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Dr. Brack W. Hale
Environmental Studies, Franklin University Switzerland, 6924 Sorengo, Switzerland

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Research Keywords & Expertise

0 GIS
0 Sustainability
0 Educational travel
0 Environmental impacts of tourism
0 Plant ecology and conservation

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Educational travel
Sustainability
Environmental impacts of tourism
GIS

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Short Biography

Brack W. Hale is a full professor of biology and environmental science at Franklin University Switzerland, where he has taught and led educational travel programs since 2006. He holds a Ph.D. from the Gaylord Nelson Institute of Environmental Studies (UW-Madison) and completed a post-doc with the Children’s Environmental Health Initiative at the Nicholas School of the Environment (Duke) before coming to Franklin. His research interests have generally focused on human impacts on the environment and sustainability. Past projects have examined various environmental health issues, floodplain forest ecosystems, invasive species, renewable energy, tourism (both general and educational travel), and waste management. He currently focuses on how social media can contribute to our understanding of tourism impacts and plant conservation. He is a member of the Association for Environmental Studies and Sciences, the Ecological Society of America, the Società Botanica Ticinese, and the Swiss Academic Society for Environmental Research and Ecology.

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Journal article
Published: 27 July 2021 in Sustainability
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The benefits from educational travel programs (ETPs) for students have been well-documented in the literature, particularly for programs looking at sustainability and environmental issues. However, the impacts the ETPs have on the destinations that host them have been less frequently considered; most of these studies focus, understandably, on destinations in the Global South. This paper draws on a framework of sustainable educational travel to examine how ETPs affect their host destinations in two case study destinations, based on the author’s professional experience in these locations, interviews with host organizations that use the lens of the pandemic, and information from government databases. The findings highlight an awareness of the sustainability of the destination, the importance of good, local partnerships with organizations well-connected in their communities, and educational activities that can benefit both students and hosts. Nonetheless, we have a long way to go to understand the full impacts of ETPs on their host destinations and thus truly learn to avoid them.

ACS Style

Brack Hale. Educating for the Environment: The Role of the Host Destination in Education Travel Programs. Sustainability 2021, 13, 8351 .

AMA Style

Brack Hale. Educating for the Environment: The Role of the Host Destination in Education Travel Programs. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (15):8351.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Brack Hale. 2021. "Educating for the Environment: The Role of the Host Destination in Education Travel Programs." Sustainability 13, no. 15: 8351.

Concept paper
Published: 30 May 2019 in Sustainability
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Educational travel has been demonstrated to be an effective means of education to develop sustainable and pro-environmental behaviors. However, as this paper reviews, recent scholarship has revealed that educational travel may harm the communities that host it even while it is achieving gains for students. This paper encourages educational travel providers (institutions, staff, and faculty) to leverage the need for a broader perspective towards sustainability in educational travel programs so that their host communities also benefit. The programs can accomplish this by engaging students in the process of making the programs and their participants more sustainable. The paper ends with several examples from the author’s own experience as an educational travel leader and several recommendations to reduce the negative impacts on host communities.

ACS Style

Brack W. Hale. Wisdom for Traveling Far: Making Educational Travel Sustainable. Sustainability 2019, 11, 3048 .

AMA Style

Brack W. Hale. Wisdom for Traveling Far: Making Educational Travel Sustainable. Sustainability. 2019; 11 (11):3048.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Brack W. Hale. 2019. "Wisdom for Traveling Far: Making Educational Travel Sustainable." Sustainability 11, no. 11: 3048.

Journal article
Published: 04 February 2019 in International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education
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Purpose The purpose of this study is to investigate the potential for environmental and social impacts from university-level educational travel programs. Design/methodology/approach This study analyzes the sites visited by 17 education travel programs to the Westfjords (Iceland) from 2014 to 2016. It uses a geographic information system (GIS) project to examine the potential for environmental and social impacts from these programs on local communities and environments. It compares them with similar data on general tourism to the region. Findings The results reveal that educational travel programs visit sites that are generally in moderately sensitive areas environmentally and socially. They visit different sites from general tourists and sites that are more sensitive environmentally and socially. Research limitations/implications The research area was limited to the Westfjords of Iceland, and thus, the results may not apply globally to all educational travel destinations. Practical implications These findings suggest that education travel programs carried out by and for universities the potential to have negative effects on the locations they visit. Universities need to design their educational travel programs so as to limit such impacts to host environments and communities and explicitly educate student participants about sustainable travel behaviors. Originality/value This is the first study to combine GIS with several environmental and social metrics to assess impacts from educational travel programs. Further, it is the first study to map the frontstage–backstage continuum as a quantitative metric.

ACS Style

Brack W. Hale. Understanding potential impacts from university-led educational travel. International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education 2019, 20, 245 -263.

AMA Style

Brack W. Hale. Understanding potential impacts from university-led educational travel. International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education. 2019; 20 (2):245-263.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Brack W. Hale. 2019. "Understanding potential impacts from university-led educational travel." International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education 20, no. 2: 245-263.

Article
Published: 07 May 2018 in Environmental Management
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With tourism increasing in remote regions, it is important to be able to estimate potential environmental impacts from the tourists in order to plan and manage natural areas. This study combines measures of ecological sensitivity with data from publicly available geotagged photographs posted on the social media site Flickr to assess the vulnerability of the locations frequented by foreign tourists in the Westfjords region of Iceland between 2014 and 2016. The results suggest that tourists cluster primarily around six hotspots that represented some of the major known tourist destinations of the region. Although tourists generally frequented areas with lower ecological sensitivity and rarely went far beyond the main roads, one of the hotspots was in an area of higher ecological sensitivity. Further, tourists also appeared to have higher intensity stays when they entered areas of higher ecological sensitivity. Overall, these findings highlight the usefulness of combining data from social media in assessing potential environmental impacts of tourism. However, natural resource managers should be aware of limitations in the use of such data.

ACS Style

Brack W. Hale. Mapping Potential Environmental Impacts from Tourists Using Data from Social Media: A Case Study in the Westfjords of Iceland. Environmental Management 2018, 62, 446 -457.

AMA Style

Brack W. Hale. Mapping Potential Environmental Impacts from Tourists Using Data from Social Media: A Case Study in the Westfjords of Iceland. Environmental Management. 2018; 62 (3):446-457.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Brack W. Hale. 2018. "Mapping Potential Environmental Impacts from Tourists Using Data from Social Media: A Case Study in the Westfjords of Iceland." Environmental Management 62, no. 3: 446-457.

Journal article
Published: 17 March 2016 in Journal of Plant Ecology
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Aims and MethodsWe propose a standard protocol at the landscape to continental scale for examining to what extent the range of ecological conditions found in temperate latitudes explains the variations in climber species richness and traits. The protocol was tested in forests of the two Americas. The data set included 151 climber species. We selected four categorical traits and grouped these species into six clusters with regard to these traits. Floristic records of American forests were first gathered into alliances, second combined with bioclimatic indices (rainfall, temperature, continentality). We obtained a total of 59 vegetational units in which we calculated values of climber species richness and proportion of clusters. Vegetational units were ultimately gathered into five forest formations (characterized by leaf longevity). Wetlands and uplands were considered separately.Important FindingsOur results emphasize clear trends in large-scale patterns of climber distribution, independently of taxonomy. Climber species richness (in particular woody climbers) peaks in moist and warm upland forests with oceanic climates, and where conifers are rare. In flooded areas, climber richness is also very high and peaks in seasonally flooded large floodplains. In ecological conditions of frost, dryness or lack of nutrients, climber species richness, abundance and trait diversity decline, resulting in the dominance of small, twining and deciduous life traits.

ACS Style

Annik Schnitzler; Javier Amigo; Brack Hale; Christophe Schnitzler. Patterns of climber distribution in temperate forests of the Americas. Journal of Plant Ecology 2016, 9, 724 -733.

AMA Style

Annik Schnitzler, Javier Amigo, Brack Hale, Christophe Schnitzler. Patterns of climber distribution in temperate forests of the Americas. Journal of Plant Ecology. 2016; 9 (6):724-733.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Annik Schnitzler; Javier Amigo; Brack Hale; Christophe Schnitzler. 2016. "Patterns of climber distribution in temperate forests of the Americas." Journal of Plant Ecology 9, no. 6: 724-733.

Book chapter
Published: 14 September 2014 in World Sustainability Series
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Educational travel programs (e.g. study abroad) have long been an integral part of the higher education curriculum. As interest in internationalization and the development of students into global citizens has grown in recent years, so has the popularity of education travel. However, institutions of higher education often find themselves at odds between the desire to internationalize campuses and curricula and the growing movement to make them more sustainable. This paper provides a case study of the practices at one institution where educational travel is an integral and required part of the curriculum, known as Academic Travel. First, it briefly reviews some of the current thinking about educational travel and sustainable development. It then examines the experiences of several professors who integrate themes of sustainability into the curriculum and design of their Academic Travel programs.

ACS Style

Brack W. Hale; Alison Vogelaar. The Road Less (Sustainably) Traveled: A Case Study of Academic Travel at Franklin University Switzerland. World Sustainability Series 2014, 183 -195.

AMA Style

Brack W. Hale, Alison Vogelaar. The Road Less (Sustainably) Traveled: A Case Study of Academic Travel at Franklin University Switzerland. World Sustainability Series. 2014; ():183-195.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Brack W. Hale; Alison Vogelaar. 2014. "The Road Less (Sustainably) Traveled: A Case Study of Academic Travel at Franklin University Switzerland." World Sustainability Series , no. : 183-195.

Journal article
Published: 13 September 2013 in International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education
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ACS Style

Brack W. Hale; Alison Vogelaar; Joshua Long. A‐broad spectrum: sustainability in educational travel. International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education 2013, 14, 349 -366.

AMA Style

Brack W. Hale, Alison Vogelaar, Joshua Long. A‐broad spectrum: sustainability in educational travel. International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education. 2013; 14 (4):349-366.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Brack W. Hale; Alison Vogelaar; Joshua Long. 2013. "A‐broad spectrum: sustainability in educational travel." International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education 14, no. 4: 349-366.

Original articles
Published: 30 July 2013 in Journal of Sustainable Tourism
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In the past decade, sustainability and global citizenship have emerged as two of the most prominent themes in contemporary higher education. Literature that specifically merges the two themes has, however, lagged behind. This paper integrates the literature from the fields of sustainable tourism and educational travel in order to articulate relevant concepts and to summarize theoretical and empirical approaches for improving the sustainability of educational travel programs. While most of the literature focuses upon carbon-related issues, a more comprehensive assessment and implementation would focus on the three dimensions of sustainability: economic, environmental, and socio-cultural. This paper advocates several practical measures, such as the incorporation of sustainability into program mission statements, the training of travel leaders in all three dimensions of sustainability, and the implementation of sustainability-related assessment measures for educational travel programs. Further, we argue that maintaining critical scholarly engagement with broader theoretical frameworks is necessary to contextualize these practical and empirical approaches, and to reassess the potential benefits and negative impacts associated with educational travel.

ACS Style

Joshua Long; Alison Vogelaar; Brack W. Hale. Toward sustainable educational travel. Journal of Sustainable Tourism 2013, 22, 421 -439.

AMA Style

Joshua Long, Alison Vogelaar, Brack W. Hale. Toward sustainable educational travel. Journal of Sustainable Tourism. 2013; 22 (3):421-439.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Joshua Long; Alison Vogelaar; Brack W. Hale. 2013. "Toward sustainable educational travel." Journal of Sustainable Tourism 22, no. 3: 421-439.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2013 in International Journal of Tourism Anthropology
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Heritage is at once a hobby, a call to arms, an industry, and an impetus for policy organisations and initiatives the world over. Nowhere is this trend more evident than in Switzerland where issues of cultural and natural heritage are a consistent feature of the political and cultural landscape. Heritage discourses are founded upon binaries, used pervasively in both identification (e.g., native/non-native) and management actions (protection/eradication). This article uses a discursive approach to examine two recent controversies in Switzerland - the 'invasive' Windmill palm and the recently banned Muslim minaret - in terms of the binaries used to contain and police each perceived 'outsider'. Recent scholarship acknowledges the impossibility of these binaries in a world as dynamic and complex as our own. Building upon this literature, this study demonstrates that binary thinking may have encouraged ineffective and inappropriate policy actions toward so-called non-natives in our Swiss case studies. We advocate the re-conceptualisation of belonging as 'interstitial' and assert that its use in heritage-related institutions, such as natural resource management and tourism, will facilitate more nuanced definitions of belonging and, hopefully, result in policy actions better suited to our times.

ACS Style

Alison E. Vogelaar; Brack W. Hale. Constituting Swiss heritage: discourse and the management of 'invasive species'. International Journal of Tourism Anthropology 2013, 3, 130 .

AMA Style

Alison E. Vogelaar, Brack W. Hale. Constituting Swiss heritage: discourse and the management of 'invasive species'. International Journal of Tourism Anthropology. 2013; 3 (2):130.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Alison E. Vogelaar; Brack W. Hale. 2013. "Constituting Swiss heritage: discourse and the management of 'invasive species'." International Journal of Tourism Anthropology 3, no. 2: 130.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2011 in Reviews on Environmental Health
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Recent studies suggest that exposure to mold in damp buildings is an important environmental risk factor for childhood respiratory illness. One potential source of a damp home, is crawl space construction. A poorly constructed crawl space not only presents the possibility of contributing to a 'damp' home but can also become a reservoir for fungal growth.

ACS Style

Marie Lynn Miranda; Mayra Alicia Overstreet Galeano; Brack Hale; Wayne R. Thomann. Crawl spaces as reservoirs for transmission of mold to the livable part of the home environment. Reviews on Environmental Health 2011, 26, 205 -213.

AMA Style

Marie Lynn Miranda, Mayra Alicia Overstreet Galeano, Brack Hale, Wayne R. Thomann. Crawl spaces as reservoirs for transmission of mold to the livable part of the home environment. Reviews on Environmental Health. 2011; 26 (3):205-213.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Marie Lynn Miranda; Mayra Alicia Overstreet Galeano; Brack Hale; Wayne R. Thomann. 2011. "Crawl spaces as reservoirs for transmission of mold to the livable part of the home environment." Reviews on Environmental Health 26, no. 3: 205-213.

Journal article
Published: 13 March 2010 in Environmental Management
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Traditional natural resource management approaches often focus on a specific natural resource and ignore social components other than economic value. In contrast, new approaches to resource management, such as those employing ecosystem management strategies, recognize and strive to incorporate other social components of the managed system. This study uses a content analysis of regional newspaper coverage of two relatively new reserves in river-floodplain systems, the Lower Wisconsin State Riverway and the Middle Elbe Biosphere Reserve, to analyze each reserve’s success in managing the social components of its resources during each reserve’s first ten years. The results suggest that positive coverage of both reserves has increased, as has the perceived authority of the reserve staff, as measured by trends in the quantity of direct quotes. The Middle Elbe Biosphere Reserve received approximately three times more coverage than its Wisconsin counterpart, suggesting that the more extensive public outreach program of the former is an important tool in dealing with social issues within a conservation reserve.

ACS Style

Brack W. Hale. Using Newspaper Coverage Analysis to Evaluate Public Perception of Management in River-Floodplain Systems. Environmental Management 2010, 45, 1155 -1163.

AMA Style

Brack W. Hale. Using Newspaper Coverage Analysis to Evaluate Public Perception of Management in River-Floodplain Systems. Environmental Management. 2010; 45 (5):1155-1163.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Brack W. Hale. 2010. "Using Newspaper Coverage Analysis to Evaluate Public Perception of Management in River-Floodplain Systems." Environmental Management 45, no. 5: 1155-1163.

Journal article
Published: 01 October 2008 in The American Midland Naturalist
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ACS Style

Brack W. Hale; Esther M. AlSum; Michael S. Adams. Changes in The Floodplain Forest Vegetation of The Lower Wisconsin River Over The Last Fifty Years. The American Midland Naturalist 2008, 160, 454 -476.

AMA Style

Brack W. Hale, Esther M. AlSum, Michael S. Adams. Changes in The Floodplain Forest Vegetation of The Lower Wisconsin River Over The Last Fifty Years. The American Midland Naturalist. 2008; 160 (2):454-476.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Brack W. Hale; Esther M. AlSum; Michael S. Adams. 2008. "Changes in The Floodplain Forest Vegetation of The Lower Wisconsin River Over The Last Fifty Years." The American Midland Naturalist 160, no. 2: 454-476.

Journal article
Published: 11 April 2008 in Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics
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This article discusses the ecological and cultural criteria underlying the management practices for protected areas in France. It examines the evolution of French conservation from its roots in the 19th century, when it focused on the protection of scenic landscapes, to current times when the focus is on the protection of biodiversity. However, biodiversity is often socially defined and may not represent an ecologically sound objective for conservation. In particular, we question the current approach to protecting a specific type of biodiversity that is at the basis of traditional landscape but does not value systems that are left to develop naturally (i.e., without significant human intervention). We present several examples of current attempts in France and Europe to managing traditional ecosystems and then discuss the values that exist in systems that develop naturally. We feel the latter systems often have much to offer in terms of biodiversity as well as providing important sites for the study of dynamic ecological communities in an ever-changing world.

ACS Style

Annik Schnitzler; Jean-Claude Génot; Maurice Wintz; Brack W. Hale. Naturalness and Conservation in France. Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics 2008, 21, 423 -436.

AMA Style

Annik Schnitzler, Jean-Claude Génot, Maurice Wintz, Brack W. Hale. Naturalness and Conservation in France. Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics. 2008; 21 (5):423-436.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Annik Schnitzler; Jean-Claude Génot; Maurice Wintz; Brack W. Hale. 2008. "Naturalness and Conservation in France." Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics 21, no. 5: 423-436.

Journal article
Published: 31 August 2007 in Biological Conservation
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This study performs a meta-analysis of existing studies of European riparian forests to investigate which exotic species have successfully established in intact riparian forests and which characteristics of these forests correspond with successful establishment. We used analysis of covariance models to investigate the relationship between community species richness, percent exotic species, and several environmental variables. We found a total richness of 1380 species, of which 45 (3.3%) were exotic. Species-rich communities generally had the higher percentage of exotics, but were not significantly related to latitude or environmental variables. Exotics, in contrast, were at generally higher levels at lower latitudes and were more abundant in large river plains and communities with intermediate levels of disturbance. These results suggest that future climate change and human actions that mimic intermediate levels of disturbance may further enhance the spread of exotic species.

ACS Style

Annik Schnitzler; Brack W. Hale; Esther M. Alsum. Examining native and exotic species diversity in European riparian forests. Biological Conservation 2007, 138, 146 -156.

AMA Style

Annik Schnitzler, Brack W. Hale, Esther M. Alsum. Examining native and exotic species diversity in European riparian forests. Biological Conservation. 2007; 138 (1-2):146-156.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Annik Schnitzler; Brack W. Hale; Esther M. Alsum. 2007. "Examining native and exotic species diversity in European riparian forests." Biological Conservation 138, no. 1-2: 146-156.

Journal article
Published: 28 March 2007 in Landscape and Urban Planning
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ACS Style

Brack W. Hale; Michael S. Adams. Ecosystem management and the conservation of river–floodplain systems. Landscape and Urban Planning 2007, 80, 23 -33.

AMA Style

Brack W. Hale, Michael S. Adams. Ecosystem management and the conservation of river–floodplain systems. Landscape and Urban Planning. 2007; 80 (1-2):23-33.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Brack W. Hale; Michael S. Adams. 2007. "Ecosystem management and the conservation of river–floodplain systems." Landscape and Urban Planning 80, no. 1-2: 23-33.

Journal article
Published: 30 September 2005 in Energy Policy
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In this study, we investigate the conclusions of a previous study by the authors regarding the competitiveness of waste-to-energy (WTE) technologies with data from Puerto Rico. Puerto Rico's situation matches many of the conditions laid out in the earlier study and the island is currently seeking to modernize its energy production and waste management options. Examining production and environmental costs, we find that modern pollution control technology, high-energy production costs, and limited availability of suitable landfill sites render WTE facilities an economically and environmentally attractive option for Puerto Rico. Similar results likely hold in other island environments.

ACS Style

Marie Lynn Miranda; Brack Hale. Paradise recovered: energy production and waste management in island environments. Energy Policy 2005, 33, 1691 -1702.

AMA Style

Marie Lynn Miranda, Brack Hale. Paradise recovered: energy production and waste management in island environments. Energy Policy. 2005; 33 (13):1691-1702.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Marie Lynn Miranda; Brack Hale. 2005. "Paradise recovered: energy production and waste management in island environments." Energy Policy 33, no. 13: 1691-1702.

Journal article
Published: 28 June 2005 in Environmental Management
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We evaluated ecological monitoring data and landowner perceptions to the federally funded Wetlands Reserve Program (WRP) in a three-county region in Wisconsin. We surveyed landowner satisfaction, involvement, participation, and use of the WRP restoration sites. We found that landowners are satisfied with the overall program (mean, 3.6 +/- 0.2 [SE], on a scale of 1-5, with 5 being completely satisfied). WRP restorations significantly increased the area of wetland within the sites surveyed, the increase was primarily of fresh meadow (736.32 ha after restoration). Satisfaction is related to landowner participation during restoration and to the economic incentives provided by the WRP, Landowner satisfaction and the number of plant communities after restoration are unrelated to each other or to restoration and easement costs per hectare. Survey participants recommended some changes to the WRP, including a reduction in the tax rate of land enrolled in the WRP, approval for permanent deer stands, and increased communication with WRP officials during the restoration. Monitoring information collected for WRP restoration sites does not allow assessment of whether WRP sites are functionally equivalent to natural sites. We suggest that the WRP require a more rigorous monitoring program, including guidelines for invasive species control. Managers should also encourage collaborations with external researchers and consider restorations within an experimental framework.

ACS Style

Ken Forshay; Hem Nalini Morzaria–Luna; Brack Hale; Katie Predick. Landowner Satisfaction with the Wetlands Reserve Program in Wisconsin. Environmental Management 2005, 36, 248 -257.

AMA Style

Ken Forshay, Hem Nalini Morzaria–Luna, Brack Hale, Katie Predick. Landowner Satisfaction with the Wetlands Reserve Program in Wisconsin. Environmental Management. 2005; 36 (2):248-257.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ken Forshay; Hem Nalini Morzaria–Luna; Brack Hale; Katie Predick. 2005. "Landowner Satisfaction with the Wetlands Reserve Program in Wisconsin." Environmental Management 36, no. 2: 248-257.

Journal article
Published: 01 April 2005 in Environmental Management
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A consequence of expanding residential development into rural areas is the potential alteration of ecological communities. Certain novel land-use policies seek practical solutions by accommodating social needs for housing while conserving biodiversity. This study investigates whether regulations designed to protect the aesthetic characteristics of a river corridor simultaneously mitigate negative effects of development on avian biodiversity, despite the absence of explicit conservation objectives. Using housing data from the US Census (1990 and 2000) and the Audubon Christmas Bird Count (1987-2000), we examined changes in housing density, avian communities, and the relationship between these two variables in a location that has adopted aesthetic landscape planning, the Lower Wisconsin State Riverway. We found that overall species diversity increased in the Riverway, but remained constant in reference areas, although the relative increase in housing density in the two areas did not differ. We also found that omnivore populations decreased in the Riverway and increased in reference sites. On the whole, our study provides preliminary evidence that aesthetic landscape planning, such as employed in the Lower Wisconsin State Riverway, might constitute a politically viable approach to conserve ecological resources.

ACS Style

Brack W. Hale; Michelle M. Steen-Adams; Katie Predick; Nick Fisher. Ecological Conservation Through Aesthetic Landscape Planning: A Case Study of the Lower Wisconsin State Riverway. Environmental Management 2005, 35, 381 -395.

AMA Style

Brack W. Hale, Michelle M. Steen-Adams, Katie Predick, Nick Fisher. Ecological Conservation Through Aesthetic Landscape Planning: A Case Study of the Lower Wisconsin State Riverway. Environmental Management. 2005; 35 (4):381-395.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Brack W. Hale; Michelle M. Steen-Adams; Katie Predick; Nick Fisher. 2005. "Ecological Conservation Through Aesthetic Landscape Planning: A Case Study of the Lower Wisconsin State Riverway." Environmental Management 35, no. 4: 381-395.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2005 in Biodiversity and Conservation
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In this study, we investigate the mechanisms driving biodiversity in floodplain forests with a comparison of the composition and dynamics in the warm-temperate floodplain forests of the lower Mississippi Valley and the cool-temperate floodplain forests of the lower Wisconsin and Rhine River Valleys. We employ data from original research, as well as from the literature. We compare species, genus, and family diversity across regions with respect to species richness, numbers of species per family and genus, and a similarity index. We examine these results within a historical context, as well as with respect to river-floodplain dynamics. We also compare productivity data and successional stages for each region. We find a lower species, genus, and family richness in the cool-temperate forests of the Rhine compared to the cool-temperate forests of the Wisconsin, a probable result of the lack of available refugia for Rhine species in times of glacial expansion. We find the highest richness in the lower Mississippi Valley, likely a result of climatic factors and the availability of refugia in this region. In each of the regions, floodplain forests are more diverse than their upland counterparts, demonstrating the role of river-floodplain dynamics in maintaining species diversity. Each region maintains a high and relatively similar level of productivity in the floodplain forests. They also experience similar stages of succession, although succession becomes more complex in the warm-temperate forests of the Lower Mississippi.

ACS Style

Annik Schnitzler; Brack W. Hale; Esther Alsum. Biodiversity of floodplain forests in Europe and eastern North America: A comparative study of the Rhine and Mississippi Valleys. Biodiversity and Conservation 2005, 14, 97 -117.

AMA Style

Annik Schnitzler, Brack W. Hale, Esther Alsum. Biodiversity of floodplain forests in Europe and eastern North America: A comparative study of the Rhine and Mississippi Valleys. Biodiversity and Conservation. 2005; 14 (1):97-117.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Annik Schnitzler; Brack W. Hale; Esther Alsum. 2005. "Biodiversity of floodplain forests in Europe and eastern North America: A comparative study of the Rhine and Mississippi Valleys." Biodiversity and Conservation 14, no. 1: 97-117.

Comparative study
Published: 12 November 2002 in Environmental Science & Technology
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Environmental taxes have attracted attention in recent years as a tool to internalize environmental externalities. This paper evaluates Sweden's experience with environmental taxes in the energy sector by examining how environmental taxes compare with estimated environmental externalities associated with the use of oil, coal, natural gas, and forest residue fuels. We also analyze how environmental taxes influence fuel choices in the energy sector by comparing the production, environmental, and tax costs for the same fuels. We find that (i) the Swedish environmental taxes correspond imperfectly with environmental costs; (ii) the Swedish tax and subsidy system introduces changes in fuel choice decisions; (iii) the energy users are responding to the incentives created by the tax and subsidy systems in ways that are consistent with economic theory; and (iv) the Swedish experience with environmental taxes and subsidies bears directly on wider evaluations of energy policy approaches internationally.

ACS Style

Marie Lynn Miranda; Brack W. Hale. A Taxing Environment: Evaluating the Multiple Objectives of Environmental Taxes. Environmental Science & Technology 2002, 36, 5289 -5295.

AMA Style

Marie Lynn Miranda, Brack W. Hale. A Taxing Environment: Evaluating the Multiple Objectives of Environmental Taxes. Environmental Science & Technology. 2002; 36 (24):5289-5295.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Marie Lynn Miranda; Brack W. Hale. 2002. "A Taxing Environment: Evaluating the Multiple Objectives of Environmental Taxes." Environmental Science & Technology 36, no. 24: 5289-5295.