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Klaus Menrad
Weihenstephan-Triesdorf University of Applied Sciences, Technical University of Munich Campus Straubing for Biotechnology and Sustainability, Germany

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Original research article
Published: 02 March 2021 in Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems
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Bioplastics are a potential alternative to conventional plastics when it comes to reducing the use of the fossil resource of crude oil. There have been so far very few studies on the consumption of bio-based apparel and consumer preferences relating to it. Within this study, an online survey was conducted with 1,673 participants that is representative of the German population over the age of 16, including a choice-based consumer experiment with a bio-based rain jacket. Using latent class analysis, two clusters of consumers (39% of respondents) were identified with acceptance of moderate prices for such bio-based products. The other 61% of consumers showed preferences for the lowest prices of the tested bio-based rain jacket. A discriminant analysis revealed that the intention to purchase bio-based apparel, the Green Consumer Value and subjective norms of bio-based apparel were the strongest significant factors when distinguishing between consumer groups of bio-based apparel with a “preference for a low price” and those showing “acceptance of a moderate price.” This study helps to better illuminate the heterogeneity of consumer preferences for bio-based apparel related to pricing strategies and supports building up of a supply chain for such products.

ACS Style

Florian Felix Stahl; Agnes Emberger-Klein; Klaus Menrad. Consumer Preferences in Germany for Bio-Based Apparel With Low and Moderate Prices, and the Influence of Specific Factors in Distinguishing Between These Groups. Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems 2021, 2, 1 .

AMA Style

Florian Felix Stahl, Agnes Emberger-Klein, Klaus Menrad. Consumer Preferences in Germany for Bio-Based Apparel With Low and Moderate Prices, and the Influence of Specific Factors in Distinguishing Between These Groups. Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems. 2021; 2 ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Florian Felix Stahl; Agnes Emberger-Klein; Klaus Menrad. 2021. "Consumer Preferences in Germany for Bio-Based Apparel With Low and Moderate Prices, and the Influence of Specific Factors in Distinguishing Between These Groups." Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems 2, no. : 1.

Articles
Published: 18 May 2020 in The Social Science Journal
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Organic consumption and the commitment to climate protection via carbon offsetting are important for the protection of global natural resources. This paper analyzes the relationship between these behaviors and examines factors that explain behavioral (in) consistency across these behavioral fields. Thereby, we examine the influence of priming by an “organic offer” on subsequent monetary donations via carbon offsetting. Here, for the first time, we investigate the interaction between priming, ethical mindsets (rule-based or outcome-based mindsets), environmental values and moral identity. The study is based on a laboratory experiment with students which was conducted in December 2017 (n = 226). The main results show that the three-way interaction between priming by an “organic offer”, rule-based mindsets and environmental values is associated with a higher likelihood for actual carbon offsetting. Furthermore, the findings indicate that moral identity neither interact with rule-based nor with outcome-based mindsets. However, an interaction between priming by an “organic offer” and outcome-based mindsets leads to a lower likelihood for carbon offsetting, which speaks for moral licensing effects.

ACS Style

Andreas Bauer; Klaus Menrad. The nexus between moral licensing and behavioral consistency: Is organic consumption a door-opener for commitment to climate protection? The Social Science Journal 2020, 1 -15.

AMA Style

Andreas Bauer, Klaus Menrad. The nexus between moral licensing and behavioral consistency: Is organic consumption a door-opener for commitment to climate protection? The Social Science Journal. 2020; ():1-15.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Andreas Bauer; Klaus Menrad. 2020. "The nexus between moral licensing and behavioral consistency: Is organic consumption a door-opener for commitment to climate protection?" The Social Science Journal , no. : 1-15.

Journal article
Published: 02 April 2020 in Energy Research & Social Science
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For the sustainable development of the energy and agricultural sectors, it is necessary to have financial investments carried out by private households. Therefore, this study examines individuals investing in funds ranging from environmentally friendly (wind energy, organic farming) to environmentally harmful (mineral oil / natural gas). First, we analyze the relative importance of return, risk and durations, and the aspect of sustainability in the decision-making process about financial investments. Second, the intention to invest in environmentally friendly or harmful investment fields is analyzed according to economic, environmental self-identity, as well as personal norms concerning individual contributions to the climate targets of the Paris Agreement. We applied a choice-based conjoint experiment in a laboratory with 226 participating students primarily studying Business (n = 117) in Germany. The results show that the annual returns and risks are the most important attributes for the fund decisions of students followed, by the investment fields. Subjects prefer investments in wind energy. However, organic farming investments were not in great demand. Personal norms (Paris Agreement) are positively linked to investment intentions for organic farming and negatively linked to investment intentions for mineral oil / natural gas. Wind energy investment intentions are not explained by self-identity or personal norms (Paris Agreement).

ACS Style

Andreas Bauer; Klaus Menrad. Beyond risk and return: What motivates environmentally friendly or harmful student fund investments in Germany? Energy Research & Social Science 2020, 67, 101509 .

AMA Style

Andreas Bauer, Klaus Menrad. Beyond risk and return: What motivates environmentally friendly or harmful student fund investments in Germany? Energy Research & Social Science. 2020; 67 ():101509.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Andreas Bauer; Klaus Menrad. 2020. "Beyond risk and return: What motivates environmentally friendly or harmful student fund investments in Germany?" Energy Research & Social Science 67, no. : 101509.

Chapter
Published: 24 January 2020 in Biokunststoffe unter dem Blickwinkel der Nachhaltigkeit und Kommunikation
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In der bisherigen wissenschaftlichen Literatur fehlen fast vollständig Studien, die sich mit den Einschätzungen und Sichtweisen der KäuferInnen von Produkten aus Biokunststoffen beschäftigen, nicht zuletzt aufgrund der bislang noch relativ geringen Verbreitung dieser Produkte. Um diese Lücke teilweise zu schließen, werden im vorliegenden Kapitel die Ergebnisse einer Befragung von KäuferInnen von Biokunststoffprodukten im Vergleich zu einer repräsentativen Bevölkerungsbefragung in Deutschland vorgestellt. Erstere wurden direkt nach dem Kauf entsprechender Produkte in einem Onlineshop befragt und deren Einschätzungen mit denen der Bevölkerungsumfrage (vgl. Details in Kap. 9) verglichen. Für Letztere wird nochmals unterschieden, ob die Befragten angegeben haben, noch nie Produkte aus Biokunststoffen gekauft zu haben bzw. ob sie schon über Erfahrungen mit entsprechenden Produkten verfügen. In den Ergebnissen zeigen sich deutliche Unterschiede zwischen den KäuferInnen von Biokunststoffprodukten und der Bevölkerung im Hinblick auf soziodemografische Merkmale, Wertesysteme, Umwelteinstellungen und Einstellungen zu Biokunststoffen sowie den Wissensstand in diesem Gebiet. Die vorliegenden Erkenntnisse können nicht nur zu einer sachgerechteren Vermarktung und Produktweiterentwicklung, sondern auch zu einer zielgruppenorientierten Ansprache, Information und Kommunikation bei Biokunststoffen genutzt werden. Im folgenden Kapitel werden zunächst die vorliegenden Erkenntnisse aus der wissenschaftlichen Literatur dargestellt, gefolgt von den Details zur Datenerhebung und -auswertung. Im Ergebnisteil werden die in der Umfrage erhobenen soziodemografischen Daten, die psychografischen Merkmale sowie der Wissensstand der Befragten dar- und den Ergebnissen der Bevölkerungsumfrage gegenübergestellt. Abschließend erfolgt die Diskussion der Ergebnisse und die Betrachtung, ob sich Rückschlüsse auf die Kaufmotive für Produkte aus Biokunststoff ableiten lassen.

ACS Style

Christoph Scherer; Florian Klein; Agnes Emberger-Klein; Klaus Menrad. Einschätzung von Biokunststoffen in der Bevölkerung und bei KäuferInnen in Deutschland. Biokunststoffe unter dem Blickwinkel der Nachhaltigkeit und Kommunikation 2020, 159 -181.

AMA Style

Christoph Scherer, Florian Klein, Agnes Emberger-Klein, Klaus Menrad. Einschätzung von Biokunststoffen in der Bevölkerung und bei KäuferInnen in Deutschland. Biokunststoffe unter dem Blickwinkel der Nachhaltigkeit und Kommunikation. 2020; ():159-181.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Christoph Scherer; Florian Klein; Agnes Emberger-Klein; Klaus Menrad. 2020. "Einschätzung von Biokunststoffen in der Bevölkerung und bei KäuferInnen in Deutschland." Biokunststoffe unter dem Blickwinkel der Nachhaltigkeit und Kommunikation , no. : 159-181.

Journal article
Published: 16 January 2020 in Sustainability
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Plastic pollution is an increasing global problem, however, replacing fossil resources with bioplastics made from renewable resources could be part of the solution. Currently, no research analyzing the influencing factors for consumers’ preferences for functional apparel made of bioplastic material could be found. To close this gap in research, we conducted this study with a sample of 1673 participants that were representative of the German population aged 16 years and above. We conducted a choice based conjoint analysis for a bio-based rain jacket and measured psychographic indicators that were used as covariates in the statistical estimation of participants’ preferences for the rain jacket. Our results show the high level of importance of prior product experience, Green Consumer Values and attitude towards bioplastic for selecting bio-based apparel, and thus give first insights related to the influence of psychographic characteristics of consumers when selecting bio-based apparel.

ACS Style

Florian Felix Klein; Agnes Emberger-Klein; Klaus Menrad. Indicators of Consumers’ Preferences for Bio-Based Apparel: A German Case Study with a Functional Rain Jacket Made of Bioplastic. Sustainability 2020, 12, 675 .

AMA Style

Florian Felix Klein, Agnes Emberger-Klein, Klaus Menrad. Indicators of Consumers’ Preferences for Bio-Based Apparel: A German Case Study with a Functional Rain Jacket Made of Bioplastic. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (2):675.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Florian Felix Klein; Agnes Emberger-Klein; Klaus Menrad. 2020. "Indicators of Consumers’ Preferences for Bio-Based Apparel: A German Case Study with a Functional Rain Jacket Made of Bioplastic." Sustainability 12, no. 2: 675.

Journal article
Published: 10 December 2019 in BMC Health Services Research
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Background Prevalence rates for herbal medicine (HM) have been increasing worldwide. However, little is known about prevalence, user characteristics, usage pattern and factors influencing HM usage for the general German population. Methods A nationwide online survey on HM usage was conducted in Germany. The 2906 participants were categorised into three groups: the ones who used HM in the last 12 months, the ones who did not use HM in the last 12 months but in their lifetime, and the ones who did not use HM until now. Data were analysed by descriptive statistics, Chi Square tests and binary hierarchical logistic regression analyses. Results Prevalence rates of HM were found to be very high for the general German population. Self-medication appeared as a common praxis, when at the same time HM users responded that they do not inform their physician about it, rate their knowledge about HM as somewhat poor, and use the internet as the most frequent source of information. The HM user in the last 12 months was found to include people that were more likely female, highly educated, privately insured, employed, and engaged in a more health-oriented lifestyle. While certain sociodemographic- and health-related variables influence HM usage vs. non-usage, they explain variance only to a limited extent. For distinguishing the user in the last 12 months vs. the less recent user who did not use HM in the last 12 months, ratings on different reasons for HM usage were found to perform better as predictors than sociodemographic- and health-related variables. Conclusions This study demonstrated that HM usage plays an essential role in the German health-care system. Furthermore, the HM usage pattern may be potentially harmful for patients, as it included self-medication, little knowledge on interaction- and side-effects of HM, and a lack of communication with physicians about the usage. Moreover, prediction of HM usage in the previous year is impacted by variables beyond conventional sociodemographic- and health-related ones. In view of the high prevalence rates of HM in Germany, medical as well as health service providers should be aware of these issues.

ACS Style

Alexandra N. Welz; Agnes Emberger-Klein; Klaus Menrad. The importance of herbal medicine use in the German health-care system: prevalence, usage pattern, and influencing factors. BMC Health Services Research 2019, 19, 1 -11.

AMA Style

Alexandra N. Welz, Agnes Emberger-Klein, Klaus Menrad. The importance of herbal medicine use in the German health-care system: prevalence, usage pattern, and influencing factors. BMC Health Services Research. 2019; 19 (1):1-11.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Alexandra N. Welz; Agnes Emberger-Klein; Klaus Menrad. 2019. "The importance of herbal medicine use in the German health-care system: prevalence, usage pattern, and influencing factors." BMC Health Services Research 19, no. 1: 1-11.

Journal article
Published: 01 September 2019 in Artificial Intelligence in Medicine
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Artificial intelligence (AI) will pave the way to a new era in medicine. However, currently available AI systems do not interact with a patient, e.g., for anamnesis, and thus are only used by the physicians for predictions in diagnosis or prognosis. However, these systems are widely used, e.g., in diabetes or cancer prediction. In the current study, we developed an AI that is able to interact with a patient (virtual doctor) by using a speech recognition and speech synthesis system and thus can autonomously interact with the patient, which is particularly important for, e.g., rural areas, where the availability of primary medical care is strongly limited by low population densities. As a proof-of-concept, the system is able to predict type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) based on non-invasive sensors and deep neural networks. Moreover, the system provides an easy-to-interpret probability estimation for T2DM for a given patient. Besides the development of the AI, we further analyzed the acceptance of young people for AI in healthcare to estimate the impact of such a system in the future.

ACS Style

Sebastian Spänig; Agnes Emberger-Klein; Jan-Peter Sowa; Ali Canbay; Klaus Menrad; Dominik Heider. The virtual doctor: An interactive clinical-decision-support system based on deep learning for non-invasive prediction of diabetes. Artificial Intelligence in Medicine 2019, 100, 101706 .

AMA Style

Sebastian Spänig, Agnes Emberger-Klein, Jan-Peter Sowa, Ali Canbay, Klaus Menrad, Dominik Heider. The virtual doctor: An interactive clinical-decision-support system based on deep learning for non-invasive prediction of diabetes. Artificial Intelligence in Medicine. 2019; 100 ():101706.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sebastian Spänig; Agnes Emberger-Klein; Jan-Peter Sowa; Ali Canbay; Klaus Menrad; Dominik Heider. 2019. "The virtual doctor: An interactive clinical-decision-support system based on deep learning for non-invasive prediction of diabetes." Artificial Intelligence in Medicine 100, no. : 101706.

Journal article
Published: 04 August 2019 in Journal of Food Products Marketing
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ACS Style

Andreas Lemmerer; Klaus Menrad. Acceptance of New Food Products: Reference Prices and Psychological Moderators of Heterogeneous Price Effects. Journal of Food Products Marketing 2019, 25, 713 -733.

AMA Style

Andreas Lemmerer, Klaus Menrad. Acceptance of New Food Products: Reference Prices and Psychological Moderators of Heterogeneous Price Effects. Journal of Food Products Marketing. 2019; 25 (7):713-733.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Andreas Lemmerer; Klaus Menrad. 2019. "Acceptance of New Food Products: Reference Prices and Psychological Moderators of Heterogeneous Price Effects." Journal of Food Products Marketing 25, no. 7: 713-733.

Journal article
Published: 10 July 2019 in BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine
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The use of herbal medicine (HM) has become an essential form of treatment and it is more and more common around the world. Little is known about the reasons that drive people to initially use HM or to maintain their behaviour, and whether the so-called “push and pull factors” known in the context of decision making for complementary and alternative medicine, also play a role for HM use. Here, our goal was to provide answers to these open questions and to analyse the reasons that motivate new, established and long-term HM consumers in detail. Thirteen reasons for HM usage, which were previously identified within a qualitative approach, were analysed quantitatively in a nationwide online survey in Germany. Data of 2,192 German HM users from the general population were grouped into new, established and long-term users. We performed a factor analysis in order to identify factors underlying the set of reasons. We discovered a reliable factor associated with longstanding family traditions and cultural importance of HM in Germany. This finding shows that the reasons for HM use require a three-factor structure going beyond the well-known push and pull factors that explain the use of complementary and alternative medicine. In using the identified factors for further calculations, we were able to reveal important group differences and test how the factor scores perform as predictors for the new, established and long-term choice of HM. Our results showed that a high score on the push factor is associated more with initial HM usage, while long-term HM usage is impacted more by high scores on the pull and traditional factors. Our exploratory survey and analysis of the reasons that underlie HM usage aimed at providing a better understanding of the decision for this treatment form. The findings of our work deliver insights for medical practitioners and health-care providers, including the role of family traditions for HM usage and the finding that new HM users are driven to use this treatment form in part because of negative aspects they associate with conventional medicine.

ACS Style

Alexandra N. Welz; Agnes Emberger-Klein; Klaus Menrad. What motivates new, established and long-term users of herbal medicine: is there more than push and pull? BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2019, 19, 1 -9.

AMA Style

Alexandra N. Welz, Agnes Emberger-Klein, Klaus Menrad. What motivates new, established and long-term users of herbal medicine: is there more than push and pull? BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2019; 19 (1):1-9.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Alexandra N. Welz; Agnes Emberger-Klein; Klaus Menrad. 2019. "What motivates new, established and long-term users of herbal medicine: is there more than push and pull?" BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine 19, no. 1: 1-9.

Journal article
Published: 17 June 2019 in Sustainability
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The study investigated preferences of consumers of food retailing outlets in Germany for sustainability labeled cut roses. A sample of 1201 respondents of an online survey was used to analyze their preferences based on a choice-based conjoint experiment in which a bunch of 10 roses was considered which differed concerning the labeling certificate, country of production of the plants, price, packaging, smell, and blossom size of the roses. Latent class analysis revealed existence of consumer heterogeneity with around two thirds of the respondents being strongly in favor of sustainability labels. Thereby Fairtrade labeled roses got an overall positive assessment whereby organic roses were only preferred by 31% of the respondents. In addition, paper or no packaging, strong smell and uniform big blossom sizes got overall positive consumer evaluations in the experiment. The study concludes that sustainability labeled plants might be an option for producers to append additional value to horticultural products in Germany.

ACS Style

Daniel Berki-Kiss; Klaus Menrad. Consumer Preferences of Sustainability Labeled Cut Roses in Germany. Sustainability 2019, 11, 3358 .

AMA Style

Daniel Berki-Kiss, Klaus Menrad. Consumer Preferences of Sustainability Labeled Cut Roses in Germany. Sustainability. 2019; 11 (12):3358.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Daniel Berki-Kiss; Klaus Menrad. 2019. "Consumer Preferences of Sustainability Labeled Cut Roses in Germany." Sustainability 11, no. 12: 3358.

Journal article
Published: 13 June 2019 in Energies
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Existing private homes in Germany and throughout Europe often are in need of energy efficient refurbishment measures (EERMs). However, these EERMs are not realized on the required level in order to achieve environment-related political targets. Therefore we investigate, based on an online survey of 1085 German owner-occupiers, the factors that differentiate two groups of single- and two-family house owners in need of EERM. Using an extended version of the Theory of Planned Behavior as a research framework, the performed logistic regression analysis shows that e.g., behavioral beliefs are significant factors for differentiating “Future-Refurbishers” from “Non-Refurbishers”. Based on our results we suggest an enhancement of practice-orientated initiatives, e.g., refurbishment workshops or best-practice presentations. By presenting the aesthetic appearance of refurbished buildings or providing knowledge, other owner-occupiers could be motivated to engage in EERM. In addition to funding programs, initiatives like this can be used to increase the general energy efficiency of buildings and specifically of those in cities and urban districts, where a high share of the mentioned houses is located and greenhouse gas emissions are caused to a great extent.

ACS Style

Robert Baumhof; Thomas Decker; Klaus Menrad. A Comparative Analysis of House Owners in Need of Energy Efficiency Measures but with Different Intentions. Energies 2019, 12, 2267 .

AMA Style

Robert Baumhof, Thomas Decker, Klaus Menrad. A Comparative Analysis of House Owners in Need of Energy Efficiency Measures but with Different Intentions. Energies. 2019; 12 (12):2267.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Robert Baumhof; Thomas Decker; Klaus Menrad. 2019. "A Comparative Analysis of House Owners in Need of Energy Efficiency Measures but with Different Intentions." Energies 12, no. 12: 2267.

Journal article
Published: 31 May 2019 in Environmental Science & Policy
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This paper examines the impact of climate targets which have been adapted to individuals’ behavior based on global political events. As the global climate targets of the Paris Agreement are largely supported by society, we investigate the potential of these targets to lead to personal and social norms concerning individual contributions to the Paris Agreement´s climate goals. We assume that these norms mediate the influence of personal involvement in the Paris agreement and of environmental values on greenhouse gas avoiding decisions. Also, we expect that these norms predict greenhouse gas avoiding behavior, rather than norms related to climate change. The research is based on a laboratory study with students conducted in December 2017 in Germany (n = 226). The main results show for the students surveyed in the research that norms in favor of contribution to the Paris Agreement substantially influence objective carbon offsetting, as well as consumption of local food and green electricity; and these norms partially mediate the influence of personal involvement in the Paris Agreement and of environmental values on decision-making.

ACS Style

Andreas Bauer; Klaus Menrad. Standing up for the Paris Agreement: Do global climate targets influence individuals’ greenhouse gas emissions? Environmental Science & Policy 2019, 99, 72 -79.

AMA Style

Andreas Bauer, Klaus Menrad. Standing up for the Paris Agreement: Do global climate targets influence individuals’ greenhouse gas emissions? Environmental Science & Policy. 2019; 99 ():72-79.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Andreas Bauer; Klaus Menrad. 2019. "Standing up for the Paris Agreement: Do global climate targets influence individuals’ greenhouse gas emissions?" Environmental Science & Policy 99, no. : 72-79.

Journal article
Published: 06 March 2019 in Sustainable Production and Consumption
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Plastic pollution is a massive global issue and it is increasing. However, there are possible solutions besides the abstinence of plastic-consumption. Particularly, bioplastics could be one part of the solution. So far, there has been little research on the consumption of bioplastic-products and consumers’ choice behavior for bioplastics. We conducted the largest study so far, on preferences, choice, attitude, and perception in the context of bioplastics. Our sample of 1,673 participants is representative of the German population including citizens 16 years of age and older, who were surveyed through an Online Access Panel. We conducted a logistic regression analysis combining the purchase intention for bioplastic-products as the dependent variable with 12 independent variables derived from the literature review. We found significant and comparably high influences on the purchase intention from the variables attitude towards bioplastics, green consumer values, product experience and interest in information on bioplastics. Politics and economic stakeholders promoting marketing and information activities related to bioplastic products can use the findings of this study.

ACS Style

Florian Klein; Agnes Emberg; Klaus Menrad; Wiebke Möhring; Julia-Maria Blesin. Influencing factors for the purchase intention of consumers choosing bioplastic products in Germany. Sustainable Production and Consumption 2019, 19, 33 -43.

AMA Style

Florian Klein, Agnes Emberg, Klaus Menrad, Wiebke Möhring, Julia-Maria Blesin. Influencing factors for the purchase intention of consumers choosing bioplastic products in Germany. Sustainable Production and Consumption. 2019; 19 ():33-43.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Florian Klein; Agnes Emberg; Klaus Menrad; Wiebke Möhring; Julia-Maria Blesin. 2019. "Influencing factors for the purchase intention of consumers choosing bioplastic products in Germany." Sustainable Production and Consumption 19, no. : 33-43.

Review
Published: 08 October 2018 in Journal of Food Products Marketing
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ACS Style

Minh Thi Thuy Nguyen; Agnes Emberg; Klaus Menrad. A Systematic Review on the Effects of Personalized Price Promotions for Food Products. Journal of Food Products Marketing 2018, 25, 257 -275.

AMA Style

Minh Thi Thuy Nguyen, Agnes Emberg, Klaus Menrad. A Systematic Review on the Effects of Personalized Price Promotions for Food Products. Journal of Food Products Marketing. 2018; 25 (3):257-275.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Minh Thi Thuy Nguyen; Agnes Emberg; Klaus Menrad. 2018. "A Systematic Review on the Effects of Personalized Price Promotions for Food Products." Journal of Food Products Marketing 25, no. 3: 257-275.

Journal article
Published: 01 October 2018 in Energy Policy
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In Germany, the substitution of green electricity (GE) from renewable energy sources for nuclear and fossil electricity is politically intended, yet the demand for GE remains limited. This article provides empirical insight into factors influencing the decision of German small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) to adopt GE. Potentially relevant factors are identified through a review of the previous literature and investigated using logit model analyses based on a large-scale survey of German SMEs regarding GE adoption. We find that German SME decision-makers who have consciously decided to adopt GE characteristically have a high level of perceived environmental responsibility. The results also show that an SME's decision to adopt GE is influenced by decision-makers’ perceptions of the sustainability, continual availability and price premium of GE. While investigating firms’ characteristics, we found evidence that the likelihood of adoption is increased in microenterprises that have displayed pro-environmental behavior (other than GE adoption) in the past. Further, in considering an SME's sales market, customer appreciation of GE is a central determinant of adoption. Finally, our findings suggest that firms’ lack of knowledge contributes to the low level of GE adoption. Using our findings, we provide research-based policy recommendations at the end of this paper.

ACS Style

Sebastian Rahbauer; Luisa Menapace; Klaus Menrad; Hannes Lang. Determinants for the adoption of green electricity by German SMEs – An empirical examination. Energy Policy 2018, 123, 533 -543.

AMA Style

Sebastian Rahbauer, Luisa Menapace, Klaus Menrad, Hannes Lang. Determinants for the adoption of green electricity by German SMEs – An empirical examination. Energy Policy. 2018; 123 ():533-543.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sebastian Rahbauer; Luisa Menapace; Klaus Menrad; Hannes Lang. 2018. "Determinants for the adoption of green electricity by German SMEs – An empirical examination." Energy Policy 123, no. : 533-543.

Journal article
Published: 29 August 2018 in Journal of Cleaner Production
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Within sports industry a lot of plastic is used. A rapid diffusion of new products causes a lot of plastic waste and substantial environmental problems, which could be reduced in part through the use of bio-based plastics produced from renewable biomass raw materials. Consumer interest in bio-based plastics is currently limited by the small range of bio-based plastic products, a lack of experience with bio-based plastics and high prices. In this study the preferred attributes of a bio-based plastic drink bottle for bicycles and a running shoe with a bio-based sole were identified using a choice-based-conjoint analysis (CBC). Members of a German online panel were surveyed in November 2014. The analysis of seven attributes for both of the products revealed that origin of the raw materials was the most important factor, with respondents having a clear preference for the use of raw materials cultivated in Germany. Respondents also preferred products containing a high percentage of bio-based plastic, products associated with a large reduction of CO2-emissions and products not involving the use of plastic softeners. A general interest in the bio-based sample products could be identified, but the respondents rejected a high price premium. The importance of domestically cultivated raw materials is consistent with findings of previous studies investigating primarily foodstuff. The insights of this study could form the basis of a promising strategy to promote consumer products made of bio-based plastic.

ACS Style

Christoph Scherer; Agnes Emberg; Klaus Menrad. Consumer preferences for outdoor sporting equipment made of bio-based plastics: Results of a choice-based-conjoint experiment in Germany. Journal of Cleaner Production 2018, 203, 1085 -1094.

AMA Style

Christoph Scherer, Agnes Emberg, Klaus Menrad. Consumer preferences for outdoor sporting equipment made of bio-based plastics: Results of a choice-based-conjoint experiment in Germany. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2018; 203 ():1085-1094.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Christoph Scherer; Agnes Emberg; Klaus Menrad. 2018. "Consumer preferences for outdoor sporting equipment made of bio-based plastics: Results of a choice-based-conjoint experiment in Germany." Journal of Cleaner Production 203, no. : 1085-1094.

Journal article
Published: 01 April 2018 in Sustainable Production and Consumption
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ACS Style

Christoph Scherer; Agnes Emberg; Klaus Menrad. Segmentation of interested and less interested consumers in sports equipment made of bio-based plastic. Sustainable Production and Consumption 2018, 14, 53 -65.

AMA Style

Christoph Scherer, Agnes Emberg, Klaus Menrad. Segmentation of interested and less interested consumers in sports equipment made of bio-based plastic. Sustainable Production and Consumption. 2018; 14 ():53-65.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Christoph Scherer; Agnes Emberg; Klaus Menrad. 2018. "Segmentation of interested and less interested consumers in sports equipment made of bio-based plastic." Sustainable Production and Consumption 14, no. : 53-65.

Journal article
Published: 15 March 2018 in BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine
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The use of herbal medicine, as one element of complementary and alternative medicine, is increasing worldwide. Little is known about the reasons for and factors associated with its use. This study derives insights for the use of herbal medicine in Germany regarding the usage aims, role played by the type of illness, reasons for preferred usage and sources of information. Using a qualitative methodological approach, six focus groups (n = 46) were conducted. Two groups with young, middle-aged and elderly participants, respectively. After audiotaping and verbatim transcription, the data were analysed with a qualitative content analysis. We found that treating illnesses was the most frequently discussed aim for using herbal medicine over all age groups. Preventing illnesses and promoting health were less frequently mentioned overall, but were important for elderly people. Discussions on herbal medicine were associated with either mild/moderate diseases or using herbal medicine as a starting treatment before applying conventional medicine. In this context, participants emphasized the limits of herbal medicine for severe illnesses. Dissatisfaction with conventional treatment, past good experiences, positive aspects associated with herbal medicine, as well as family traditions were the most commonly-mentioned reasons why herbal medicine was preferred as treatment. Concerning information sources, independent reading and family traditions were found to be equally or even more important than consulting medicinal experts. Although herbal medicine is used mostly for treating mild to moderate illnesses and participants were aware of its limits, the combination of self-medication, non-expert consultation and missing risk awareness of herbal medicine is potentially harmful. This is particularly relevant for elderly users as, even though they appeared to be more aware of health-related issues, they generally use more medicine compared to younger ones. In light of our finding that dissatisfaction with conventional medicine was the most important reason for a preferred use of herbal medicine, government bodies, doctors, and pharmaceutical companies need to be aware of this problem and should aim to establish a certain level of awareness among users concerning this issue.

ACS Style

Alexandra N. Welz; Agnes Emberg; Klaus Menrad. Why people use herbal medicine: insights from a focus-group study in Germany. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2018, 18, 1 -9.

AMA Style

Alexandra N. Welz, Agnes Emberg, Klaus Menrad. Why people use herbal medicine: insights from a focus-group study in Germany. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2018; 18 (1):1-9.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Alexandra N. Welz; Agnes Emberg; Klaus Menrad. 2018. "Why people use herbal medicine: insights from a focus-group study in Germany." BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine 18, no. 1: 1-9.

Journal article
Published: 01 February 2018 in Journal of Cleaner Production
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ACS Style

Katharina Langer; Thomas Decker; Jutta Roosen; Klaus Menrad. Factors influencing citizens’ acceptance and non-acceptance of wind energy in Germany. Journal of Cleaner Production 2018, 175, 133 -144.

AMA Style

Katharina Langer, Thomas Decker, Jutta Roosen, Klaus Menrad. Factors influencing citizens’ acceptance and non-acceptance of wind energy in Germany. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2018; 175 ():133-144.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Katharina Langer; Thomas Decker; Jutta Roosen; Klaus Menrad. 2018. "Factors influencing citizens’ acceptance and non-acceptance of wind energy in Germany." Journal of Cleaner Production 175, no. : 133-144.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2018 in Journal of Cleaner Production
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Agnes Emberg; Klaus Menrad. The effect of information provision on supermarket consumers' use of and preferences for carbon labels in Germany. Journal of Cleaner Production 2018, 172, 253 -263.

AMA Style

Agnes Emberg, Klaus Menrad. The effect of information provision on supermarket consumers' use of and preferences for carbon labels in Germany. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2018; 172 ():253-263.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Agnes Emberg; Klaus Menrad. 2018. "The effect of information provision on supermarket consumers' use of and preferences for carbon labels in Germany." Journal of Cleaner Production 172, no. : 253-263.