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This study aimed to establish an automatic sewing process for garment production according to textile properties. An automatic feeding system and a self-made template were introduced to an industrial sewing machine. Two types of stitches were performed on fabrics with various physical properties and surface roughness using this automatic sewing machine. The appearance, stitch length and width, seam strength, and seam efficiency were evaluated according to the sewing conditions, such as presser height and sewing speed. In addition, the correlation between textile properties, sewing conditions, and sewability was analyzed to derive a regression equation for sewability. The evaluation showed no difference in the lock stitch condition. On the other hand, under the zigzag stitch condition, the stitch width differed according to the presser height, which also affected the seam structure. The optimal presser height for each fabric was derived from the experimental results. In terms of the sewing speed, however, the seam strength was the best at 200 RPM in the lock stitch and 400 RPM in the zigzag stitch. The moderating effect of the presser height between textile properties and sewability in the lock stitch condition was confirmed. This result can be used as basic data for establishing an automatic sewing process for smart factories.
Suhyun Lee; Soohyeon Rho; Daeyoung Lim; Wonyoung Jeong. A Basic Study on Establishing the Automatic Sewing Process According to Textile Properties. Processes 2021, 9, 1206 .
AMA StyleSuhyun Lee, Soohyeon Rho, Daeyoung Lim, Wonyoung Jeong. A Basic Study on Establishing the Automatic Sewing Process According to Textile Properties. Processes. 2021; 9 (7):1206.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSuhyun Lee; Soohyeon Rho; Daeyoung Lim; Wonyoung Jeong. 2021. "A Basic Study on Establishing the Automatic Sewing Process According to Textile Properties." Processes 9, no. 7: 1206.
Zinc hydroxystannate ([ZnSn(OH)6], ZHS) has been used as an effective halogen-free flame retardant in a wide range of polymeric materials. On the other hand, its poor compatibility with a polymer prevented its dispersion, resulting in aggregation in a polymer matrix. In this study, the surface of zinc hydroxystannate (ZHS) was coated with aluminum phosphate (ALP) to enhance its compatibility in a polymer matrix. The coating condition was controlled by preparing ALP-ZHS composites at different coating temperatures. The prepared ALP-ZHS composites were characterized by SEM. The effects of ZHS-coated ALP on the compatibility between ZHS and the polymer were confirmed by measuring the viscosity and surface properties of the polymer. The ALP-ZHS composite prepared at 80 °C showed improved dispersion and compatibility in the polymer matrix with lower hydrophilicity and viscosity. The effects of ZHS-coated ALP on the thermal and flame retardant properties of PANVDC were analyzed by thermal analysis, limited oxygen index (LOI), vertical burning (UL-94), and microscale combustion calorimetry (MCC) test. The results showed that PANVDC containing ALP-ZHS composites achieved an LOI value of 33.5 % passed the UL-94 V-0 rating and decreased the peak heat release rate significantly.
Ji Eun Song; Ji Su Kim; Daeyoung Lim; Wonyoung Jeong. Zinc Hydroxystannate Coated by Aluminum Phosphate for Improving Its Compatibility in Flame-retardant Poly(acrylonitrile-co-vinylidene chloride). Fibers and Polymers 2021, 22, 2156 -2162.
AMA StyleJi Eun Song, Ji Su Kim, Daeyoung Lim, Wonyoung Jeong. Zinc Hydroxystannate Coated by Aluminum Phosphate for Improving Its Compatibility in Flame-retardant Poly(acrylonitrile-co-vinylidene chloride). Fibers and Polymers. 2021; 22 (8):2156-2162.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJi Eun Song; Ji Su Kim; Daeyoung Lim; Wonyoung Jeong. 2021. "Zinc Hydroxystannate Coated by Aluminum Phosphate for Improving Its Compatibility in Flame-retardant Poly(acrylonitrile-co-vinylidene chloride)." Fibers and Polymers 22, no. 8: 2156-2162.
Kyuyeon Kim; Siyeon Kim; Daeyoung Lim; Jisoo Ha; Wonyoung Jeong. Analysis of Design Elements and Heating System of Domestic and Foreign Commercial Electrical Heated Clothing. Fashion & Textile Research Journal 2021, 23, 273 -289.
AMA StyleKyuyeon Kim, Siyeon Kim, Daeyoung Lim, Jisoo Ha, Wonyoung Jeong. Analysis of Design Elements and Heating System of Domestic and Foreign Commercial Electrical Heated Clothing. Fashion & Textile Research Journal. 2021; 23 (2):273-289.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKyuyeon Kim; Siyeon Kim; Daeyoung Lim; Jisoo Ha; Wonyoung Jeong. 2021. "Analysis of Design Elements and Heating System of Domestic and Foreign Commercial Electrical Heated Clothing." Fashion & Textile Research Journal 23, no. 2: 273-289.
According to recent trends, smart clothing products that can receive electromyography (EMG) signals during the wearer’s muscle activity are being developed and commercialized. On the other hand, there is a lack of knowledge on the way to specify the electrode locations on the clothing pattern. Accurately located EMG electrodes in the clothing support the reliability and usefulness of the products. Moreover, a systematic process to construct anatomically validated smart clothing digitally should be performed to facilitate the application of a mass-customized manufacturing system. The current study explored the EMG measurement locations of nine muscles and analyzed them in association with various anthropometric points and even postures based on the 3D body scan data. The results suggest that several line segments of the patterns can be substituted by size-dependent equations for the electrodes in place. As a final step, a customized pattern of a smart EMG suit was developed virtually. The current study proposes a methodology to develop body-size dependent equations and patterns of a smart EMG suit with well-located electrodes using 3D scan data. These results suggest ways to produce smart EMG suits in response to impending automation and mass customization of the clothing manufacturing system.
Sojung Lee; Siyeon Kim; Daeyoung Lim; Dong-Eun Kim; Wonyoung Jeong. Analysis of EMG Electrode Locations Using 3D Body Scanning for Digital Pattern Construction of a Smart EMG Suit. Sustainability 2021, 13, 2654 .
AMA StyleSojung Lee, Siyeon Kim, Daeyoung Lim, Dong-Eun Kim, Wonyoung Jeong. Analysis of EMG Electrode Locations Using 3D Body Scanning for Digital Pattern Construction of a Smart EMG Suit. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (5):2654.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSojung Lee; Siyeon Kim; Daeyoung Lim; Dong-Eun Kim; Wonyoung Jeong. 2021. "Analysis of EMG Electrode Locations Using 3D Body Scanning for Digital Pattern Construction of a Smart EMG Suit." Sustainability 13, no. 5: 2654.
The garment manufacturing industry is a labor-intensive industry, with one of the slowest transitions to automation. Hence, it is essential to build a smart factory based on automated systems to improve productivity and allow responsive production in the market. In this study, the manufacturing processes for a smart sports bra were established and optimized using various automated machines. For this system, computer-based 3D virtual design software, a technical embroidery machine, an automatic cutting machine, an industrial robot arm with gripper, and an industrial pattern sewing machine were used. The design and materials of the sports bra were selected considering embroidery, cutting, robot gripping, and sewing processes. In addition, conductive thread and light-emitting diode (LED) sequences were used to implement smart functions to the sports bra. Transport of intermediate materials, work orders, and process conditions were optimized to improve the flexible connection of each process and the quality of the final product. This study suggests the concept of the automated manufacturing system that minimizes human intervention by connecting the processes needed to produce a smart sports bra using various automation equipment and programs already used in the industry.
Suhyun Lee; Soo Rho; Sojung Lee; Jiwoong Lee; Sang Lee; Daeyoung Lim; Wonyoung Jeong. Implementation of an Automated Manufacturing Process for Smart Clothing: The Case Study of a Smart Sports Bra. Processes 2021, 9, 289 .
AMA StyleSuhyun Lee, Soo Rho, Sojung Lee, Jiwoong Lee, Sang Lee, Daeyoung Lim, Wonyoung Jeong. Implementation of an Automated Manufacturing Process for Smart Clothing: The Case Study of a Smart Sports Bra. Processes. 2021; 9 (2):289.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSuhyun Lee; Soo Rho; Sojung Lee; Jiwoong Lee; Sang Lee; Daeyoung Lim; Wonyoung Jeong. 2021. "Implementation of an Automated Manufacturing Process for Smart Clothing: The Case Study of a Smart Sports Bra." Processes 9, no. 2: 289.
A night vision device (NVD) equipped on a ballistic helmet violates the locational stability of a helmet, and sweating remaining inside a helmet can also reduce helmet stability. This study aimed to investigate the combined effect of sweating and mounting a NVD on helmet stability. Nine healthy males participated in the experiments which consisted of military simulated tasks and 20 min walking. Subjective evaluations containing helmet stability and comfort along with physiological measurements such as microclimate inside a helmet and sweating rate were obtained. Local sweat rate on the forehead was predicted by sweat rate on the upper back and forearm. The results showed that (1) mounting a NVD did not significantly influence on helmet stability per se before onset of sweating, however, (2) when it is combined with sweating, helmet stability reduced 50% during shooting in a prone position (P < 0.05). (3) There was a significant correlation with helmet overall comfort and helmet stability (r = 0.762, P < 0.05), and between helmet stability and helmet pressure (ρ = 0.701, P < 0.05). The present study demonstrated that mounting additional devices on the helmet violates helmet stability when accompanied by sweating, even when optimized fit provided and that just tightening bands cannot be an absolute solution. This study emphasized the importance of helmet stability as a variable for evaluating helmet comfort.
Siyeon Kim; Wonyoung Jeong. Combined effect of facial sweating and mounting a night vision device on helmet stability. Fashion and Textiles 2020, 7, 1 -13.
AMA StyleSiyeon Kim, Wonyoung Jeong. Combined effect of facial sweating and mounting a night vision device on helmet stability. Fashion and Textiles. 2020; 7 (1):1-13.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSiyeon Kim; Wonyoung Jeong. 2020. "Combined effect of facial sweating and mounting a night vision device on helmet stability." Fashion and Textiles 7, no. 1: 1-13.
Juyoun Kwon; Dahee Jung; Siyeon Kim; Wonyoung Jeong; Joo-Young Lee. Performance of Conductive Gloves When Using Electronic Devices in a Cold Environment : Manual Dexterity, Usability and Thermoregulatory Responses. Fashion & Textile Research Journal 2020, 22, 686 -695.
AMA StyleJuyoun Kwon, Dahee Jung, Siyeon Kim, Wonyoung Jeong, Joo-Young Lee. Performance of Conductive Gloves When Using Electronic Devices in a Cold Environment : Manual Dexterity, Usability and Thermoregulatory Responses. Fashion & Textile Research Journal. 2020; 22 (5):686-695.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJuyoun Kwon; Dahee Jung; Siyeon Kim; Wonyoung Jeong; Joo-Young Lee. 2020. "Performance of Conductive Gloves When Using Electronic Devices in a Cold Environment : Manual Dexterity, Usability and Thermoregulatory Responses." Fashion & Textile Research Journal 22, no. 5: 686-695.
To produce flame retardant poly(acrylonitrile-co-vinylidene chloride) (PANVDC) fibers with limiting oxygen index (LOI) values above 28%, flame retardants are added to fibers. Because antimony trioxide (ATO) used widely for PANVDC is suspected as a carcinogen, non-toxic zinc hydroxystannate (ZHS) could be the alternative for reduction of ATO usage. Moreover, a flame retardant efficiency of the combination of ATO with ZHS could be expected because it was reported that ATO resists flame in the gas phase, whereas ZHS reacts in the condensed phase. Therefore, this study discussed the flame retardant mechanisms of ATO and ZHS in PANVDC, and evaluated the efficiency of the combination. PANVDC fibers with ATO and ZHS in 15 phr were produced by wet spinning. When ZHS was added, a more cyclized structure was detected (e.g., 1-methylnaphthalene) through pyrolysis−gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS). As a result of SEM-EDX analysis, Sb and Cl hardly remained in char layers of PANVDC-ATO; meanwhile, Zn, Sn, and Cl remained in that of PANVDC-ZHS. This implied that SbCl3 from reaction of ATO and HCl reacts in the gas phase, whereas ZnCl2 and SnCl2 from ZHS and HCl promotes the cyclization reaction of PANVDC in the condensed phase. The LOI values of PANVDC, PANVDC-ATO, and PANVDC-ZHS were 26.4%, 29.0%, and 33.5%, respectively. This suggests that ZHS is a highly effective for PANVDC. Meanwhile, the LOI of PANVDC containing ATO-ZHS mixture is 31.0%. The combination of ATO and ZHS exhibited no efficiency. The addition of ATO and ZHS slightly reduced the tenacities of the fibers, respectively, 3.11 and 3.75 from 4.42 g/den.
Ji Su Kim; Ji Eun Song; Daeyoung Lim; Heejoon Ahn; Wonyoung Jeong. Flame-Retardant Mechanism and Mechanical Properties of Wet-Spun Poly(acrylonitrile-co-vinylidene chloride) Fibers with Antimony Trioxide and Zinc Hydroxystannate. Polymers 2020, 12, 2442 .
AMA StyleJi Su Kim, Ji Eun Song, Daeyoung Lim, Heejoon Ahn, Wonyoung Jeong. Flame-Retardant Mechanism and Mechanical Properties of Wet-Spun Poly(acrylonitrile-co-vinylidene chloride) Fibers with Antimony Trioxide and Zinc Hydroxystannate. Polymers. 2020; 12 (11):2442.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJi Su Kim; Ji Eun Song; Daeyoung Lim; Heejoon Ahn; Wonyoung Jeong. 2020. "Flame-Retardant Mechanism and Mechanical Properties of Wet-Spun Poly(acrylonitrile-co-vinylidene chloride) Fibers with Antimony Trioxide and Zinc Hydroxystannate." Polymers 12, no. 11: 2442.
The surface electromyography (SEMG) is one of the most popular bio-signals that can be applied in health monitoring systems, fitness training, and rehabilitation devices. Commercial clothing embedded with textile electrodes has already been released onto the market, but there is insufficient information on the performance of textile SEMG electrodes because the required configuration may differ according to the electrode material. The current study analyzed the influence of electrode size and pattern reduction rate (PRR), and hence the clothing pressure (Pc) based on in vivo SEMG signal acquisition. Bipolar SEMG electrodes were made in different electrode diameters Ø 5–30 mm, and the clothing pressure ranged from 6.1 to 12.6 mmHg. The results supported the larger electrodes, and Pc showed better SEMG signal quality by showing lower baseline noise and a gradual increase in the signal to noise ratio (SNR). In particular, electrodes, Ø ≥ 20 mm, and Pc ≥ 10 mmHg showed comparable performance to Ag-Ag/Cl electrodes in current textile-based electrodes. The current study emphasizes and discusses design factors that are particularly required in the designing and manufacturing process of smart clothing with SEMG electrodes, especially as an aspect of clothing design.
Siyeon Kim; Sojung Lee; Wonyoung Jeong. EMG Measurement with Textile-Based Electrodes in Different Electrode Sizes and Clothing Pressures for Smart Clothing Design Optimization. Polymers 2020, 12, 2406 .
AMA StyleSiyeon Kim, Sojung Lee, Wonyoung Jeong. EMG Measurement with Textile-Based Electrodes in Different Electrode Sizes and Clothing Pressures for Smart Clothing Design Optimization. Polymers. 2020; 12 (10):2406.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSiyeon Kim; Sojung Lee; Wonyoung Jeong. 2020. "EMG Measurement with Textile-Based Electrodes in Different Electrode Sizes and Clothing Pressures for Smart Clothing Design Optimization." Polymers 12, no. 10: 2406.
The wearing of ballistic helmets commonly coordinated with a night vision device (NVD) often imposes a load to the neck of a soldier. A lighter ballistic helmet promises comfort and enhanced combat performance, but technological developments have not provided a complete solution satisfying all the requirements, including cost. Moreover, the change in munition has led to increasing demand for the attachment of more accessories to the helmet, providing advanced functions but additional weight. Therefore, the current study quantified the neck muscle strain caused by the varying weight of a ballistic helmet, particularly during simulated infantry activities with moderate neck flexion and neck extension against a head-weight in the prone position. Eight healthy males participated on four separate days. On each day, different loads were placed on the head: 0 kg (no helmet, NH) to 2.07 kg (1.5 kg helmet with a 0.5 kg night vision device, HH&NVD). The results showed that prone shooting imposed substantial muscular strain on the splenius capitis (neck extensor), resulting in a 7–9% maximal voluntary contraction depending on the overall helmet loads. In addition, a gradual increase in the subjective neck load and pain in proportion to the overall weight of the helmet assembly was noted, and the heaviest loads caused severe complaints for muscular discomfort. This paper recommends strategies for designing and developing ballistic helmets as well as further methodological issues on evaluating neck muscle strain caused by the helmet weight.
Siyeon Kim; Wonyoung Jeong. Physiological and psychological neck load imposed by ballistic helmets during simulated military activities. Fashion and Textiles 2020, 7, 1 -13.
AMA StyleSiyeon Kim, Wonyoung Jeong. Physiological and psychological neck load imposed by ballistic helmets during simulated military activities. Fashion and Textiles. 2020; 7 (1):1-13.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSiyeon Kim; Wonyoung Jeong. 2020. "Physiological and psychological neck load imposed by ballistic helmets during simulated military activities." Fashion and Textiles 7, no. 1: 1-13.
In this study, zinc hydroxystannate ([ZnSn(OH)6], ZHS) was coated with aluminum phosphate (AlPO4, ALP) to prepare the ZHS-ALP composite. During the coating process, the reaction conditions, such as the ALP to ZHS molar ratio, were controlled, and the morphology of the products was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The prepared composites were introduced into poly(acrylonitrile-co-vinylidene chloride) (PANVDC), and the change in compatibility between ZHS and the polymer matrix was characterized. The results showed that ALP-ZHS (1:1), which was prepared by ALP-ZHS composite molar ratio of 1:1, could improve the dispersion and compatibility of ZHS in the polymer matrix and decrease the hydrophilicity and viscosity. Moreover, the ALP-ZHS composite had a better flame-retardant effect on PANVDC than ZHS alone. PANVDC could pass the V-0 rating in UL94, particularly the highest limiting oxygen index (LOI) value of 33.2% obtained when the ALP-ZHS (1:1) composite was added to PANVDC.
Ji Eun Song; Ji Su Kim; Daeyoung Lim; Wonyoung Jeong. Preparation and Characterization of Zinc Hydroxystannate Coated by Aluminum Phosphate and Its Application in Poly(acrylonitrile-co-vinylidene chloride). Polymers 2020, 12, 1365 .
AMA StyleJi Eun Song, Ji Su Kim, Daeyoung Lim, Wonyoung Jeong. Preparation and Characterization of Zinc Hydroxystannate Coated by Aluminum Phosphate and Its Application in Poly(acrylonitrile-co-vinylidene chloride). Polymers. 2020; 12 (6):1365.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJi Eun Song; Ji Su Kim; Daeyoung Lim; Wonyoung Jeong. 2020. "Preparation and Characterization of Zinc Hydroxystannate Coated by Aluminum Phosphate and Its Application in Poly(acrylonitrile-co-vinylidene chloride)." Polymers 12, no. 6: 1365.
In this study, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were introduced into carbon fiber (CF) wet-laid composites as functional nano-fillers to fabricate multi-functional composites with improved mechanical, electrical, and thermal properties. It was considered that the wet-laid process was most suitable in order to introduce filler into brittle and rigid carbon fiber substrates, and we established the conditions of the process that could impart dispersibility and bonding between the fibers. We introduced polyamide 6 (PA6) short fiber, which is the same polymeric material as the stacking film, into carbon fiber and CNT mixture to enhance the binding interactions between carbon fiber and CNTs. Various types of CNT-reinforced carbon fiber wet-laid composites with PA6 short fibers were prepared, and the morphology, mechanical and electrical properties of the composites were estimated. As CNT was added to the carbon fiber nonwoven, the electrical conductivity increased by 500% but the tensile strength decreased slightly. By introducing short fibers of the same material as the matrix between CNT-CF wet-laid nonwovens, it was possible to find optimum conditions to increase the electrical conductivity while maintaining mechanical properties.
Suhyun Lee; Kwangduk Ko; Jiho Youk; Daeyoung Lim; Wonyoung Jeong. Preparation and Properties of Carbon Fiber/Carbon Nanotube Wet-Laid Composites. Polymers 2019, 11, 1597 .
AMA StyleSuhyun Lee, Kwangduk Ko, Jiho Youk, Daeyoung Lim, Wonyoung Jeong. Preparation and Properties of Carbon Fiber/Carbon Nanotube Wet-Laid Composites. Polymers. 2019; 11 (10):1597.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSuhyun Lee; Kwangduk Ko; Jiho Youk; Daeyoung Lim; Wonyoung Jeong. 2019. "Preparation and Properties of Carbon Fiber/Carbon Nanotube Wet-Laid Composites." Polymers 11, no. 10: 1597.
To produce flame resistant poly(acrylonitrile-co-vinyl chloride) (PANVC) fibers (limiting oxygen index (LOI)> 28%) for flame retardant work wear, PANVC solutions containing antimony trioxide (ATO) and zinc hydroxystannate (ZHS) flame retardants at various composition ratios were wet spun using laboratory-scale equipment. The amount of ATO and ZHS added was determined to be 15 phr using the thin material vertical burning test. The LOI values of PANVC increased considerably from 27.9% to 33.1% with increasing ZHS composition ratio, but no significant synergistic effects were observed between ATO and ZHS. With increasing ZHS composition ratio, more densified structures of the char layer were observed after combustion. ZHS was found to be a more effective and suitable flame retardant for PANVC than ATO. The PANVC fibers had a round cross section and the ATO and ZHS particles were distributed uniformly in the PANVC fibers. The presence of ATO and ZHS particles decreased the tenacities of the pure PANVC fibers slightly.
Seung Hyun Lee; Gi-Ra Yi; Dae Young Lim; Won Young Jeong; Ji Ho Youk. Study on the Flame Retardant and Mechanical Properties of Wet-spun Poly(acrylonitrile-co-vinylchloride) Fibers with Antimony Trioxide and Zinc Hydroxystannate. Fibers and Polymers 2019, 20, 779 -786.
AMA StyleSeung Hyun Lee, Gi-Ra Yi, Dae Young Lim, Won Young Jeong, Ji Ho Youk. Study on the Flame Retardant and Mechanical Properties of Wet-spun Poly(acrylonitrile-co-vinylchloride) Fibers with Antimony Trioxide and Zinc Hydroxystannate. Fibers and Polymers. 2019; 20 (4):779-786.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSeung Hyun Lee; Gi-Ra Yi; Dae Young Lim; Won Young Jeong; Ji Ho Youk. 2019. "Study on the Flame Retardant and Mechanical Properties of Wet-spun Poly(acrylonitrile-co-vinylchloride) Fibers with Antimony Trioxide and Zinc Hydroxystannate." Fibers and Polymers 20, no. 4: 779-786.