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In order to reduce vehicle emitted greenhouse gases (GHGs) on a global scale, the scope of consideration should be expanded to include the manufacturing, fuel extraction, refinement, power generation, and end-of-life phases of a vehicle, in addition to the actual operational phase. In this paper, the CO2 emissions of conventional gasoline and diesel internal combustion engine vehicles (ICV) were compared with mainstream alternative powertrain technologies, namely battery electric vehicles (BEV), using life-cycle assessment (LCA). In most of the current studies, CO2 emissions were calculated assuming that the region where the vehicles were used, the lifetime driving distance in that region and the CO2 emission from the battery production were fixed. However, in this paper, the life cycle CO2 emissions in each region were calculated taking into consideration the vehicle’s lifetime driving distance in each region and the deviations in CO2 emissions for battery production. For this paper, the US, European Union (EU), Japan, China, and Australia were selected as the reference regions for vehicle operation. The calculated results showed that CO2 emission from the assembly of BEV was larger than that of ICV due to the added CO2 emissions from battery production. However, in regions where renewable energy sources and low CO2 emitting forms of electric power generation are widely used, as vehicle lifetime driving distance increase, the total operating CO2 emissions of BEV become less than that of ICV. But for BEV, the CO2 emissions for replacing the battery with a new one should be added when the lifetime driving distance is over 160,000 km. Moreover, it was shown that the life cycle CO2 emission of ICV was apt to be smaller than that of BEV when the CO2 emissions for battery production were very large.
Ryuji Kawamoto; Hideo Mochizuki; Yoshihisa Moriguchi; Takahiro Nakano; Masayuki Motohashi; Yuji Sakai; Atsushi Inaba. Estimation of CO2 Emissions of Internal Combustion Engine Vehicle and Battery Electric Vehicle Using LCA. Sustainability 2019, 11, 2690 .
AMA StyleRyuji Kawamoto, Hideo Mochizuki, Yoshihisa Moriguchi, Takahiro Nakano, Masayuki Motohashi, Yuji Sakai, Atsushi Inaba. Estimation of CO2 Emissions of Internal Combustion Engine Vehicle and Battery Electric Vehicle Using LCA. Sustainability. 2019; 11 (9):2690.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRyuji Kawamoto; Hideo Mochizuki; Yoshihisa Moriguchi; Takahiro Nakano; Masayuki Motohashi; Yuji Sakai; Atsushi Inaba. 2019. "Estimation of CO2 Emissions of Internal Combustion Engine Vehicle and Battery Electric Vehicle Using LCA." Sustainability 11, no. 9: 2690.
Atsushi Inaba; Masaharu Motoshita; Hiroyuki Uchida; Shoichiro Tsuruta; Ryo Yokoyama; Aiichiro Kashiwagi; Ichiro Daigo. Report: Conference and Discussion “the Contribution of Products to Avoided Greenhouse Gas Emissions” – held at Kogakuin University on 14th Feb. 2019 –. Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, Japan 2019, 15, 211 -216.
AMA StyleAtsushi Inaba, Masaharu Motoshita, Hiroyuki Uchida, Shoichiro Tsuruta, Ryo Yokoyama, Aiichiro Kashiwagi, Ichiro Daigo. Report: Conference and Discussion “the Contribution of Products to Avoided Greenhouse Gas Emissions” – held at Kogakuin University on 14th Feb. 2019 –. Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, Japan. 2019; 15 (2):211-216.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAtsushi Inaba; Masaharu Motoshita; Hiroyuki Uchida; Shoichiro Tsuruta; Ryo Yokoyama; Aiichiro Kashiwagi; Ichiro Daigo. 2019. "Report: Conference and Discussion “the Contribution of Products to Avoided Greenhouse Gas Emissions” – held at Kogakuin University on 14th Feb. 2019 –." Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, Japan 15, no. 2: 211-216.
According to ISO 14040:2006 and ISO 14044:2006, the carbon footprint of products (CFPs) is the system to calculate the category indicator of the targeted product for the global warming potential or “climate change” in life cycle assessment. There are many LCA studies focusing on greenhouse emissions. However, it is quite new to show consumers the calculation results on the shelves of supermarkets. CFP started in the UK, and many countries followed. In this chapter, the background of CFP, the aims, and the relation to type 3 label known as ISO 14025:2006 are described in Sect. 2, followed by the general procedures of CFP and methodological issues of CFP. As the consumers can now compare CFPs directly in the store, it is needed to clarify the rules for the calculation and communication of CFP. In order to develop the internationally harmonized methodology of CFP, ISO/TS 14072 was published in 2013. In Sect. 3, the main discussion points are introduced, which were compromised when ISO/TS 14067:2013 was published. In Sects. 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9, the experiences of CFP in the UK, France, Japan, Korea, and Thailand are introduced. CFP is the evaluation tool of the product focusing only on global warming, designed as “single criteria.” Recently, the evaluation tool of the organization focusing on global warming has been paid attention, which is called “Organizational CFP” (ISO/TR 14069:2013). Moreover, the tools to evaluate more environmental categories than only global warming of the product and/or the organization are called “multicriteria.” In this chapter, the current status of CFP in the world is overviewed, and the outlook of CFP in the future is discussed. One of the reasons why CFP obtained such high attention in the society is that the consumers can see and compare CFPs directly in the store. CFP is expected to be a communication tool between producers and consumers. This is true in the present and will be true in the future.
Atsushi Inaba; Sylvain Chevassus; Tom Cumberlege; Eunah Hong; Akira Kataoka; Pongvipa Lohsomboon; Corinne Mercadie; Thumrongrut Mungcharoen; Klaus Radunsky. Carbon Footprint of Products. LCA Compendium – The Complete World of Life Cycle Assessment 2016, 11 -71.
AMA StyleAtsushi Inaba, Sylvain Chevassus, Tom Cumberlege, Eunah Hong, Akira Kataoka, Pongvipa Lohsomboon, Corinne Mercadie, Thumrongrut Mungcharoen, Klaus Radunsky. Carbon Footprint of Products. LCA Compendium – The Complete World of Life Cycle Assessment. 2016; ():11-71.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAtsushi Inaba; Sylvain Chevassus; Tom Cumberlege; Eunah Hong; Akira Kataoka; Pongvipa Lohsomboon; Corinne Mercadie; Thumrongrut Mungcharoen; Klaus Radunsky. 2016. "Carbon Footprint of Products." LCA Compendium – The Complete World of Life Cycle Assessment , no. : 11-71.
All relevant effects on water must be assessed in water footprinting for identifying hotspots and managing the impacts of products, processes, and services throughout the life cycle. Although several studies have focused on physical water scarcity and degradation of water quality, the relevance of land use in water footprinting has not been widely addressed. Here, we aimed to verify the extent of land-use effect in the context of water footprinting. Intensity factors of land use regarding the loss of freshwater availability are modeled by calculating water balance at grid scale in Japan. A water footprint inventory and impacts related to land use are assessed by applying the developed intensity factors and comparing them with those related to water consumption and degradation. Artificial land use such as urban area results in the loss of many parts of available freshwater input by precipitation. When considering water footprint inventory, the dominance of land use is less than that of water consumption. However, the effect of land use is relevant to the assessment of water footprint impact by differentiating stress on water resources. The exclusion of land use effect underestimates the water footprint of goods produced in Japan by an average of around 37%.
Masaharu Motoshita; Yuya Ono; Matthias Finkbeiner; Atsushi Inaba. The Effect of Land Use on Availability of Japanese Freshwater Resources and Its Significance for Water Footprinting. Sustainability 2016, 8, 86 .
AMA StyleMasaharu Motoshita, Yuya Ono, Matthias Finkbeiner, Atsushi Inaba. The Effect of Land Use on Availability of Japanese Freshwater Resources and Its Significance for Water Footprinting. Sustainability. 2016; 8 (1):86.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMasaharu Motoshita; Yuya Ono; Matthias Finkbeiner; Atsushi Inaba. 2016. "The Effect of Land Use on Availability of Japanese Freshwater Resources and Its Significance for Water Footprinting." Sustainability 8, no. 1: 86.
An LCA has been developed as a tool to evaluate the environmental aspects of the products. However, the applications to evaluate the environmental aspect of the organization using the method of LCA have been paid attention recently, which might be divided into two types of the methods. One is the method to focus only on the greenhouse gasses(GHGs),(i.e. Carbon Footprint of Organization or Organizational Carbon Footprint), and another is the method to evaluate the multi environmental aspects of the organization(i.e. LCA of Organization or Organizational LCA). The former should include Scope 3 by GHG protocol of WRI/WBCSD and ISO-TR-14069(2013), and in the latter Organizational Environmental Footprint promoted by EC-DG.Environment and ISO/TS 14072(2014)should be included. The current situation of the activities related to the above methodologies in the world is introduced, and the structure of this special issue associated with that background is introduced in this paper.
Atsushi Inaba. Scope 3 and Organizational LCA. Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, Japan 2015, 11, 82 -85.
AMA StyleAtsushi Inaba. Scope 3 and Organizational LCA. Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, Japan. 2015; 11 (2):82-85.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAtsushi Inaba. 2015. "Scope 3 and Organizational LCA." Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, Japan 11, no. 2: 82-85.
Atsushi Inaba. Objectives and Activities of the Workshop on Food-Part2 in the Institute of Life Cycle Assessment, Japan. Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, Japan 2013, 9, 176 -178.
AMA StyleAtsushi Inaba. Objectives and Activities of the Workshop on Food-Part2 in the Institute of Life Cycle Assessment, Japan. Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, Japan. 2013; 9 (3):176-178.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAtsushi Inaba. 2013. "Objectives and Activities of the Workshop on Food-Part2 in the Institute of Life Cycle Assessment, Japan." Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, Japan 9, no. 3: 176-178.
Atsushi Inaba. Objectives and Activities of the Workshop on New Tourism in the Institute of Life Cycle Assessment, Japan. Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, Japan 2013, 9, 172 -173.
AMA StyleAtsushi Inaba. Objectives and Activities of the Workshop on New Tourism in the Institute of Life Cycle Assessment, Japan. Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, Japan. 2013; 9 (3):172-173.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAtsushi Inaba. 2013. "Objectives and Activities of the Workshop on New Tourism in the Institute of Life Cycle Assessment, Japan." Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, Japan 9, no. 3: 172-173.