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Tiffany Field
University of Miami/Miller School of Medicine, Fielding Graduate University, 2889 McFarlane Rd, Miami, FL 33133, USA

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Journal article
Published: 19 November 2020 in Journal of Anxiety & Depression
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Tiffany Field. Social Anxiety in Adolescents: A Narrative Review. Journal of Anxiety & Depression 2020, 3, 1 .

AMA Style

Tiffany Field. Social Anxiety in Adolescents: A Narrative Review. Journal of Anxiety & Depression. 2020; 3 (2):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Tiffany Field. 2020. "Social Anxiety in Adolescents: A Narrative Review." Journal of Anxiety & Depression 3, no. 2: 1.

Journal article
Published: 01 October 2020 in Journal of Mental Health and Clinical Psychology
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Tiffany Field; Shantay Mines; Samantha Poling; Miguel Diego; Debra Bendell; Connie Veazey. Young, Alone, and Young Alone During a COVID-19 Lockdown. Journal of Mental Health and Clinical Psychology 2020, 4, 31 -38.

AMA Style

Tiffany Field, Shantay Mines, Samantha Poling, Miguel Diego, Debra Bendell, Connie Veazey. Young, Alone, and Young Alone During a COVID-19 Lockdown. Journal of Mental Health and Clinical Psychology. 2020; 4 (4):31-38.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Tiffany Field; Shantay Mines; Samantha Poling; Miguel Diego; Debra Bendell; Connie Veazey. 2020. "Young, Alone, and Young Alone During a COVID-19 Lockdown." Journal of Mental Health and Clinical Psychology 4, no. 4: 31-38.

Journal article
Published: 18 September 2020 in Journal of Anxiety & Depression
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Tiffany Field; Shantay Mines; Samantha Poling; Miguel Diego; Debra Bendell; Connie Veazey. Anxiety, Depression, and Stressors Related to a COVID-19 Lockdown. Journal of Anxiety & Depression 2020, 3, 1 .

AMA Style

Tiffany Field, Shantay Mines, Samantha Poling, Miguel Diego, Debra Bendell, Connie Veazey. Anxiety, Depression, and Stressors Related to a COVID-19 Lockdown. Journal of Anxiety & Depression. 2020; 3 (2):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Tiffany Field; Shantay Mines; Samantha Poling; Miguel Diego; Debra Bendell; Connie Veazey. 2020. "Anxiety, Depression, and Stressors Related to a COVID-19 Lockdown." Journal of Anxiety & Depression 3, no. 2: 1.

Journal article
Published: 08 August 2020 in Psychology and Mental Health Care
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A COVID-19 related Stress Scale was developed for this study to address the specific stressors related to the pandemic lockdown experience. Based on a Survey Monkey study on 260 healthy individuals (18-82 years), the stress scale scores and its individual items were significantly correlated with scores on scales for health, media use, mood states including anxiety and depression, posttraumatic stress symptoms, fatigue and sleep disturbances. Stepwise regression analysis suggested that depression, media use and fatigue scale scores contributed to 52% of the variance on the stress scale scores. In turn, the stress scale scores and items were significantly correlated with sleep disturbances, as were health, anxiety, depression, fatigue and PTSD symptoms. Stepwise regression analysis revealed that 52% of the variance on the sleep scale scores was explained by fatigue and posttraumatic stress scale scores. These data suggest that individuals experiencing COVID-19 lockdowns are experiencing psychological symptoms and lockdown-related stressors that are contributing to sleep disturbances that highlight the need for interventions during lockdowns. Stress and Sleep Disturbances During a COVID-19 Lockdown April 2020

ACS Style

Tiffany Field. Stress and Sleep Disturbances During a COVID-19 Lockdown April 2020. Psychology and Mental Health Care 2020, 4, 01 -05.

AMA Style

Tiffany Field. Stress and Sleep Disturbances During a COVID-19 Lockdown April 2020. Psychology and Mental Health Care. 2020; 4 (5):01-05.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Tiffany Field. 2020. "Stress and Sleep Disturbances During a COVID-19 Lockdown April 2020." Psychology and Mental Health Care 4, no. 5: 01-05.

Review
Published: 06 June 2019 in Children
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This narrative review on pediatric massage literature from the last decade suggests that massage therapy has positive effects on several pediatric conditions. These include preterm infant growth, psychological problems including aggression, gastrointestinal problems including constipation and diarrhea, painful conditions including burns and sickle cell, muscle tone disorders including cerebral palsy and Down syndrome, and chronic illnesses including diabetes, asthma cancer, and HIV. Potential underlying mechanisms for the massage therapy effects include increased vagal activity and decreased stress hormones. Limitations of the literature include the need for more randomized controlled trials, longitudinal studies, and underlying mechanism studies.

ACS Style

Tiffany Field. Pediatric Massage Therapy Research: A Narrative Review. Children 2019, 6, 78 .

AMA Style

Tiffany Field. Pediatric Massage Therapy Research: A Narrative Review. Children. 2019; 6 (6):78.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Tiffany Field. 2019. "Pediatric Massage Therapy Research: A Narrative Review." Children 6, no. 6: 78.

Journal article
Published: 01 October 2018 in Journal of Affective Disorders
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Our results suggest that mothers' and fathers' positive and negative interactions affect their anxiety and depression symptoms trajectories: negative interaction raises mothers' and fathers' depression symptoms and positive interaction prevents the increase of fathers' anxiety symptoms over the postpartum period.

ACS Style

Bárbara Figueiredo; Catarina Canário; Iva Tendais; Tiago Miguel Pinto; David A. Kenny; Tiffany Field. Couples’ relationship affects mothers’ and fathers’ anxiety and depression trajectories over the transition to parenthood. Journal of Affective Disorders 2018, 238, 204 -212.

AMA Style

Bárbara Figueiredo, Catarina Canário, Iva Tendais, Tiago Miguel Pinto, David A. Kenny, Tiffany Field. Couples’ relationship affects mothers’ and fathers’ anxiety and depression trajectories over the transition to parenthood. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2018; 238 ():204-212.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Bárbara Figueiredo; Catarina Canário; Iva Tendais; Tiago Miguel Pinto; David A. Kenny; Tiffany Field. 2018. "Couples’ relationship affects mothers’ and fathers’ anxiety and depression trajectories over the transition to parenthood." Journal of Affective Disorders 238, no. : 204-212.

Journal article
Published: 22 August 2018 in Journal of Psychology & Clinical Psychiatry
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Tiffany M Field. Peer support versus interpersonal group therapy for prenatally depressed women. Journal of Psychology & Clinical Psychiatry 2018, 9, 1 .

AMA Style

Tiffany M Field. Peer support versus interpersonal group therapy for prenatally depressed women. Journal of Psychology & Clinical Psychiatry. 2018; 9 (4):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Tiffany M Field. 2018. "Peer support versus interpersonal group therapy for prenatally depressed women." Journal of Psychology & Clinical Psychiatry 9, no. 4: 1.

Review
Published: 01 May 2018 in Infant Behavior and Development
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The increasing prevalence of postnatal anxiety highlights the need for summarizing the recent research on this condition to inform screening and intervention efforts. This narrative review of the literature was derived from a search on PubMed and PsycINFO for papers published since 2010. The demographic risk factors for postnatal anxiety include being a young mother, having more education and being employed. Childbirth risk factors include being primiparous in one sample and multiparous in another, caesarean delivery, fear of the birth and of death during delivery, lack of control during labor, low self-confidence for the delivery and the delivery staff, and premature delivery. Social support problems include the lack of family support, marital/family conflict, and social health issues. Psychiatric history risk factors include prenatal depression and anxiety. Postnatal anxiety has negative effects on breast-feeding, bonding, mother–infant interactions, infant temperament, sleep, mental development, health and internalizing behavior and on conduct disorder in adolescents. Unfortunately, only six postnatal anxiety intervention studies could be found including paternal education, music therapy during labor, mothers massaging their infants, cognitive behavior therapy and administering oxytocin. The negative effects of postnatal anxiety and the limitations of the research in this review highlight the need for further research.

ACS Style

Tiffany Field. Postnatal anxiety prevalence, predictors and effects on development: A narrative review. Infant Behavior and Development 2018, 51, 24 -32.

AMA Style

Tiffany Field. Postnatal anxiety prevalence, predictors and effects on development: A narrative review. Infant Behavior and Development. 2018; 51 ():24-32.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Tiffany Field. 2018. "Postnatal anxiety prevalence, predictors and effects on development: A narrative review." Infant Behavior and Development 51, no. : 24-32.

Review
Published: 22 January 2018 in Journal of Sleep Research
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This paper is a systematic review on the reference values and changes in infant sleep–wake behaviour during the first 12 months of life. This systematic review was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA). Seventy-four papers were included, and the reference values and changes in sleep–wake behaviour during the first 12 months of life were identified. Sleep duration during the 24-h period, and day and sleep periods during the night decreased over the first 12 months of life. Night wakings and bedtime/sleep-onset time decreased, while the longest sleep period increased at night during the first 6 months. High discrepancy was noted between studies in the reference values of sleep–wake behaviour, while more congruence was noted regarding changes, especially those occurring in the first 6 months of life. Several methodological differences were identified between studies and may partially explain inconsistencies in the results, including the assessment of different sleep–wake behaviours, the focus on specific ages or age ranges, the use of self-report, observational or direct measures, the recruitment of small or large representative samples, and the countries where the research was conducted. These aspects should be considered in future research and caution should be taken when generalizing results from studies with diverse methodological characteristics. Nonetheless, this review identifies normative reference values and the changes occurring in infant sleep–wake behaviour, and could inform both practitioners and researchers, helping them identify infants with sleep delays or problems.

ACS Style

Cláudia C. Dias; Bárbara Figueiredo; Magda Rocha; Tiffany Field. Reference values and changes in infant sleep-wake behaviour during the first 12 months of life: a systematic review. Journal of Sleep Research 2018, 27, e12654 .

AMA Style

Cláudia C. Dias, Bárbara Figueiredo, Magda Rocha, Tiffany Field. Reference values and changes in infant sleep-wake behaviour during the first 12 months of life: a systematic review. Journal of Sleep Research. 2018; 27 (5):e12654.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Cláudia C. Dias; Bárbara Figueiredo; Magda Rocha; Tiffany Field. 2018. "Reference values and changes in infant sleep-wake behaviour during the first 12 months of life: a systematic review." Journal of Sleep Research 27, no. 5: e12654.

Journal article
Published: 15 January 2018 in Current Research in Complementary & Alternative Medicine
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Tiffany Field. Pain and Massage Therapy: A Narrative Review. Current Research in Complementary & Alternative Medicine 2018, 1 .

AMA Style

Tiffany Field. Pain and Massage Therapy: A Narrative Review. Current Research in Complementary & Alternative Medicine. 2018; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Tiffany Field. 2018. "Pain and Massage Therapy: A Narrative Review." Current Research in Complementary & Alternative Medicine , no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 12 January 2018 in Current Research in Complementary & Alternative Medicine
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Tiffany Field. Pain and Massage Therapy: A Narrative Review. Current Research in Complementary & Alternative Medicine 2018, 3, 1 .

AMA Style

Tiffany Field. Pain and Massage Therapy: A Narrative Review. Current Research in Complementary & Alternative Medicine. 2018; 3 (1):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Tiffany Field. 2018. "Pain and Massage Therapy: A Narrative Review." Current Research in Complementary & Alternative Medicine 3, no. 1: 1.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2018 in Journal of Addiction Therapy and Research
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Field Tiffany. Cyberbullying: A narrative review. Journal of Addiction Therapy and Research 2018, 2, 010 -027.

AMA Style

Field Tiffany. Cyberbullying: A narrative review. Journal of Addiction Therapy and Research. 2018; 2 (1):010-027.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Field Tiffany. 2018. "Cyberbullying: A narrative review." Journal of Addiction Therapy and Research 2, no. 1: 010-027.

Journal article
Published: 01 November 2017 in Infant Behavior and Development
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This study assessed infant sleep-wake behavior at two weeks, three and six months as function of feeding method at three months (exclusively breastfed, partially breastfed, and exclusively formula fed infants). Mothers of 163 first-born, full-term, normal birth weight, healthy infants completed socio-demographic, depression, anxiety, and infant sleep-wake behavior measures. No effects were found for sleep arrangements, depression or anxiety, on feeding methods and sleep-wake behavior at three months. At two weeks exclusively breastfed infants at three months spent more hours sleeping and less hours awake during the 24-h period than partially breastfed infants. At three months, exclusively breastfed infants had a shorter of the longest sleep period at night than exclusively formula fed infants. At six months, exclusively breastfed infants at three months spent more hours awake at night than partially breastfed infants, awake more at night than exclusively formula fed infants, and had a shorter sleep period at night than partially breastfed and exclusively formula fed infants. This study showed differences in sleep-wake behaviors at two weeks, three and six months, when exclusively breastfed infants are compared with partially breastfed and exclusively formula fed infants at three months, while no effects were found for sleep arrangements, depression or anxiety.

ACS Style

Bárbara Figueiredo; Cláudia Castro Dias; Tiago Miguel Pinto; Tiffany Field. Exclusive breastfeeding at three months and infant sleep-wake behaviors at two weeks, three and six months. Infant Behavior and Development 2017, 49, 62 -69.

AMA Style

Bárbara Figueiredo, Cláudia Castro Dias, Tiago Miguel Pinto, Tiffany Field. Exclusive breastfeeding at three months and infant sleep-wake behaviors at two weeks, three and six months. Infant Behavior and Development. 2017; 49 ():62-69.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Bárbara Figueiredo; Cláudia Castro Dias; Tiago Miguel Pinto; Tiffany Field. 2017. "Exclusive breastfeeding at three months and infant sleep-wake behaviors at two weeks, three and six months." Infant Behavior and Development 49, no. : 62-69.

Review
Published: 01 November 2017 in Infant Behavior and Development
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This narrative review is based on a literature search of PubMed and PsycINFO for research on preterm newborn pain published during the last ten years. The high prevalence of painful procedures being performed with preterm newborns without analgesia (79%), with a median of 75 painful procedures being received during hospitalization and as many as 51 painful procedures per day highlights the importance of this problem. This review covers the pain assessments that have been developed, the short-term effects of the painful procedures, the longer-term developmental outcomes and the pharmacological and alternative therapies that have been researched. The most immediate effects reported for repeated painful procedures include increased heart rate, oxidative stress and cortisol as well as decreased vagal activity. Lower body weight and head circumference have been noted at 32 weeks gestation. Blunted cortisol reactivity to stressors has been reported for three-month-olds and thinner gray matter in 21 of 66 cerebral regions and motor and cognitive developmental delays have been noted as early as eight months. Longer-term outcomes have been reported at school age including less cortical thickness, lower vagal activity, delayed visual- perceptual development, lower IQs and internalizing behavior. Pharmacological interventions and their side effects and non-pharmacological therapies are also reviewed including sucrose, milk and nonnutritive sucking which have been effective but thought to negatively affect breast-feeding. Full-body interventions have included tucking, swaddling, kangaroo care and massage therapy. Although these have been effective for alleviating immediate pain during invasive procedures, research is lacking on the routine use of these therapies for reducing long-term pain effects. Further, additional randomized controlled replication studies are needed.

ACS Style

Tiffany Field. Preterm newborn pain research review. Infant Behavior and Development 2017, 49, 141 -150.

AMA Style

Tiffany Field. Preterm newborn pain research review. Infant Behavior and Development. 2017; 49 ():141-150.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Tiffany Field. 2017. "Preterm newborn pain research review." Infant Behavior and Development 49, no. : 141-150.

Review
Published: 01 November 2017 in Infant Behavior and Development
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This review is based on literature on prenatal anxiety effects that was found on Pubmed and PsycINFO for the years 2010-2016. Prenatal anxiety is thought to have distinct features, although it has been measured both by specific prenatal anxiety symptoms as well as by standardized anxiety scales. Its prevalence has ranged from 21 to 25% and it has been predicted by a number of pregnancy - related variables such as unintended pregnancy, demographic variables such as low acculturation and income and psychosocial factors including pessimism and partner tension. Prenatal anxiety effects on pregnancy include increased cortisol levels, pro-inflammatory cytokines, obstetric problems and cesarean section. Effects on the neonate include lower gestational age, prematurity, less insulin-like growth factor in cord blood, less exclusive breast-feeding and less self-regulation during the heelstick procedure. Prenatal anxiety effects continue into infancy and childhood both on physiological development and emotional/mental development. Among the physiological effects are lower vagal activity across the first two years, and lower immunity, more illnesses and reduced gray matter in childhood. Prenatal anxiety effects on emotional/mental development include greater negative emotionality and in infants, lower mental development scores and internalizing problems. Anxiety disorders occur during childhood and elevated cortisol and internalizing behaviors occur during adolescence. Interventions for prenatal anxiety are virtually nonexistent, although stroking (massaging) the infant has moderated the pregnancy - specific anxiety effects on internalizing behaviors in the offspring. The limitations of this literature include the homogeneity of samples, the frequent use of anxiety measures that are not specific to pregnancy, and the reliance on self-report. Nonetheless, the literature highlights the negative, long-term effects of prenatal anxiety and the need for screening and early interventions.

ACS Style

Tiffany Field. Prenatal anxiety effects: A review. Infant Behavior and Development 2017, 49, 120 -128.

AMA Style

Tiffany Field. Prenatal anxiety effects: A review. Infant Behavior and Development. 2017; 49 ():120-128.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Tiffany Field. 2017. "Prenatal anxiety effects: A review." Infant Behavior and Development 49, no. : 120-128.

Review
Published: 01 May 2017 in Infant Behavior and Development
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Infant sleep problems have been the focus of a growing literature over the last few years. The current review is based on literature searches of Pubmed and PsycInfo for studies published over the last few years including randomized controlled trials, systematic reviews and meta-analyses on infant sleep problems and resulting developmental effected, risk factors and interventions. Several risk/protective factors for sleep problems have been identified including health literacy, TV in the room, feeding, close contact and arousing activities at bedtime, intolerance for infant crying, co-sleeping, maternal depression and infant temperament. Cross-cultural differences have been noted both for infant sleep problems and parents' perceived distress by those problems. A number of interventions have been tried to ameliorate infant sleep problems including consultations, teaching sessions on extinction and bedtime fading, internet-based interventions and nighttime massages by parents. Some of these studies have shown improvements and others have suggested only short-term or negligible effects. Significant methodological problems exist with this literature including the almost sole use of parent report as well as the mixed age samples and the potential confounding variables.

ACS Style

Tiffany Field. Infant sleep problems and interventions: A review. Infant Behavior and Development 2017, 47, 40 -53.

AMA Style

Tiffany Field. Infant sleep problems and interventions: A review. Infant Behavior and Development. 2017; 47 ():40-53.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Tiffany Field. 2017. "Infant sleep problems and interventions: A review." Infant Behavior and Development 47, no. : 40-53.

Journal article
Published: 01 February 2017 in Biological Psychology
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This study analyzed the mediating role of fetal heart rate variability (FHR) on prenatal depression and neonatal neurobehavioral maturity. A sample of 104 pregnant women was recruited and divided into two groups according to their Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) scores (depressed/non-depressed). FHR variability in response to speech stimuli was assessed at term (between 37 and 39 weeks gestation). The neonates were then assessed on the Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS) during the first 5days after birth. The fetuses of non-depressed pregnant women showed higher HR variability than the fetuses of depressed pregnant women in response to speech stimuli, and later as neonates they performed more optimally on the NBAS (on autonomic stability and total scores). FHR variability mediated the relationship between the mother's prenatal depression and the neonatés NBAS performance. Prenatal depression effects on neonatal behavior may be partially explained by its adverse effects on fetal neurobehavioral maturity.

ACS Style

Bárbara Figueiredo; Tiago Miguel Pinto; Alexandra Pacheco; Tiffany Field. Fetal heart rate variability mediates prenatal depression effects on neonatal neurobehavioral maturity. Biological Psychology 2017, 123, 294 -301.

AMA Style

Bárbara Figueiredo, Tiago Miguel Pinto, Alexandra Pacheco, Tiffany Field. Fetal heart rate variability mediates prenatal depression effects on neonatal neurobehavioral maturity. Biological Psychology. 2017; 123 ():294-301.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Bárbara Figueiredo; Tiago Miguel Pinto; Alexandra Pacheco; Tiffany Field. 2017. "Fetal heart rate variability mediates prenatal depression effects on neonatal neurobehavioral maturity." Biological Psychology 123, no. : 294-301.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2017 in International Journal of Pediatrics and Neonatal Health
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BioCore Group publishes top quality latest scientific research articles/journals in the field of science, Technology and Medicine. All are open access journals.

ACS Style

Tiffany Field; University of Miami/Miller School of Medicine Fielding Graduate University. Newborn Massage Therapy. International Journal of Pediatrics and Neonatal Health 2017, 1, 54 -64.

AMA Style

Tiffany Field, University of Miami/Miller School of Medicine Fielding Graduate University. Newborn Massage Therapy. International Journal of Pediatrics and Neonatal Health. 2017; 1 (2):54-64.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Tiffany Field; University of Miami/Miller School of Medicine Fielding Graduate University. 2017. "Newborn Massage Therapy." International Journal of Pediatrics and Neonatal Health 1, no. 2: 54-64.

Review
Published: 01 January 2017 in Clinical Depression
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This review involved a literature search on postpartum depression effects, risk factors and interventions on Pubmed and PsycInfo. Empirical studies, systematic reviews and meta-analyses published in the years 2014-2016 are briefly summarized here. The approximate 10 - 20% postpartum depression prevalence rate and the effects on the mother such as altered connectivity in brain regions, effects on the father (17% depressed) and on the social, behavioural and cognitive problems of the offspring have led to screening mandates that have been effective. In this recent literature, risk factors for postpartum depression have included socio-demographic factors such as low income and social support, being an immigrant, and experiencing a deployment during delivery. Mothers’ early childhood experiences including disorganized attachment, maltreatment and childhood sexual abuse are also risk factors. The most frequently published risk factors in the 2014-16 time period have been prenatal depression, sleep disturbances, elevated cortisol and low levels of oxytocin. With respect to interventions, antidepressants have been rarely studied in contrast to cognitive behavioural therapy, interpersonal therapy, and mother-infant psychotherapy and biochemical interventions including oxytocin. Given the ethical problem of random assignment once treatments are known to be effective, very few randomized controlled trials appear in the literature, and the screening/diagnostic problems have limited the number of prospective longitudinal studies.

ACS Style

Tiffany Field. Postpartum Depression Effects, Risk Factors and Interventions: A Review. Clinical Depression 2017, 3, 1 .

AMA Style

Tiffany Field. Postpartum Depression Effects, Risk Factors and Interventions: A Review. Clinical Depression. 2017; 3 (1):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Tiffany Field. 2017. "Postpartum Depression Effects, Risk Factors and Interventions: A Review." Clinical Depression 3, no. 1: 1.

Review
Published: 01 January 2017 in Journal of Pregnancy and Child Health
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This narrative review based on a literature search in PubMed and PsycInfo on the two terms prenatal and antenatal depression includes empirical studies, reviews and meta-analyses that have been published during the last 5 years on risk factors, developmental effects and interventions for prenatal depression. Risk factor studies that met criteria feature demographic measures (lower socioeconomic status, less education, non-marital status, nonemployment, less social support and health locus of control, unintended pregnancy, partner violence and history of child abuse) and physiological variables (cortisol, amylase, and pro-inflammatory cytokines and intrauterine artery resistance). The negative effects include postpartum depression, paternal depression, and prematurity and low birth weight. Negative effects on infants include greater right frontal EEG, amygdala connectivity, cortical thinning and more difficult temperament. In childhood, externalizing and internalizing problems have been reported. The data on prenatal antidepressants (specifically SSRIs) reveal negative effects including internalizing problems as well as a greater risk for autism spectrum disorder. Prenatal interventions that have been effective include interpersonal psychotherapy, peer support, massage therapy, yoga, tai chi, and aerobic exercise. Potential underlying mechanisms are discussed as well as methodological limitations including homogeneity of samples and lack of randomization to intervention groups. Despite these limitations, the literature highlights the need for prenatal depression screening and intervention.

ACS Style

Tiffany Field. Prenatal Depression Risk Factors, Developmental Effects and Interventions: A Review. Journal of Pregnancy and Child Health 2017, 04, 1 -12.

AMA Style

Tiffany Field. Prenatal Depression Risk Factors, Developmental Effects and Interventions: A Review. Journal of Pregnancy and Child Health. 2017; 04 (01):1-12.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Tiffany Field. 2017. "Prenatal Depression Risk Factors, Developmental Effects and Interventions: A Review." Journal of Pregnancy and Child Health 04, no. 01: 1-12.