite concentrate with goethite residue co-treatment for zinc, iron, sulfur conservation." Journal of Cleaner Production 313, no. : 127847.
The combined processing of industrial wastes of titania-bearing slags with coal fly ash is an important part of the circular economy. In the present work, the effect of Al2O3 on the 1400 °C liquidus isotherms of the perovskite, rutile and tridymite primary phase fields in the CaO–SiO2–TiO2–Al2O3 system has been determined by employing a high-temperature equilibration-quenching technique, followed by X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy-Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectrometry. Titanium was confirmed to be stable as TiO2 in the present equilibria. The equilibrium solid phases of perovskite CaO·TiO2, rutile TiO2 and tridymite SiO2 were confirmed to be coexisting with the liquid oxide phase. The comparison of the addition of 0–15 wt% Al2O3 was beneficial for expanding the primary phase field of perovskite to lower TiO2 concentrations. Comparisons of the experimental 1400 °C isotherm with the predictions using FactSage and MTDATA databases confirmed some differences to the present experimental data, thus demonstrating the direction for updating the present thermodynamic titania-bearing oxide databases.
Xingbang Wan; Junjie Shi; Yuchao Qiu; Min Chen; Jianzhong Li; Changsheng Liu; Pekka Taskinen; Ari Jokilaakso. The effect of 15 wt%Al2O3 addition on the equilibrium phase relations of CaO–SiO2–TiO2 system at 1400 °C in air. Ceramics International 2021, 1 .
AMA StyleXingbang Wan, Junjie Shi, Yuchao Qiu, Min Chen, Jianzhong Li, Changsheng Liu, Pekka Taskinen, Ari Jokilaakso. The effect of 15 wt%Al2O3 addition on the equilibrium phase relations of CaO–SiO2–TiO2 system at 1400 °C in air. Ceramics International. 2021; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleXingbang Wan; Junjie Shi; Yuchao Qiu; Min Chen; Jianzhong Li; Changsheng Liu; Pekka Taskinen; Ari Jokilaakso. 2021. "The effect of 15 wt%Al2O3 addition on the equilibrium phase relations of CaO–SiO2–TiO2 system at 1400 °C in air." Ceramics International , no. : 1.
Dissolution and solubility of palladium in iron silicate melts saturated with alumina–iron spinel at 1300°C has been measured using an equilibration-drop quenching technique combined with electron probe microanalysis and laser ablation–inductive coupled plasma–mass spectrometry analysis from polished sections. Composition of the resulting Fe-Pd alloy allowed estimation of the activity of palladium at different oxygen partial pressures, and, thus, the solubilities of palladium in the studied slags in conditions typical of copper and nickel smelting as well as slag cleaning at p O2=10-5 to 10-10 atm. The mechanism of palladium dissolution in the studied iron silicate slags was oxidation by formation of the monovalent oxide species PdO0.5 over the entire oxygen activity range of this study. Testing the applicability of the various palladium isotopes for quantitative analyses of Pd in these types of matrices resulted in a good fit of measured concentrations of 104Pd and 105Pd with interference-corrected 106Pd and 108Pd.
Katri Avarmaa; Lassi Klemettinen; Hugh O’Brien; Ari Jokilaakso; Daniel Lindberg; Pekka Taskinen. Solubility of Palladium in Alumina-Iron Silicate Melts. JOM 2021, 73, 1871 -1877.
AMA StyleKatri Avarmaa, Lassi Klemettinen, Hugh O’Brien, Ari Jokilaakso, Daniel Lindberg, Pekka Taskinen. Solubility of Palladium in Alumina-Iron Silicate Melts. JOM. 2021; 73 (6):1871-1877.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKatri Avarmaa; Lassi Klemettinen; Hugh O’Brien; Ari Jokilaakso; Daniel Lindberg; Pekka Taskinen. 2021. "Solubility of Palladium in Alumina-Iron Silicate Melts." JOM 73, no. 6: 1871-1877.
The emerging bottom blown copper smelting (SKS) technology has attracted growing interest since it came into production. To further reveal the agitation behavior inside the bath and optimize the variable parameters, CFD simulation was conducted on a scaled down SKS furnace model with different tuyere arrangements. The Multi-Fluid VOF model was used for the first time in SKS furnace simulation and the simulated results show good agreement with an experimental water model reported in the literature, in terms of plume shape and surface wave. It was found that a low velocity region would appear on the opposite side of the bubble plume and persisted for a long time. To enhance the agitation in the low velocity region and reduce the dead zone area, an arrangement with tuyeres installed at each side of the furnace was recommended. Results suggested that a smaller tuyere angle difference would help to strengthen the agitation in the system. However, further investigation indicated that the difference in tuyere angle between two rows of tuyeres should be limited within a certain range to balance the requirements of higher agitation efficiency and longer lining refractory lifespan.
Kezhou Song; Ari Jokilaakso. CFD Modeling of Multiphase Flow in an SKS Furnace: The Effect of Tuyere Arrangements. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A 2021, 52, 1772 -1788.
AMA StyleKezhou Song, Ari Jokilaakso. CFD Modeling of Multiphase Flow in an SKS Furnace: The Effect of Tuyere Arrangements. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A. 2021; 52 (3):1772-1788.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKezhou Song; Ari Jokilaakso. 2021. "CFD Modeling of Multiphase Flow in an SKS Furnace: The Effect of Tuyere Arrangements." Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A 52, no. 3: 1772-1788.
A potential industrial waste-waste co-treatment process was proposed and verified for the recovery of the valuable metals Co, Ni, and Cu from copper smelting slag by utilizing high temperature SO2 off-gas. Sulfation roasting followed by water leaching under designed thermodynamic conditions was conducted to facilitate the selective formation of Co, Ni, and Cu sulfates while separating iron as oxide. Several parameters were studied such as roasting temperature, roasting time, the addition of Na2SO4, and leaching agent. Under the optimized sulfation roasting conditions (Gas flow: 500 mL/min, 5% SO2 + 20% O2 + 75% Ar; Roasting temperature: 650 °C; Roasting time: 4 h; Addition of Na2SO4: 30%) followed by water leaching (Leaching temperature: 80 °C; Leaching time: 5 h; solid to liquid ratio: 0.05 g/mL), the extraction yields of Ni, Co, and Cu were shown to reach 95.8% and 91.8%, 81.6%, respectively. Furthermore, the sulfation roasting – water leaching process was confirmed on lab-scale as a feasible and efficient way to recover valuable metals and the mechanism was determined and verified from the microstructural evolution. Finally, a potential environmentally friendly industrial process in terms of the energy flow and material flow was presented based on preliminary assessments for environmental benefits, economic benefits, and heat recovery.
Xingbang Wan; Pekka Taskinen; Junjie Shi; Ari Jokilaakso. A potential industrial waste–waste co-treatment process of utilizing waste SO2 gas and residue heat to recover Co, Ni, and Cu from copper smelting slag. Journal of Hazardous Materials 2021, 414, 125541 .
AMA StyleXingbang Wan, Pekka Taskinen, Junjie Shi, Ari Jokilaakso. A potential industrial waste–waste co-treatment process of utilizing waste SO2 gas and residue heat to recover Co, Ni, and Cu from copper smelting slag. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 2021; 414 ():125541.
Chicago/Turabian StyleXingbang Wan; Pekka Taskinen; Junjie Shi; Ari Jokilaakso. 2021. "A potential industrial waste–waste co-treatment process of utilizing waste SO2 gas and residue heat to recover Co, Ni, and Cu from copper smelting slag." Journal of Hazardous Materials 414, no. : 125541.
The distributions of precious metals (gold, silver, platinum, and palladium) between copper matte and silica-saturated FeO x -SiO2/FeO x -SiO2-Al2O3/FeO x -SiO2-Al2O3-CaO slags were investigated at 1300 °C and $$ P_{{{\text{SO}}_{ 2} }} $$ P SO 2 = 0.5 atm. The experiments were carried out in silica crucibles under flowing CO-CO2-SO2-Ar gas atmosphere. The concentrations of precious metals in matte and slag were analyzed by Electron Probe X-ray Microanalysis and Laser Ablation-High-Resolution Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry, respectively. The precious metal concentrations in matte and slag, as well as the distribution coefficients of precious metals between matte and slag, were displayed as a function of matte grade. The present results obtained at $$ P_{{{\text{SO}}_{ 2} }} $$ P SO 2 of 0.5 atm were compared with previous results at $$ P_{{{\text{SO}}_{ 2} }} $$ P SO 2 of 0.1 atm for revealing the effects of $$ P_{{{\text{SO}}_{ 2} }} $$ P SO 2 and selected slag modifiers (CaO and Al2O3) on precious metal distributions at copper matte smelting conditions. The present results also contribute experimental thermodynamic data of precious metal distributions in pyrometallurgical reprocessing of electronic waste via copper smelting processes.
Min Chen; Katri Avarmaa; Lassi Klemettinen; Hugh O’Brien; Junjie Shi; Pekka Taskinen; Daniel Lindberg; Ari Jokilaakso. Precious Metal Distributions Between Copper Matte and Slag at High $$ P_{{{\text{SO}}_{ 2} }} $$ in WEEE Reprocessing. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A 2021, 1 -12.
AMA StyleMin Chen, Katri Avarmaa, Lassi Klemettinen, Hugh O’Brien, Junjie Shi, Pekka Taskinen, Daniel Lindberg, Ari Jokilaakso. Precious Metal Distributions Between Copper Matte and Slag at High $$ P_{{{\text{SO}}_{ 2} }} $$ in WEEE Reprocessing. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A. 2021; ():1-12.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMin Chen; Katri Avarmaa; Lassi Klemettinen; Hugh O’Brien; Junjie Shi; Pekka Taskinen; Daniel Lindberg; Ari Jokilaakso. 2021. "Precious Metal Distributions Between Copper Matte and Slag at High $$ P_{{{\text{SO}}_{ 2} }} $$ in WEEE Reprocessing." Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A , no. : 1-12.
Single particle experiments were carried out in the present study. An industrial copper matte powder, containing 68.04 wt.% Cu, 0.50 wt.% Se and 0.08 wt.% Te was taken as the starting material. Se and Te phase assemblies and distribution behaviors were systematically investigated in the air atmosphere. It was found that Se reported to blister copper, matte, and oxide phase, whilst Te will enrich in oxide phases, including phases in the Fe-Si-Te-O, Ca-Fe-Te-O, and Ca-Te-O-(S) systems. As the temperature increases, the selenium and tellurium content in the copper and matte phases decreases. The introduction of CaO flux, and typical impurities of Pb and Si, had significant influence on Se and Te distribution. The results revealed that CaO addition and Si impurity accelerated the removal of Se and Te from the copper and matte phases, but Pb impurity increased Se and Te in Cu-rich phases.
Feng Yu; Zhihong Liu; Fengchun Ye; Longgong Xia; Ari Jokilaakso. A Study of Selenium and Tellurium Distribution Behavior, Taking the Copper Matte Flash Converting Process as the Background. JOM 2021, 73, 694 -702.
AMA StyleFeng Yu, Zhihong Liu, Fengchun Ye, Longgong Xia, Ari Jokilaakso. A Study of Selenium and Tellurium Distribution Behavior, Taking the Copper Matte Flash Converting Process as the Background. JOM. 2021; 73 (2):694-702.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFeng Yu; Zhihong Liu; Fengchun Ye; Longgong Xia; Ari Jokilaakso. 2021. "A Study of Selenium and Tellurium Distribution Behavior, Taking the Copper Matte Flash Converting Process as the Background." JOM 73, no. 2: 694-702.
In the Selective Crystallization and Phase Separation (SCPS) process, manganese oxide is used as an additive to promote the precipitation of perovskite. However, the influence of manganese oxide on the liquid domain of the perovskite primary phase field is still unclear. In the present work, the liquid-perovskite equilibrium with the addition of 0–15 wt% Mn3O4 was experimentally determined using a high-temperature isothermal equilibration-quenching technique, combined with X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) and Scanning Electron Microscopy-Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (SEM-EDS). It was confirmed that manganese was mainly existed as Mn2+ and Mn3+ in the molten phase, whereas titanium existed as Ti4+. Within the composition range of the present study, the 1400 °C liquid compositions varying from 0 wt% to 15 wt% Mn3O4 overlapped significantly, mainly located at w (CaO)/w (SiO2) ratios between 0.9 and 1.1. The isotherms simulated by FactSage, as well as the data from the literature, generally agreed well with the present experimental results. The calculated 1400 °C isotherms at different Mn3O4 levels indicated that perovskite precipitation by manganese oxide was mainly promoted by increasing the Mn3O4 concentration to expand the primary phase field of perovskite toward both higher and lower TiO2 content areas.
Xingbang Wan; Min Chen; Yuchao Qiu; Junjie Shi; Jianzhong Li; Changsheng Liu; Pekka Taskinen; Ari Jokilaakso. Influence of manganese oxide on the liquid-perovskite equilibrium in the CaO–SiO2–TiO2 system at 1400 °C in air. Ceramics International 2020, 47, 11176 -11182.
AMA StyleXingbang Wan, Min Chen, Yuchao Qiu, Junjie Shi, Jianzhong Li, Changsheng Liu, Pekka Taskinen, Ari Jokilaakso. Influence of manganese oxide on the liquid-perovskite equilibrium in the CaO–SiO2–TiO2 system at 1400 °C in air. Ceramics International. 2020; 47 (8):11176-11182.
Chicago/Turabian StyleXingbang Wan; Min Chen; Yuchao Qiu; Junjie Shi; Jianzhong Li; Changsheng Liu; Pekka Taskinen; Ari Jokilaakso. 2020. "Influence of manganese oxide on the liquid-perovskite equilibrium in the CaO–SiO2–TiO2 system at 1400 °C in air." Ceramics International 47, no. 8: 11176-11182.
The global amount of waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) is growing fast. Non-ferrous metals represent a large portion of this waste, and they can be potentially recovered via black copper smelting. Alumina and magnesia, originating from the e-waste or fluxes, can be present in the feed of a secondary copper smelter in varying concentrations. Our study focuses on the impact of MgO on the slag chemistry of high-alumina iron silicate slags. The distributions of tin and nickel as minor elements were also investigated and compared with literature data. The equilibrium study was performed at 1300 °C in reducing conditions. Three different slag mixtures with 0, 3, and 6 wt% MgO were used in the study. The MgO addition significantly reduced the solubility of alumina in the slag and changed the primary spinel phase composition. The combined effects of increasing MgO and decreasing Al2O3 concentration in the slag regarding the distribution of tin were noticeable, i.e., its deportment to metal phase increased, but for nickel the effect was negligible. Theoretical calculations were performed for estimating the isolated effect of MgO on the distributions and they confirmed the beneficial effect on the behavior of tin but showed no impact for nickel. Graphical Abstract
Anna Dańczak; Lassi Klemettinen; Hugh O’Brien; Pekka Taskinen; Daniel Lindberg; Ari Jokilaakso. Slag Chemistry and Behavior of Nickel and Tin in Black Copper Smelting with Alumina and Magnesia-Containing Slags. Journal of Sustainable Metallurgy 2020, 7, 1 -14.
AMA StyleAnna Dańczak, Lassi Klemettinen, Hugh O’Brien, Pekka Taskinen, Daniel Lindberg, Ari Jokilaakso. Slag Chemistry and Behavior of Nickel and Tin in Black Copper Smelting with Alumina and Magnesia-Containing Slags. Journal of Sustainable Metallurgy. 2020; 7 (1):1-14.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAnna Dańczak; Lassi Klemettinen; Hugh O’Brien; Pekka Taskinen; Daniel Lindberg; Ari Jokilaakso. 2020. "Slag Chemistry and Behavior of Nickel and Tin in Black Copper Smelting with Alumina and Magnesia-Containing Slags." Journal of Sustainable Metallurgy 7, no. 1: 1-14.
Chromia-bearing raw materials in nickel and copper matte smelting are difficult to process due to their tendency of forming solid chromite spinel precipitates, leading to formation of mushy slag and buildups in the smelting vessel. The solubility of chromia in smelting slags, and especially in mattes, are not known accurately and new data for iron-silicate slags in equilibrium with low-iron nickel mattes have been measured at 1350–1450°C. Typical copper-bearing nickel mattes with Ni:Cu≈2 (w/w) in the DON (Direct Outotec Nickel) process with 2 to 10 wt% [Fe]matte have been equilibrated in carefully controlled S2-O2-SO2-Ar gas atmosphere experiments with the corresponding silica saturated iron-silicate slags. The phase assays post quenching were measured by electron probe X-ray microanalysis, including the molten slag and matte as well as the solid phase of chromite spinel. Laser ablation ICP mass spectrometry was used to measure the trace elements in the matte. An additional variable in the slag composition was magnesia concentration, varying from zero to 10 wt% (MgO)slag. The solubility of chromium in the slag at 1400°C was ≈0.7 wt% (Cr) and in the nickel matte 30–100 ppm [Cr], depending on the iron concentration of the sulfide matte. The impact of MgO on the chromium concentration in slag was small and within the experimental error of the measurements.
Katri Avarmaa; Dan Strengell; Hannu Johto; Petri Latostenmaa; Hugh O’Brien; Pekka Taskinen. Solubility of Chromium in DON Smelting. Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy Review 2020, 1 -8.
AMA StyleKatri Avarmaa, Dan Strengell, Hannu Johto, Petri Latostenmaa, Hugh O’Brien, Pekka Taskinen. Solubility of Chromium in DON Smelting. Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy Review. 2020; ():1-8.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKatri Avarmaa; Dan Strengell; Hannu Johto; Petri Latostenmaa; Hugh O’Brien; Pekka Taskinen. 2020. "Solubility of Chromium in DON Smelting." Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy Review , no. : 1-8.
Cobalt is a critical, high-value metal used extensively in batteries and other sustainable technologies. To secure its supply in future, it is utmost important to recover cobalt efficiently from industrial wastes and recycled End-of-Life batteries. This study aims at finding ways to improve the reduction of cobalt as well as valuable metals nickel and copper in nickel slag cleaning furnace conditions by using both traditional fossil-based coke and a more sustainable option, low-CO2 footprint biochar, as reductants. A cobalt-rich fraction of battery scrap (25.5 wt% Co) was also used as a secondary feed. The experimental technique consisted of reduction experiments with different times at 1400 °C under inert atmosphere, quick quenching and Electron Probe X-ray Microanalysis. The use of biochar resulted in faster reaction kinetics in the reduction process, compared to coke. Moreover, the presence of battery scrap had a clear impact on the behavior and reduction kinetics of the elements and/or enhanced settling and separation of matte and slag. The addition of scrap increased notably the distribution coefficients of the valuable metals but consequently also the iron concentration in matte which is the thermodynamic constraint of the slag cleaning process.
Katri Avarmaa; Marko Järvenpää; Lassi Klemettinen; Miikka Marjakoski; Pekka Taskinen; Daniel Lindberg; Ari Jokilaakso. Battery Scrap and Biochar Utilization for Improved Metal Recoveries in Nickel Slag Cleaning Conditions. Batteries 2020, 6, 58 .
AMA StyleKatri Avarmaa, Marko Järvenpää, Lassi Klemettinen, Miikka Marjakoski, Pekka Taskinen, Daniel Lindberg, Ari Jokilaakso. Battery Scrap and Biochar Utilization for Improved Metal Recoveries in Nickel Slag Cleaning Conditions. Batteries. 2020; 6 (4):58.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKatri Avarmaa; Marko Järvenpää; Lassi Klemettinen; Miikka Marjakoski; Pekka Taskinen; Daniel Lindberg; Ari Jokilaakso. 2020. "Battery Scrap and Biochar Utilization for Improved Metal Recoveries in Nickel Slag Cleaning Conditions." Batteries 6, no. 4: 58.
Feeding Waste Printed Circuit Boards (WPCBs) into existing pyrometallurgical processes is developing as an easy-to-adapt and efficient way to recycle them. To fulfill sustainability and circular economy targets, kinetics and distributions are the key factors when recovering metals and trace elements from WPCBs. We investigated the reaction mechanisms and distribution behavior of impurity elements Sb, As and Bi between copper matte and slag at a typical smelting temperature of 1300 °C both in air and argon atmospheres. Laboratory-scale heat-quench experiments indicated that vaporization can effectively eliminate arsenic in the matte phase, but not antimony or bismuth either in air or in an argon atmosphere. Sufficient contact time between the gas and matte phase is also needed to transfer the trace elements into gas and slag. In this work, kinetic data and distribution ratios of these impurity elements in the matte and slag phase were calculated. They can be used in process development for WPCB recycling and, equally, when using complex copper concentrates with high As, Sb, and Bi contents. The results also complement CFD models to simulate flash smelting processes more precisely.
Xingbang Wan; Pekka Taskinen; Junjie Shi; Lassi Klemettinen; Ari Jokilaakso. Reaction mechanisms of waste printed circuit board recycling in copper smelting: The impurity elements. Minerals Engineering 2020, 160, 106709 .
AMA StyleXingbang Wan, Pekka Taskinen, Junjie Shi, Lassi Klemettinen, Ari Jokilaakso. Reaction mechanisms of waste printed circuit board recycling in copper smelting: The impurity elements. Minerals Engineering. 2020; 160 ():106709.
Chicago/Turabian StyleXingbang Wan; Pekka Taskinen; Junjie Shi; Lassi Klemettinen; Ari Jokilaakso. 2020. "Reaction mechanisms of waste printed circuit board recycling in copper smelting: The impurity elements." Minerals Engineering 160, no. : 106709.
Alumina is a common substance deporting in copper smelting slags when various secondary copper fractions, e.g. e-scrap or WEEE, are used as feedstock as such or along with primary sulphide concentrates. Properties of iron-silicate slags at high alumina concentrations, in the iron-alumina spinel saturation, have been studied at 1300 °C by a high temperature equilibration-quenching method combined with EPMA (electron probe microanalysis) phase composition data from the polished sections. The equilibrations were performed in fixed oxygen activity with platinum or palladium powder, which dissolved iron from the slag and generated a heterogeneous equilibrium system, characterised by the general equilibrium criterium in isothermal and isobaric conditions, as. μalloy(Fe) = μslag(Fe) = μspinel(Fe). This criterium was used for measuring experimentally iron activities of molten silicate slags. The locations of the spinel-liquid slag tie-lines were also determined in the oxygen partial pressure range of 10−6–10−10 atm. A comparison with the recent critical thermodynamic assessments of the Fe–O–Al2O3 system indicates that the iron-alumina spinel-corundum phase boundary in silica-containing systems as a function of oxygen partial pressure is too steep and thus the assessed databases do not match with the experimental data of this study. The liquid slag domain from silica to iron oxide saturation is also smaller than expected earlier, as the spinel primary phase boundary locates at higher silica concentrations than e.g. obtained in the assessments of the Mtox database.
Lassi Klemettinen; Katri Avarmaa; Ari Jokilaakso; Pekka Taskinen. Iron activity measurements and spinel-slag equilibria in alumina-bearing iron silicate slags. Journal of Alloys and Compounds 2020, 855, 157539 .
AMA StyleLassi Klemettinen, Katri Avarmaa, Ari Jokilaakso, Pekka Taskinen. Iron activity measurements and spinel-slag equilibria in alumina-bearing iron silicate slags. Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 2020; 855 ():157539.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLassi Klemettinen; Katri Avarmaa; Ari Jokilaakso; Pekka Taskinen. 2020. "Iron activity measurements and spinel-slag equilibria in alumina-bearing iron silicate slags." Journal of Alloys and Compounds 855, no. : 157539.
Bath smelting and converting technologies for copper production have been improved, resulting in higher production efficiency and less polluting emissions. Reported studies on experimental and computational modeling approaches are reviewed in this paper, focusing on adjustable variables and flow details, for a thorough understanding of the complex flow phenomena of the high-temperature reactors used. Results from water models and Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations indicate that the transport phenomena in different reactors should be analyzed separately, as flow behavior exhibits significant differences in different gas injecting regimes and furnace structures. Mixing behavior and further optimization for most furnaces are presented in this review, showing a considerable degree of agreement between experiments and computational simulations. In general, a deeper nozzle or tuyere level with a higher gas flow rate are factors in the majority of copper bath smelting and converting cases. However, the dynamic parameters cannot be infinitely increased, but should be maintained within an appropriate range to provide relatively high mixing efficiency while preventing refractory corrosion due to splashing. Research on detailed flow phenomena including bubbles and surface waves is relatively scarce. It is suggested that the most efficient reaction areas for furnaces in jetting and bubbling regimes are totally different, due to the differences in bubble behavior. Concerning the bath surface, the behavior of transversal standing waves and longitudinal waves has been preliminarily revealed using water models, suggesting that standing waves tend to disappear in particular ranges of bath height and gas flow rate.
Kezhou Song; Ari Jokilaakso. Transport Phenomena in Copper Bath Smelting and Converting Processes – A Review of Experimental and Modeling Studies. Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy Review 2020, 1 -15.
AMA StyleKezhou Song, Ari Jokilaakso. Transport Phenomena in Copper Bath Smelting and Converting Processes – A Review of Experimental and Modeling Studies. Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy Review. 2020; ():1-15.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKezhou Song; Ari Jokilaakso. 2020. "Transport Phenomena in Copper Bath Smelting and Converting Processes – A Review of Experimental and Modeling Studies." Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy Review , no. : 1-15.
The smelting technology and flue dust treatment have an influence on the physical and chemical characteristics of flue dusts collected in copper smelting. We characterized flue dusts from a Bottom-Blowing Bath Smelting (BBS) process and from a Flash Smelting (FS) process by determining their comprehensive physical, chemical, and mineralogical characteristics. Annual flue dust generation data showed that the rate of the BBS process (2 to 3 pct) was clearly lower than that of FS process (5 to 6 pct). The results revealed that copper smelting flue dusts from the FS exhibited a larger entrainment of solids and a smaller particle size than the BBS. The crystallographic and chemical compositions of the samples indicated that the FS flue dusts have a higher degree of crystallinity than those of the BBS. Fe3O4, CuSO4 and PbSO4, Fe3O4, CuFe5O8 were the predominant crystalline phases in the FS and BBS flue dusts, respectively. In the FS and BBS flue dusts, amorphous multicomponent Cu-Zn-FeOx and Cu-Zn-S phases were formed, respectively. Mineralogical examinations and a stepwise chemical extraction confirmed that the majority of arsenic existed in amorphous form and mostly as pentavalent As5+ arsenate or As2O5 except that in BBS-ESPD.
Yujie Chen; Zongwen Zhao; Pekka Taskinen; Yanjie Liang; Hongchuan Ouyang; Bing Peng; Ari Jokilaakso; Songlin Zhou; Tao Chen; Ning Peng; Hui Liu. Characterization of Copper Smelting Flue Dusts from a Bottom-Blowing Bath Smelting Furnace and a Flash Smelting Furnace. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A 2020, 51, 2596 -2608.
AMA StyleYujie Chen, Zongwen Zhao, Pekka Taskinen, Yanjie Liang, Hongchuan Ouyang, Bing Peng, Ari Jokilaakso, Songlin Zhou, Tao Chen, Ning Peng, Hui Liu. Characterization of Copper Smelting Flue Dusts from a Bottom-Blowing Bath Smelting Furnace and a Flash Smelting Furnace. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A. 2020; 51 (6):2596-2608.
Chicago/Turabian StyleYujie Chen; Zongwen Zhao; Pekka Taskinen; Yanjie Liang; Hongchuan Ouyang; Bing Peng; Ari Jokilaakso; Songlin Zhou; Tao Chen; Ning Peng; Hui Liu. 2020. "Characterization of Copper Smelting Flue Dusts from a Bottom-Blowing Bath Smelting Furnace and a Flash Smelting Furnace." Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A 51, no. 6: 2596-2608.
Experimental study on the phase equilibria between copper matte with silica-saturated iron silicate slags was conducted at 1300 °C and $$ P_{{{\text{SO}}_{ 2} }} $$ P SO 2 = 0.5 atm. The high-temperature isothermal equilibration in silica crucibles under controlled flowing CO-CO2-SO2-Ar was followed by quenching in an ice–water mixture and direct phase composition analyses by an electron probe X-ray microanalyzer. The equilibrium compositions for matte and slag, as well as the distribution coefficients, were displayed as a function of matte grade. The data set obtained at $$ P_{{{\text{SO}}_{ 2} }} $$ P SO 2 = 0.5 atm and the previous study at $$ P_{{{\text{SO}}_{ 2} }} $$ P SO 2 = 0.1 atm by the authors enabled an investigation on the impacts of $$ P_{{{\text{SO}}_{ 2} }} $$ P SO 2 as well as Al2O3 and CaO additions on phase equilibria in the multiphase copper matte smelting system. Thermodynamic calculations using MTDATA software were performed to compare the experimental results with modeling. The present results enrich the fundamental thermodynamic information for the matte/slag/tridymite/gas equilibria in the primary copper smelting process at high $$ P_{{{\text{SO}}_{ 2} }} $$ P SO 2 .
Min Chen; Katri Avarmaa; Lassi Klemettinen; Junjie Shi; Pekka Taskinen; Daniel Lindberg; Ari Jokilaakso. Equilibrium of Copper Matte and Silica-Saturated Iron Silicate Slags at 1300 °C and $$ P_{{{\text{SO}}_{ 2} }} $$ of 0.5 atm. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A 2020, 51, 2107 -2118.
AMA StyleMin Chen, Katri Avarmaa, Lassi Klemettinen, Junjie Shi, Pekka Taskinen, Daniel Lindberg, Ari Jokilaakso. Equilibrium of Copper Matte and Silica-Saturated Iron Silicate Slags at 1300 °C and $$ P_{{{\text{SO}}_{ 2} }} $$ of 0.5 atm. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A. 2020; 51 (5):2107-2118.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMin Chen; Katri Avarmaa; Lassi Klemettinen; Junjie Shi; Pekka Taskinen; Daniel Lindberg; Ari Jokilaakso. 2020. "Equilibrium of Copper Matte and Silica-Saturated Iron Silicate Slags at 1300 °C and $$ P_{{{\text{SO}}_{ 2} }} $$ of 0.5 atm." Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A 51, no. 5: 2107-2118.
Recycling metals from secondary materials and more complex ores has recently been attracting more attention, creating a need for more precise separation methods of different elements. This study proposed a sulfation-roasting method and designed thermodynamic conditions to selectively facilitate the formation of copper sulfate while separating iron as oxide. The roasting behaviors for chalcopyrite, copper slag, and pure copper compounds were investigated in a 0.5% SO2–0.5% O2–99% Ar atmosphere at 600°C. X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, x-ray diffractometry, scanning electron microscopy, and energy dispersive x-ray spectrometry were used to characterize the raw materials and roasting products. The proposed methodology was confirmed for a complete separation of Cu from Fe, and, further, the sulfation-roasting mechanism of chalcopyrite was confirmed by thermodynamic calculations and experimental observations. These will provide a theoretical basis for copper recycling from both complex primary and secondary copper-bearing materials.
Xingbang Wan; Junjie Shi; Pekka Taskinen; Ari Jokilaakso. Extraction of Copper from Copper-Bearing Materials by Sulfation Roasting with SO2-O2 Gas. JOM 2020, 72, 1 -11.
AMA StyleXingbang Wan, Junjie Shi, Pekka Taskinen, Ari Jokilaakso. Extraction of Copper from Copper-Bearing Materials by Sulfation Roasting with SO2-O2 Gas. JOM. 2020; 72 (10):1-11.
Chicago/Turabian StyleXingbang Wan; Junjie Shi; Pekka Taskinen; Ari Jokilaakso. 2020. "Extraction of Copper from Copper-Bearing Materials by Sulfation Roasting with SO2-O2 Gas." JOM 72, no. 10: 1-11.