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I am interested in applications of geospatial techniques (remote sensing, GIS, GPS) and modeling (spatial and statistical molding) in the following items: Soil survey, Geomorphology and mapping, land degradation, soil improvement, land Resources evaluation; Land Capability, Land Suitability, land use planning, environmental hazard assessment, change detection, soil fertility, crop monitoring, yield prediction, and crop and soil management, climate impacts on agriculture and soil properties.
The reduced availability of water resources in Egypt has imposed the need to intensify the use of wastewater for crop irrigation in the alluvial soils of anthropogenic origin. Relevant effects can derive from contents of potentially toxic metals (PTMs) in supply resources soils, crops, and groundwater in these areas. For this reason the PTM content has to be monitored to evaluate and minimize health hazards. Therefore, in this context, two areas of the SE Nile Delta subjected to 25 year of wastewater irrigation, using agricultural drainage water (ADW) and mixed wastewater (MWW) were chosen and compared with a nearby site irrigated with Nile freshwater (NFW). At each of the three sites, ten samples of irrigation water, topsoil, berseem clover (Trifolium alexandrinum L.) plants, and seven groundwater samples were collected and analyzed for Cr, Co, Cu, Pb, Ni, and Zn. Results indicate that the total contents of Co, Cu, Ni, and Zn in soils collected from the three sampling sites and Pb in the MWW-irrigated soils were higher than their average natural contents in the earth’s crust, indicating potential risks. The DTPA-extractable contents of Cu in the three sites, in addition to Pb and Zn in the MWW-irrigated soils, exceeded the safe limits. The MWW-irrigated soils showed a considerable degree of metal contamination, while the NFW- and ADW-irrigated soils showed moderate and low levels of contamination, respectively. The contents of the six PTMs in the three sites showed low individual ecological risks, except for Pb in the MWW-irrigated soils that showed a moderate risk; however, the overall ecological risk remained low in all samples. The values of Co, Cu, and Ni in berseem shoot in addition to Pb from the MWW-irrigated soils were over the maximum permissible levels for animal feeding. Values of root-to-shoot translocation factor were lower than 1.0 for Cr, Co and Ni but higher than 1.0 for Cu, Pb, and Zn. Berssem plant is a good candidate for phytofiltration of Cr, Co and Ni, while for extracting Cu, Pb and Zn from polluted soils. The groundwater samples collected from the three sampling sites showed lower metal concentrations than the safe limits for drinking standards. Further remediation studies should be taken into account to alleviate potential environmental and health-related risks when using supply resources different from freshwater.
Ahmed S. Abuzaid; Hossam S. Jahin; Amany A. Asaad; Mohamed E. Fadl; Mohamed A. E. AbdelRahman; Antonio Scopa. Accumulation of Potentially Toxic Metals in Egyptian Alluvial Soils, Berseem Clover (Trifolium alexandrinum L.), and Groundwater after Long-Term Wastewater Irrigation. Agriculture 2021, 11, 713 .
AMA StyleAhmed S. Abuzaid, Hossam S. Jahin, Amany A. Asaad, Mohamed E. Fadl, Mohamed A. E. AbdelRahman, Antonio Scopa. Accumulation of Potentially Toxic Metals in Egyptian Alluvial Soils, Berseem Clover (Trifolium alexandrinum L.), and Groundwater after Long-Term Wastewater Irrigation. Agriculture. 2021; 11 (8):713.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAhmed S. Abuzaid; Hossam S. Jahin; Amany A. Asaad; Mohamed E. Fadl; Mohamed A. E. AbdelRahman; Antonio Scopa. 2021. "Accumulation of Potentially Toxic Metals in Egyptian Alluvial Soils, Berseem Clover (Trifolium alexandrinum L.), and Groundwater after Long-Term Wastewater Irrigation." Agriculture 11, no. 8: 713.
Modelling land degradation vulnerability (LDV) in the newly-reclaimed desert oases is a key factor for sustainable agricultural production. In the present work, a trial for usingremote sensing data, GIS tools, and Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) was conducted for modeling and evaluating LDV. The model was then applied within 144,566 ha in Farafra, an inland hyper-arid Western Desert Oases in Egypt. Data collected from climate conditions, geological maps, remote sensing imageries, field observations, and laboratory analyses were conducted and subjected to AHP to develop six indices. They included geology index (GI), topographic quality index (TQI), physical soil quality index (PSQI), chemical soil quality index (CSQI), wind erosion quality index (WEQI), and vegetation quality index (VQI). Weights derived from the AHP showed that the effective drivers of LDV in the studied area were as follows: CSQI (0.30) > PSQI (0.29) > VQI (0.17) > TQI (0.12) > GI (0.07) > WEQI (0.05). The LDV map indicated that nearly 85% of the total area was prone to moderate degradation risks, 11% was prone to high risks, while less than 1% was prone to low risks. The consistency ratio (CR) for all studied parameters and indices were less than 0.1, demonstrating the high accuracy of the AHP. The results of the cross-validation demonstrated that the performance of ordinary kriging models (spherical, exponential, and Gaussian) was suitable and reliable for predicting and mapping soil properties. Integrated use of remote sensing data, GIS, and AHP would provide an effective methodology for predicting LDV in desert oases, by which proper management strategies could be adopted to achieve sustainable food security[…]
Ahmed S. Abuzaid; Mohamed A. E. AbdelRahman; Mohamed E. Fadl; Antonio Scopa. Land Degradation Vulnerability Mapping in a Newly-Reclaimed Desert Oasis in a Hyper-Arid Agro-Ecosystem Using AHP and Geospatial Techniques. Agronomy 2021, 11, 1426 .
AMA StyleAhmed S. Abuzaid, Mohamed A. E. AbdelRahman, Mohamed E. Fadl, Antonio Scopa. Land Degradation Vulnerability Mapping in a Newly-Reclaimed Desert Oasis in a Hyper-Arid Agro-Ecosystem Using AHP and Geospatial Techniques. Agronomy. 2021; 11 (7):1426.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAhmed S. Abuzaid; Mohamed A. E. AbdelRahman; Mohamed E. Fadl; Antonio Scopa. 2021. "Land Degradation Vulnerability Mapping in a Newly-Reclaimed Desert Oasis in a Hyper-Arid Agro-Ecosystem Using AHP and Geospatial Techniques." Agronomy 11, no. 7: 1426.
An uneasy population increase requires expansion of the agricultural area. Egypt has a strategic direction in expanding agricultural areas, which highlights the objective of the research that is to assess soil fertility through its geographical assessment and remote sensing. The examination region of this investigation is situated in north region of west desert, about 55 km, west of Cairo, Egypt. A semi-detail survey was carried out using remote sensing (RS) and geographic information systems (GIS) for the study. The results found the high suitable areas (S1) for field crops; barley and wheat were about 54.7% for each of the total area, while for corn and beans were about 44.9% for each of the total area, while S1 areas for vegetable crops; tomato, eggplant, and melon were 67.8, 71.2, and 53.2% of the total area, respectively, while S2 for pepper–zucchini was about 65.4 and 49.7% of the total area, respectively. But for fruit trees, S1 is for pears (60.3%), pomegranates (50.9%), and palms (80.2%) while S2 for olives (30.3%), Figs. (30.3%), almonds (10.4%), vines (19.7%), and peaches (20.5%). To reduce water losses is by improving the means of delivery and raising the efficiency of irrigation, by evaluating the appropriate situation of the irrigation system for soil quality in the study area, and by choosing the appropriate methods of irrigation in the region to raise efficiency in rationalizing consumption and reducing losses. Drip and sprinkle irrigation suitability for the entire area are moderate to high, where soil texture factor is limiting drip irrigation method while wind speed and soil texture factors are limiting sprinkle irrigation in the area.
Mohamed A. E. AbdelRahman; Rehab H. Hegab; Taher M. H. Yossif. Soil fertility assessment for optimal agricultural use using remote sensing and GIS technologies. Applied Geomatics 2021, 1 -14.
AMA StyleMohamed A. E. AbdelRahman, Rehab H. Hegab, Taher M. H. Yossif. Soil fertility assessment for optimal agricultural use using remote sensing and GIS technologies. Applied Geomatics. 2021; ():1-14.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMohamed A. E. AbdelRahman; Rehab H. Hegab; Taher M. H. Yossif. 2021. "Soil fertility assessment for optimal agricultural use using remote sensing and GIS technologies." Applied Geomatics , no. : 1-14.
Detailed knowledge of soil properties is fundamentally important for optimizing agriculture practices and management. Meanwhile, the spatial distribution of soil physicochemical properties is considered a fundamental input of any sustainable agricultural planning. In the present study, ordinary kriging, regression kriging and IDW were chosen for deciphering soil spatial variability and mapping soil properties in a reclaimed area of the Behera Governorate of Egypt where soil arose from two different types, one sandstone and the other limestone. Geostatistics were used to show the interrelationships and conditions of soil properties (available phosphorus, potassium and nitrogen, EC, pH, Sp, ESP, CEC, OC, SAR, and CaCO3). The results of mapping spatial soil variability by Geostatistics could be used for precision agriculture applications. Based on the soil test results, nutrient management recommendations should be applied regarding variable rates of fertilizers. The performance of the maps was evaluated using Mean square error (MSE). Inverse distance weight (IDW) showed higher efficiency than Kriging as a prediction method for mapping the studied soil properties in the study area. The results of the present study suggest that the application of the selected fit model worldwide in any relevant study of soil properties of different geological sources is feasible.
Mohamed A. E. AbdelRahman; Yasser M. Zakarya; Mohamed M. Metwaly; Georgios Koubouris. Deciphering Soil Spatial Variability through Geostatistics and Interpolation Techniques. Sustainability 2020, 13, 194 .
AMA StyleMohamed A. E. AbdelRahman, Yasser M. Zakarya, Mohamed M. Metwaly, Georgios Koubouris. Deciphering Soil Spatial Variability through Geostatistics and Interpolation Techniques. Sustainability. 2020; 13 (1):194.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMohamed A. E. AbdelRahman; Yasser M. Zakarya; Mohamed M. Metwaly; Georgios Koubouris. 2020. "Deciphering Soil Spatial Variability through Geostatistics and Interpolation Techniques." Sustainability 13, no. 1: 194.
Optimal resource planning is essential in developing countries, particularly in the Middle East, where scarcity of resources represents a major challenge for development. To eliminate inappropriate human influence on natural resources and develop a strategy for appropriate land use, land evaluation (LE) assessments are crucial to be properly carried out. In this context, land suitability (LS) assessment was performed in Port Said Governorate. LE and LS were carried out for several field crops, vegetable crops, forage crops, and fruit trees. LS was matched based on the requirements of the selected crops, then it was associated with physiographic map units using a GIS platform. Different sources of remote sensing-derived maps were integrated and homogenized to increase the accuracy of physiographic. Moreover, land quality and soil characteristics mapping were conducted in Arc GIS spatial model to generate LS using geostatistical methods. The results revealed that structure of LS classification was four classes only, moderately suitable S2 = 36%, marginally suitable S3 = 30%, currently not suitable N1 = 23%, and permanently not suitable for crops N2 = 11% of total area of land), respectively, of land. The actual LS produced in association with physiographic units. The potential crops suitability was produced considering the significant fluctuation in land use in the area. Fluctuation changes in land use; fish farms led to increase organic matter (OM) to 2.3 from 0.4% in some soil profiles due to the fish farms practices in the area, and reduce soil electrical conductivity by 50% due to leaching effect. Severe limitations of crop suitability are due to defects associated with organic OM, soil compaction, salinization, alkalinization and carbonates. This work helps to achieve optimum use of available land resources to help in soil improvement and prevent land degradation. Comprehensive LS assessment is required to grow appropriate crops on marginal lands. Hence, there is an urgent need for developing a crop suitability framework for optimum use of land in the area. This approach provides an integrated approach to identify suitable crops for areas with physical constraints.
Mohamed A. E. Abdelrahman; Sayed M. Arafat. An Approach of Agricultural Courses for Soil Conservation Based on Crop Soil Suitability Using Geomatics. Earth Systems and Environment 2020, 4, 273 -285.
AMA StyleMohamed A. E. Abdelrahman, Sayed M. Arafat. An Approach of Agricultural Courses for Soil Conservation Based on Crop Soil Suitability Using Geomatics. Earth Systems and Environment. 2020; 4 (1):273-285.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMohamed A. E. Abdelrahman; Sayed M. Arafat. 2020. "An Approach of Agricultural Courses for Soil Conservation Based on Crop Soil Suitability Using Geomatics." Earth Systems and Environment 4, no. 1: 273-285.
The study aims to clarify the relationship between soil organic carbon (SOC) and human activity under arid conditions, in the east area of the Nile Delta, Egypt. SOC is one of the critical factors in food production and plays an important role in the climate change because it affects the physio-chemical soil characteristics, plant growth, and contributes to sustainable development on global levels. For the purpose of our investigations, 120 soil samples (0–30 cm) were collected throughout different land uses and soil types of the study area. Multiple linear regressions (MLR) were used to investigate the spatiotemporal relationship of SOC, soil characteristics, and environmental factors. Remote sensing data acquired from Landsat 5 TM in July 1995 and operational land imager (OLI) in July 2018 were used to model SOC pool. The results revealed significant variations of soil organic carbon pool (SOCP) among different soil textures and land-uses. Soil with high clay content revealed an increase in the percentage of soil organic carbon, and had mean SOCP of 6.08 ± 1.91 Mg C ha−1, followed by clay loams and loamy soils. The higher values of SOCP were observed in the northern regions of the study area. The phenomenon is associated with the expansion of the human activity of initiating fish ponds that reflected higher values of SOC that were related to the organic additions used as nutrients for fish. Nevertheless, the SOC values decreased in southeast of the study area with the decrease of soil moisture contents and the increase in the heavy texture profiles. As a whole, our findings pointed out that the human factor has had a significant impact on the variation of soil organic carbon values in the Eastern Nile Delta from 1995 to 2018. As land use changes from agricultural activity to fish ponds, the SOCP significantly increased. The agriculture land-use revealed higher SOCP with 60.77 Mg C ha−1 in clay soils followed by fish ponds with 53.43 Mg C ha−1. The results also showed a decrease in SOCP values due to an increasing in land surface temperature (LST) thus highlighting that influence of temperature and ambient soil conditions linked to land-use changes have a marked impact on surface SOCP and C sequestration.
Elsayed Mohamed; Mohamed Abu-Hashim; Mohamed AbdelRahman; Brigitta Schütt; Rosa Lasaponara. Evaluating the Effects of Human Activity over the Last Decades on the Soil Organic Carbon Pool Using Satellite Imagery and GIS Techniques in the Nile Delta Area, Egypt. Sustainability 2019, 11, 2644 .
AMA StyleElsayed Mohamed, Mohamed Abu-Hashim, Mohamed AbdelRahman, Brigitta Schütt, Rosa Lasaponara. Evaluating the Effects of Human Activity over the Last Decades on the Soil Organic Carbon Pool Using Satellite Imagery and GIS Techniques in the Nile Delta Area, Egypt. Sustainability. 2019; 11 (9):2644.
Chicago/Turabian StyleElsayed Mohamed; Mohamed Abu-Hashim; Mohamed AbdelRahman; Brigitta Schütt; Rosa Lasaponara. 2019. "Evaluating the Effects of Human Activity over the Last Decades on the Soil Organic Carbon Pool Using Satellite Imagery and GIS Techniques in the Nile Delta Area, Egypt." Sustainability 11, no. 9: 2644.
This study was conducted to assess Soil Quality Indicators (SQIs) in some cultivated soils in North Delta, Egypt. Two methodologies were implemented (Simple additive SQI1 and Weighted additive SQI2) to assess Soil Quality (SQ) status. SQ was determined qualitatively and quantitatively based on field study and laboratory analysis. In addition the results of both methods were evaluated statistically. Soil Quality Indices (SQI) were examined based on vertical and horizontal soil properties. Twenty potential physiochemical SQIs of sixty soil profiles were assessed. The physiochemical parameters considered in this study were given SQ rate based on each parameter standard rate. The results demonstrated that the assessment of soil Quality based on both methods are similar with significant correlation in the case of well distributed soil samples. SQI2 Outperform SQI1 in comprising all indicators, while SQI1 is timely appreciated economically preferable. The differences in results of SQI1 and SQI2 are mainly due to the numbers of SQIs considered in the calculations and the variations of soil properties through the soil profile. The results indicated that north part of the area characterized by low SQ while the south portion is high SQ whilst the eastern part is moderate. However the low value of SQ in north Nile Delta is mainly associated with the levels of soil salinity, soil compaction and waterlogging.
Mohamed A.E. AbdelRahman; A. Shalaby; Elsayed Mohamed. Comparison of two soil quality indices using two methods based on geographic information system. The Egyptian Journal of Remote Sensing and Space Science 2018, 22, 127 -136.
AMA StyleMohamed A.E. AbdelRahman, A. Shalaby, Elsayed Mohamed. Comparison of two soil quality indices using two methods based on geographic information system. The Egyptian Journal of Remote Sensing and Space Science. 2018; 22 (2):127-136.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMohamed A.E. AbdelRahman; A. Shalaby; Elsayed Mohamed. 2018. "Comparison of two soil quality indices using two methods based on geographic information system." The Egyptian Journal of Remote Sensing and Space Science 22, no. 2: 127-136.
This study was conducted to assess Land Degradation (LD) status under different land use. Geostatistical technique used to interpolate spatially distribution of soil physical, chemical and biological properties. Salinity indices were applied on Hyperspectral and Multispectral Data to predict the salt affected areas. Arc GIS model-builder implemented to integrate the available LD methodologies and produce the overall degradation map of the study area in Chamrajanagar district (CDK), Karnataka, India. Remote sensing data was found to be useful tools to map land resources, especially in the areas where accessibility is limited like mountains. This study determined spatial distribution by calculating different soil properties for soils profiles. For LD calculations, eighteen soil profiles were dug and 79 samples were analyzed. This along with the parameters taken into consideration i.e., soil, slope, rainfall, DEM, land use, and land characteristics maps. It was found by adopting the logical criteria that LD of CDK categorized as very high, high, moderate, low and very low. The result of this research work could be potentially used as a useful tool to guide policy decision makers for sustainable land resource management in CKD. Based on the imagery interpretation and soil map unit description, hotspots were identified for representing different types of degraded soils. From the physical and chemical characteristics of pedons studied, it has been found that soils of CDK are exposed to degradation in the surface and sub surface horizons.
Mohamed A.E. Abdelrahman; A. Natarajan; Rajendra Hegde; S.S. Prakash. Assessment of land degradation using comprehensive geostatistical approach and remote sensing data in GIS-model builder. The Egyptian Journal of Remote Sensing and Space Science 2018, 22, 323 -334.
AMA StyleMohamed A.E. Abdelrahman, A. Natarajan, Rajendra Hegde, S.S. Prakash. Assessment of land degradation using comprehensive geostatistical approach and remote sensing data in GIS-model builder. The Egyptian Journal of Remote Sensing and Space Science. 2018; 22 (3):323-334.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMohamed A.E. Abdelrahman; A. Natarajan; Rajendra Hegde; S.S. Prakash. 2018. "Assessment of land degradation using comprehensive geostatistical approach and remote sensing data in GIS-model builder." The Egyptian Journal of Remote Sensing and Space Science 22, no. 3: 323-334.
A comprehensive assessment was carried out for the soil quality of Abo-Hammad County, El-Sharkia Governorate, Egypt. In this regard, an integrated approach involving geostatistical, correlation matrix, is used to evaluate selected soil physio-chemical properties. This study is established to identify appropriate indicators for assessing soil quality rapidly and economically. Analytical data were gathered from representative 53 soil profiles covering most neighborhoods of the county. The results show that ordinary cokriging has the best fit for the geostatistical methods. Soils of the high soil quality occupy 35.4% of the county; those of the intermediate quality occupy 38.0%, whereas; those of the low soil quality occupy 26.6%. In the case of soil physiochemical properties, the largest part of the soils has medium to large values of these parameters. The largest part of the analyzed soil samples are characterized by low values in term of soil biological properties. This study indicated a relatively high variability in soil properties showed important in considering some parameters for calculation of soil quality index. The spatial variability patterns of soil properties were identified and mapped. The results demonstrated that management of soil practices should be carefully associated with soil texture. Based on the comparison of soil quality of soil data 2015 and soil data 1995, was found a deterioration of soil quality. Soil productiveness may affected by intensive agriculture practices and mismanagement. This study may enhance knowledge regarding soil agricultural practices in the study area and introduce a better technique to analyse soil quality index by multivariate geostatistical methods.
Mohamed A.E. AbdelRahman; Salah Tahoun. GIS model-builder based on comprehensive geostatistical approach to assess soil quality. Remote Sensing Applications: Society and Environment 2018, 13, 204 -214.
AMA StyleMohamed A.E. AbdelRahman, Salah Tahoun. GIS model-builder based on comprehensive geostatistical approach to assess soil quality. Remote Sensing Applications: Society and Environment. 2018; 13 ():204-214.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMohamed A.E. AbdelRahman; Salah Tahoun. 2018. "GIS model-builder based on comprehensive geostatistical approach to assess soil quality." Remote Sensing Applications: Society and Environment 13, no. : 204-214.
Unsuitable practices and improper land management lead to soil degradation and therefore deviates land from optimum productivity. Remote sensing indices and spatial variability of soil properties were implemented in Arc GIS model-Builder for quantitative assessment of land degradation in Siwa Oasis, western desert, Egypt. Semivariogram model through Kriging techniques was used to produce maps of soil properties in two dates 2002 and 2017. This was done in order to calculate soil degradation rates and its areas in the studied area. The results indicated that geostatistical approach and ArcGIS model-builder can directly reveal the spatial variability of soil properties and measure accurately the changes in soil properties. The results will help the farmers and decision makers for improving the soil-water management. The cross-validation results illustrated the smoothing effect of the spatial prediction. Physical and chemical properties of 90 soil profiles were analyzed and chemical parameters were analyzed of 30 groundwater sample, collected from irrigation-wells. Landsat images of five different periods were collected to monitor the changes of the surface features of soil salinity and water logging. Soil analyses show a wide variability. The very saline, non-sodic soils cover most of the suited soils. Agricultural areas, saline soils and water logged areas were increased. The increment of saline soil and water logged areas is associated with poor drainage and increment in crop irrigation. There is degradation in groundwater quality which indicated by its salinity. The studied soils are salt-affected and this prompts the need of a proper land reclamation program and prods the development of effective irrigation and drainage systems.
Mohamed A.E. AbdelRahman; Mohamed M. Metwaly; Adel Shalaby. Quantitative assessment of soil saline degradation using remote sensing indices in Siwa Oasis. Remote Sensing Applications: Society and Environment 2018, 13, 53 -60.
AMA StyleMohamed A.E. AbdelRahman, Mohamed M. Metwaly, Adel Shalaby. Quantitative assessment of soil saline degradation using remote sensing indices in Siwa Oasis. Remote Sensing Applications: Society and Environment. 2018; 13 ():53-60.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMohamed A.E. AbdelRahman; Mohamed M. Metwaly; Adel Shalaby. 2018. "Quantitative assessment of soil saline degradation using remote sensing indices in Siwa Oasis." Remote Sensing Applications: Society and Environment 13, no. : 53-60.
Degradation factors cause serious limitations to agricultural productivity of land of Kafr El-Sheikh Governorate, North Nile Delta. Therefore, there is a need for identifying the soil degradation types due to soil natural pedological process. This research work aims to determine the actual degradation status in the investigated area using Geographic Information Systems (GIS). Based on soil physiographic units, 160 soil profiles were dug, soil samples were collected and analysed, then soil classification was established. The results demonstrated presence of many potential degradation processes; (soil compaction, water logging, salinization and sodification). It was noted that one of major factors of land degradation in the area was soil sealing. Therefore, Fuzzy model were established to calculate the changes of land use land cover in the last three decades to assess quantitative land degradation caused by soil sealing. Land degradation caused inappropriate agricultural practices mainly associated with conservation measurements absence; improper time use of heavy machinery, over irrigation, and human intervention in natural drainage.
Mohamed A. E. Abdelrahman; Adel Shalaby; M. Hesham Aboelsoud; F. S. Moghanm. GIS spatial model based for determining actual land degradation status in Kafr El-Sheikh Governorate, North Nile Delta. Modeling Earth Systems and Environment 2017, 4, 359 -372.
AMA StyleMohamed A. E. Abdelrahman, Adel Shalaby, M. Hesham Aboelsoud, F. S. Moghanm. GIS spatial model based for determining actual land degradation status in Kafr El-Sheikh Governorate, North Nile Delta. Modeling Earth Systems and Environment. 2017; 4 (1):359-372.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMohamed A. E. Abdelrahman; Adel Shalaby; M. Hesham Aboelsoud; F. S. Moghanm. 2017. "GIS spatial model based for determining actual land degradation status in Kafr El-Sheikh Governorate, North Nile Delta." Modeling Earth Systems and Environment 4, no. 1: 359-372.