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Wood ash generated as a by-product of biomass combustion can be a sustainable and reasonable approach to counteract acidification and correct nutrient deficiency in forest soils. We investigated the influence of wood ash (WA) and combined WA + N (nitrogen) on soil chemical properties, growth and foliar nutrients of Zelkova serrata and their potential as a soil amender across different soil types. We applied four levels of WA (0, 5, 10, and 20 Mg ha−1) and two levels of N fertilizer (0 and 150 kg ha−1) across three different soil types: landfill saline (LS) soil, forest infertile (FI) soil, and forest acidic (FA) soil. The WA generally improved soil pH, organic matter, available P, exchangeable cations (K+, Na+, Ca2+, and Mg2+), and EC of the three soils, but its ameliorating and neutralizing effects were predominant in FA soil. N fertilizer was more effective in improving plant growth, especially for biomass production in LS and FI soils. WA application significantly increased biomass production when it was applied over 5 Mg ha−1 in FA soil, but higher dose rate of WA (i.e. 20 Mg ha−1) seems to pose negative effects. Foliar P, K, and Ca concentrations also tended to increase with the increasing amount of WA. Therefore, lower dosage of WA without N can be applied as a soil amender to counteract forest soil acidity and improve plant growth and foliar nutrient concentration, whereas N fertilizer without WA can be added to correct nutrient soil deficiencies in landfill and infertile soils. This study should enhance our understanding of WA as a sustainable and reasonable approach to counteract acidification and correct nutrient deficiency in forest soils.
Ji Young An; Byung Bae Park. Effects of wood ash and N fertilization on soil chemical properties and growth of Zelkova serrata across soil types. Scientific Reports 2021, 11, 1 .
AMA StyleJi Young An, Byung Bae Park. Effects of wood ash and N fertilization on soil chemical properties and growth of Zelkova serrata across soil types. Scientific Reports. 2021; 11 ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJi Young An; Byung Bae Park. 2021. "Effects of wood ash and N fertilization on soil chemical properties and growth of Zelkova serrata across soil types." Scientific Reports 11, no. : 1.
Local climate exerted a stronger effect on leaf litter decomposition of deciduous Quercus acutissima Carruth. and evergreen Quercus glauca Thunb. than initial leaf litter quality: the decomposition was much faster for leaves of the two species in warm-temperate forest than in the cool-temperate one. Litter decomposition mainly depends on initial litter quality (e.g., physical features and nutrient content). However, the effects of litter quality on decomposition remain inconclusive in different climatic zones due to complex interaction with climatic factors. This study investigated the effect of litter quality and climatic factors on litter decomposition of deciduous Quercus acutissima Carruth. and evergreen Quercus glauca Thunb. in warm-temperate forests in Jeju Island (Cheongsu; Seonheul) and cool-temperate forest at Chungnam National University Experimental Forest (CNU). Through an inter-site experiment and litterbag technique, variations in remaining mass and decomposition coefficients (k) were measured from the two Quercus species in Korea. The initial mass loss was rapid during the wettest months in summer season. Annual k varied significantly by site: Seonheul (0.77 year−1 ± 0.03) > Cheongsu (0.62 year−1 ± 0.02) > CNU (0.42 year−1 ± 0.01). Leaf litter decomposition was similar for the two species in the warm-temperate sites and 36% higher in the deciduous species in the cool-temperate site. Based on the principal component analysis, overall k values were strongly correlated (rho = 0.55–0.60) with climatic factors, and no significant correlation was detected in leaf litter quality. In conclusion, our results highlighted that the climatic condition in the study sites predominantly controlled the litter decomposition of the deciduous and evergreen oak species, with nevertheless an interspecific difference in the coolest site.
Byung Bae Park; Si Ho Han; Jonathan O. Hernandez; Ji Young An; Woo Bin Youn; Hyung-Soon Choi; Sungcheol Jung. Leaf litter decomposition of deciduous Quercus acutissima Carruth. and evergreen Quercus glauca Thunb. in an inter-site experiment in three contrasting temperate forest stands in South Korea. Annals of Forest Science 2021, 78, 1 -11.
AMA StyleByung Bae Park, Si Ho Han, Jonathan O. Hernandez, Ji Young An, Woo Bin Youn, Hyung-Soon Choi, Sungcheol Jung. Leaf litter decomposition of deciduous Quercus acutissima Carruth. and evergreen Quercus glauca Thunb. in an inter-site experiment in three contrasting temperate forest stands in South Korea. Annals of Forest Science. 2021; 78 (2):1-11.
Chicago/Turabian StyleByung Bae Park; Si Ho Han; Jonathan O. Hernandez; Ji Young An; Woo Bin Youn; Hyung-Soon Choi; Sungcheol Jung. 2021. "Leaf litter decomposition of deciduous Quercus acutissima Carruth. and evergreen Quercus glauca Thunb. in an inter-site experiment in three contrasting temperate forest stands in South Korea." Annals of Forest Science 78, no. 2: 1-11.
Nursery practices are considered major factors influencing seedling quality, which are likely to be maintained in the early establishment phase in the field. Here, we investigated the effects of container depth and substrate heterogeneity on the growth of Populus sibirica nodal seedlings to suggest an effective nursery practice for producing quality seedlings appropriate for forest establishment in a dry environment. We used two substrate heterogeneities (homogeneous and heterogeneous) and two container depth treatments (30 and 60 cm). Variations in root collar diameter (RCD) growth, height growth, stem and root biomass, root to stem ratio, and root mass in the first 15 cm depth from the soil surface across the treatments were computed. Results revealed that both substrate heterogeneity and container depth had no significant effects on the RCD and height growth of P. sibirica seedlings but significantly improved their root and stem biomass. Seedlings in the 60 cm containers generally accumulated higher root biomass than those in the 30 cm containers. There was an interaction effect of container depth and substrate heterogeneity treatments on root and total dry mass, such that seedlings grown in the 60 cm container using heterogeneous substrate resulted in the highest root and total biomass. Analyses of proportional root growth in the upper 15 cm of the containers compared to the total indicated that both the main effects of deeper containers (60 cm) and heterogeneous substrate have fewer roots at this depth, indicating a greater root density in the bottom of the deeper containers. Therefore, deeper containers and heterogeneous substrate may be used as an effective nursery practice to produce seedlings with root traits potentially suitable for harsh conditions, such as arid and semi-arid environments. However, further studies using other seedling morphological traits in conjunction with field-trial tests are needed for a definitive assessment of the effectiveness of deeper containers and heterogeneous substrate in producing good quality seedlings potentially suitable in a dry environment.
Byung Park; Si Han; Jonathan Hernandez; Ji An; Batkhuu Nyam-Osor; Mun Jung; Peter Lee; Sang Lee. The Use of Deep Container and Heterogeneous Substrate as Potentially Effective Nursery Practice to Produce Good Quality Nodal Seedlings of Populus sibirica Tausch. Forests 2021, 12, 418 .
AMA StyleByung Park, Si Han, Jonathan Hernandez, Ji An, Batkhuu Nyam-Osor, Mun Jung, Peter Lee, Sang Lee. The Use of Deep Container and Heterogeneous Substrate as Potentially Effective Nursery Practice to Produce Good Quality Nodal Seedlings of Populus sibirica Tausch. Forests. 2021; 12 (4):418.
Chicago/Turabian StyleByung Park; Si Han; Jonathan Hernandez; Ji An; Batkhuu Nyam-Osor; Mun Jung; Peter Lee; Sang Lee. 2021. "The Use of Deep Container and Heterogeneous Substrate as Potentially Effective Nursery Practice to Produce Good Quality Nodal Seedlings of Populus sibirica Tausch." Forests 12, no. 4: 418.
Key message Fine root and litterfall are major contributor of NPP and fine root production may reflect forest productivity in a warm-temperate forest in Japan. Abstract Forest ecosystems play an important role as the major carbon sink on land, with fine root dynamics and litterfall representing major carbon fluxes. The objectives of this research were to estimate NPP including annual fine root production values, to investigate fine root dynamics and the relationships between above– and belowground organs in konara oak (Quercus serrata) and hinoki cypress (Chamaecyparis obtusa) forests. Litterfall was collected seasonally for 1 year from June 2013. The ingrowth core method and the sequential soil core method were applied with a root litterbag experiment to estimate fine root (< 2 mm) production (FRP), mortality (FRM), and decomposition (FRD) for 1 year (from 2013 to 2014), using the continuous inflow estimate method and the simplified decision matrix. The total NPP ranged from 8.2 to 13.9 (t ha− 1 yr− 1), and the sum of aboveground litterfall and FRP accounted for 60% of the total NPP on average, confirming the significance of above- and belowground litter for the forest NPP as a source of detritus for the decomposer system. In hinoki cypress stand, fine root biomass peaked in the end of winter while fine root necromass showed the highest peak in late summer. In konara oak stand, only very fine root (< 0.05 mm) biomass and necromass demonstrated significant seasonal patterns. The seasonal patterns of fine root production did not differ between forest types and root diameter classes. We found a possible relationship between above- and belowground production and fine root production tended to be high in productive forests. This study improves our understanding of different patterns of carbon dynamics between temperate broadleaved and coniferous forest ecosystems.
Ji Young An; Akira Osawa. Seasonal patterns of fine root dynamics and their contribution to net primary production in hinoki cypress (Chamaecyparis obtusa) and konara oak (Quercus serrata) forests. Trees 2020, 35, 255 -271.
AMA StyleJi Young An, Akira Osawa. Seasonal patterns of fine root dynamics and their contribution to net primary production in hinoki cypress (Chamaecyparis obtusa) and konara oak (Quercus serrata) forests. Trees. 2020; 35 (1):255-271.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJi Young An; Akira Osawa. 2020. "Seasonal patterns of fine root dynamics and their contribution to net primary production in hinoki cypress (Chamaecyparis obtusa) and konara oak (Quercus serrata) forests." Trees 35, no. 1: 255-271.
Knowledge on growth and nutrient uptake characteristics of urban trees and effective strategies to grow trees can help accomplish the goal of urban afforestation initiatives in a sustainable way. Thus, the study investigated the effects of different vermicompost (VC) application placements on the growth and nutrient uptake of three contrasting tree species (fast-growing Betula platyphylla and Larix kaempferi and slow-growing Chamaecyparis obtusa) to provide implications for growing tree stocks for sustainable urban afforestation programs. Five placement methods were used in the greenhouse trial: no fertilization (CON), surface placement (VCs), subsurface placement at 6-cm depth (VCc), bottom placement (35-cm depth (VCb)), and mixed with soil (VCm). We measured the growth parameters such as height, root collar diameter (RCD), and biomass and analyzed foliar nutrient concentrations in response to different placement treatments of VC. Relative height growth was the highest at VCc (132% (B. platyphylla), 114% (L. kaempferi)) and VCs ((57%) C. obtusa). Significant improvement in aboveground and belowground biomass growth of all species at VCs and VCc compared to the other treatments was also observed. Generally, VC treatments significantly increased N concentration compared to CON in all species. In conclusion, fertilizing the fast- and slow-growing urban tree species using VCs and/or VCc is relevant to growing high quality planting stocks for sustainable urban afforestation purposes.
Huong Dao; Jeong Seo; Jonathan Hernandez; Si Ho Han; Woo Youn; Ji An; Byung Park. Effective Placement Methods of Vermicompost Application in Urban Tree Species: Implications for Sustainable Urban Afforestation. Sustainability 2020, 12, 5822 .
AMA StyleHuong Dao, Jeong Seo, Jonathan Hernandez, Si Ho Han, Woo Youn, Ji An, Byung Park. Effective Placement Methods of Vermicompost Application in Urban Tree Species: Implications for Sustainable Urban Afforestation. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (14):5822.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHuong Dao; Jeong Seo; Jonathan Hernandez; Si Ho Han; Woo Youn; Ji An; Byung Park. 2020. "Effective Placement Methods of Vermicompost Application in Urban Tree Species: Implications for Sustainable Urban Afforestation." Sustainability 12, no. 14: 5822.
Background In reclaimed land, the growth environment for plants may be unfavorable and the initial establishment and growth of seedlings could be limited because of low nutrient and water availability. Fertilization and control of understory vegetation that competes with seedlings may be of help in ameliorating soil physical and chemical properties, resulting in better seedling growth and reclamation success. However, the amount of nutrients understory vegetation absorbs in this ecological process has been rarely studied. Thus, we aimed to investigate the effect of soil amendment on biomass production and nutrient uptake by weeds in the nutrient-poor reclaimed area. We applied three levels of torrefied wood chip (TWC; 0, 2.5, and 5 Mg ha−1) and two levels of vermicompost (VC; 0 and 2.7 Mg ha−1) as soil physical improvements and organic soil amendments in reclaimed land in the Republic of Korea, with Populus euramericana used as the crop tree. Results TWC did not influence weed biomass, but 2.7 Mg ha−1 VC significantly increased weed biomass by 21% compared to 0 Mg ha−1 VC treatments. Nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and sodium (Na) concentrations in weeds were the highest in control, but there was no statistical difference among treatments. However, VC treatment did marginally increase nutrient uptake in weeds, especially P, K, Ca, and Na. No treatments influenced crop tree height. Conclusion We conclude that VC can be used as an organic source of nutrients in reclaimed soil and that weed management is necessary to increase treatment effects on crop trees in this salt-affected reclaimed land.
Aung Aung; Jeong Min Seo; Si Ho Han; Ji Young An; Huong Thi Thuy Dao; Woo Bin Youn; Byung Bae Park. Effects of torrefied wood chip and vermicompost application on vegetation growth and nutrient uptake in the Saemangeum reclaimed land. Ecological Processes 2020, 9, 1 -9.
AMA StyleAung Aung, Jeong Min Seo, Si Ho Han, Ji Young An, Huong Thi Thuy Dao, Woo Bin Youn, Byung Bae Park. Effects of torrefied wood chip and vermicompost application on vegetation growth and nutrient uptake in the Saemangeum reclaimed land. Ecological Processes. 2020; 9 (1):1-9.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAung Aung; Jeong Min Seo; Si Ho Han; Ji Young An; Huong Thi Thuy Dao; Woo Bin Youn; Byung Bae Park. 2020. "Effects of torrefied wood chip and vermicompost application on vegetation growth and nutrient uptake in the Saemangeum reclaimed land." Ecological Processes 9, no. 1: 1-9.
Knowledge about carbon and nutrient fluxes by litterfall is important for understanding nutrient cycling in geologically unique ecosystems. However, the determination of forest litterfall production patterns is difficult due to many biophysical factors influencing the process. In this study, we (1) quantified the litterfall production and carbon and nutrient fluxes in warm-temperate evergreen forest stands in Jeju Gotjawal and (2) compared these values to those of a typical cool-temperate deciduous forest stand by forest types and climate differences. Litterfall from evergreen broadleaved forests at Cheongsu (CS) and Seonheul (SHb), a mixed forest at Seonheul (SHm) in Jeju Gotjawal, and a deciduous broadleaved forest at Chungnam National University Forest (CNU) was collected for a full two years using litter traps. Samples were sorted into leaves, twigs, barks, seeds, and unidentified materials, and then weighed and measured for C, N, P, K, Ca, and Mg fluxes by litterfall. Results showed that the mean annual litterfall (846.3 g m−2, average of CS, SHb, and SHm) at Jeju Gotjawal was similar to that of CNU (885.5 g m−2), but varied by site in Jeju Gotjawal: CS (933.1 g m−2) was significantly higher than the average of SHb and SHm (802.9 g m−2). Seasonal patterns of litterfall production differed by forest types; evergreen broadleaved forests showed a bimodal peak in fall and spring while deciduous broadleaved forests showed a unimodal peak in fall. Jeju Gotjawal had significantly higher total macronutrient concentrations and contents (except for K) than CNU and they also varied by site in Jeju Gotjawal: CS had higher N, P, Ca, and Mg contents than SHb and SHm. We conclude that litterfall production and nutrient fluxes differed by forest stand as influenced by forest types and climate. Further, our findings are important for understanding carbon and nutrient dynamics in the geologically unique ecosystem of Jeju Gotjawal and other areas with similar characteristics.
Byung Bae Park; Afroja Rahman; Si Ho Han; Woo Bin Youn; Hwa Ja Hyun; Jonathan Hernandez; Ji Young An. Carbon and Nutrient Inputs by Litterfall in Evergreen and Deciduous Forests in Korea. Forests 2020, 11, 143 .
AMA StyleByung Bae Park, Afroja Rahman, Si Ho Han, Woo Bin Youn, Hwa Ja Hyun, Jonathan Hernandez, Ji Young An. Carbon and Nutrient Inputs by Litterfall in Evergreen and Deciduous Forests in Korea. Forests. 2020; 11 (2):143.
Chicago/Turabian StyleByung Bae Park; Afroja Rahman; Si Ho Han; Woo Bin Youn; Hwa Ja Hyun; Jonathan Hernandez; Ji Young An. 2020. "Carbon and Nutrient Inputs by Litterfall in Evergreen and Deciduous Forests in Korea." Forests 11, no. 2: 143.
Current understanding of litterfall and fine root dynamics in temperate forests is limited, even though these are the major contributors to carbon and nutrient cycling in the ecosystems. In this study, we investigated litterfall and fine root biomass and production in five deciduous and four coniferous forests at the Gwangneung Experimental Forest in Korea. We used ingrowth cores to measure fine root production and root turnover rate. The litterfall was separated into leaves, twigs, and others, and then leaves were further separated according to species. Annual litterfall mass was not significantly different between the years, 360 to 651 g m-2 in 2011 and 300 to 656 g m-2 in 2012. Annual fine root (<5 mm) production was significantly higher in 2012 (421 to 1342 g m-2) than in 2011 (99 to 872 g m-2). Annual litterfall mass was significantly different among the stands, while fine root production did not statistically differ among the stands. The average fine root turnover rate, calculated by dividing the annual fine root production by the maximum standing fine root biomass, was 1.65 for deciduous forests and 1.97 for coniferous forests. Fine root production constituted 18–44% of NPP, where NPP was the sum of woody biomass production, litterfall production, and fine root production. Belowground production was a greater fraction of NPP in more productive forests suggesting their greater carbon allocation belowground.
Ji Young An; Byung Bae Park; Jung Hwa Chun; Akira Osawa. Litterfall production and fine root dynamics in cool-temperate forests. PLOS ONE 2017, 12, e0180126 .
AMA StyleJi Young An, Byung Bae Park, Jung Hwa Chun, Akira Osawa. Litterfall production and fine root dynamics in cool-temperate forests. PLOS ONE. 2017; 12 (6):e0180126.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJi Young An; Byung Bae Park; Jung Hwa Chun; Akira Osawa. 2017. "Litterfall production and fine root dynamics in cool-temperate forests." PLOS ONE 12, no. 6: e0180126.
The objective of this study was to investigate plant growth and nutrient uptake of Chamaecyparis obtusa seedlings with heavy fertilization treatment depending on previous fertilization experience. In a previous year, one-year-old Chamaecyparis obtusa seedlings were planted at a nursery with two levels of fertilization: the first group was fertilized with a mixed nitrogen–phosphorus (N-P) fertilizer of N 41.4 g m−2, P 18.3 g m−2 and the second group was unfertilized as a control. After one year, seedlings of similar height and root diameter were planted into 30-l pots and underwent two treatments: no fertilization for control and heavy fertilization with Basacote® 80 g pot−1. In the control, the plants’ growth exhibited no differences according to previous fertilization experience; in the case of heavily fertilized plants, seedlings which had experienced previous fertilization showed a 29% increase in height and a 63% increase in above-ground biomass production than did seedlings with no fertilization in the previous year. The biomass allocation to below-ground was low for the heavily fertilized seedlings regardless of previous treatments. N and P concentrations of the seedlings, measured at the leaf and root, were irrelevant to previous fertilization, but were higher in the heavily fertilized plants. This study suggests that previous fertilization experience at the nursery stage may reduce the stress induced by initial heavy fertilization during out-planting.
Ji Young An; Kikang Bae; Si Ho Han; Min Seok Cho; Byung Bae Park. Effects of cumulative fertilization pattern on growth and nutrient concentrations of Chamaecyparis obtusa seedlings. Forest Science and Technology 2016, 12, 214 -218.
AMA StyleJi Young An, Kikang Bae, Si Ho Han, Min Seok Cho, Byung Bae Park. Effects of cumulative fertilization pattern on growth and nutrient concentrations of Chamaecyparis obtusa seedlings. Forest Science and Technology. 2016; 12 (4):214-218.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJi Young An; Kikang Bae; Si Ho Han; Min Seok Cho; Byung Bae Park. 2016. "Effects of cumulative fertilization pattern on growth and nutrient concentrations of Chamaecyparis obtusa seedlings." Forest Science and Technology 12, no. 4: 214-218.
Soil nutrient management is necessary to maintain the constant productivity of nursery systems as well as good quality soil. This study investigated the effects of organic manure and chemical fertilizer treatments on growth performance and soil and tissue chemical properties. Two-year-old yellow poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera L.) seedlings were treated with an organic manure (1000 g/m2; mixture of poultry manure, cattle manure, swine manure, and sawdust), nitrogen–phosphorus–potassium (NPK) chemical fertilizer (urea, 30 g/m2; fused superphosphate, 70 g/m2; potassium chloride, 15 g/m2), and organic manure plus NPK chemical fertilizer. Control seedlings were left untreated. Growth of seedlings, soil properties, and nutrient concentrations were measured to compare the treatments. Organic manure significantly increased the soil pH and the concentrations of nitrogen, available phosphorus, exchangeable potassium, calcium, and magnesium. In contrast, the NPK chemical fertilizer decreased the soil pH and exchangeable calcium concentration, did not affect the soil concentrations of nitrogen and magnesium, and increased the concentrations of available phosphorus and exchangeable potassium. Fertilization treatments increased the seedling height and root collar diameter by 21% and 29%, respectively, and the mean dry weight of the stems and leaves by 72% and 123%, respectively; but a synergistic effect of the organic manure and NPK fertilizer was not observed. Compared to the effects of the fertilization treatments on the soil properties, the effects on nutrient concentrations in the leaves, stems, and roots were relatively small. These findings indicate that organic manure derived from livestock byproducts and sawdust can be utilized in seedling production systems.
Si Ho Han; Ji Young An; Jaehong Hwang; Se Bin Kim; Byung Bae Park. The effects of organic manure and chemical fertilizer on the growth and nutrient concentrations of yellow poplar (Liriodendron tulipiferaLin.) in a nursery system. Forest Science and Technology 2016, 12, 137 -143.
AMA StyleSi Ho Han, Ji Young An, Jaehong Hwang, Se Bin Kim, Byung Bae Park. The effects of organic manure and chemical fertilizer on the growth and nutrient concentrations of yellow poplar (Liriodendron tulipiferaLin.) in a nursery system. Forest Science and Technology. 2016; 12 (3):137-143.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSi Ho Han; Ji Young An; Jaehong Hwang; Se Bin Kim; Byung Bae Park. 2016. "The effects of organic manure and chemical fertilizer on the growth and nutrient concentrations of yellow poplar (Liriodendron tulipiferaLin.) in a nursery system." Forest Science and Technology 12, no. 3: 137-143.
The Effects of Organic Manure and Chemical Fertilizer Application Levels on the Growth and Nutrient Concentrations of Yellow Poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera Lin.) Seedlings Aboveground biomass allocation;Growth performance;Nutrient treatment;Nursery system;Seedling production; Soil nutrient management is important to maintain the constant productivity of seedling production in the nursery for successful forest restoration. This study investigated the effects of organic manure and chemical fertilizer application levels on the growth, soil properties, and nutrient concentrations of yellow poplar seedlings. One-year-old yellow poplar seedlings were treated with the combination of 3 level organic manures(0, 5 Mg/ha, 10 Mg/ha; mixture of poultry manure, cattle manure, swine manure, and sawdust) and 3 level nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium(NPK) chemical fertilizers(0, 1x(urea, $30g/m^2$; fused superphosphate, $70g/m^2$; potassium chloride, $15g/m^2$), 2x). Organic manure significantly increased the soil pH and the concentrations of nitrogen, available phosphorous, exchangeable potassium, calcium, and magnesium. In contrast, the NPK chemical fertilizer decreased the soil pH and exchangeable calcium concentration, did not affect the soil concentrations of nitrogen and magnesium, and increased the concentrations of available phosphorous and exchangeable potassium. Both organic manure and NPK chemical fertilizer treatments increased the seedling height, root collar diameter, and dry weight by 39% and 25%, respectively. The treatment with manure 5 Mg/ha and NPK 2x chemical fertilizer mostly increased seedling dry weight by 2.6 times more than that of the control. Compared to the effects of the fertilization treatments on the soil properties, the effects on nutrient concentrations in the leaves were relatively small. These findings indicate that organic manure that was derived from livestock byproducts and sawdust can be utilized with chemical fertilizer to improve seedling production as well as conserving soil quality.
Si Ho Han; Ji Young An; Hyung-Soon Choi; Min Seok Cho; Byung Bae Park. The Effects of Organic Manure and Chemical Fertilizer Application Levels on the Growth and Nutrient Concentrations of Yellow Poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera Lin.) Seedlings. Journal of the Korea Society of Environmental Restoration Technology 2015, 18, 37 -48.
AMA StyleSi Ho Han, Ji Young An, Hyung-Soon Choi, Min Seok Cho, Byung Bae Park. The Effects of Organic Manure and Chemical Fertilizer Application Levels on the Growth and Nutrient Concentrations of Yellow Poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera Lin.) Seedlings. Journal of the Korea Society of Environmental Restoration Technology. 2015; 18 (5):37-48.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSi Ho Han; Ji Young An; Hyung-Soon Choi; Min Seok Cho; Byung Bae Park. 2015. "The Effects of Organic Manure and Chemical Fertilizer Application Levels on the Growth and Nutrient Concentrations of Yellow Poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera Lin.) Seedlings." Journal of the Korea Society of Environmental Restoration Technology 18, no. 5: 37-48.
Ji Young An; Byung Bae Park; Jae Kyung Byun; Min Seok Cho; Yong Suk Kim; Si Ho Han; Se Bin Kim. The Short-term Effects of Soil Brought and Subsoil Inversion on Growth and Tissue Nutrient Concentrations of Fraxinus rhynchophylla, Pinus densiflora, and Pinus koraiensis Seedlings in a Nursery. Journal of Korean Forest Society 2015, 104, 43 -49.
AMA StyleJi Young An, Byung Bae Park, Jae Kyung Byun, Min Seok Cho, Yong Suk Kim, Si Ho Han, Se Bin Kim. The Short-term Effects of Soil Brought and Subsoil Inversion on Growth and Tissue Nutrient Concentrations of Fraxinus rhynchophylla, Pinus densiflora, and Pinus koraiensis Seedlings in a Nursery. Journal of Korean Forest Society. 2015; 104 (1):43-49.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJi Young An; Byung Bae Park; Jae Kyung Byun; Min Seok Cho; Yong Suk Kim; Si Ho Han; Se Bin Kim. 2015. "The Short-term Effects of Soil Brought and Subsoil Inversion on Growth and Tissue Nutrient Concentrations of Fraxinus rhynchophylla, Pinus densiflora, and Pinus koraiensis Seedlings in a Nursery." Journal of Korean Forest Society 104, no. 1: 43-49.