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Dr. Hom B. Rijal
Tokyo City University, Faculty of Environmental Studies

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0 Energy Saving
0 Adaptive thermal comfort
0 thermal environment
0 Occupant Behaviour
0 Traditional Architecture

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Adaptive thermal comfort
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Traditional Architecture

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Journal article
Published: 13 August 2021 in Sustainability
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Comfort temperature and sleep quality involving 20 participants were determined in two cases: Case A (arbitrary, controlled air-conditioner setting) and Case B (adjustment of 3 °C higher than the setting of Case A with cool bed linen). Data of indoor thermal comfort and electricity consumption were collected every night throughout the measurement period. Questionnaires on thermal comfort and sleep quality were distributed twice a night for a duration of three nights for each case; the first night was for respondents’ adaptation and the following two nights were for measurement. The sleep quality of the respondents was objectively measured using a commercially available activity tracker. Results found that most respondents were thermally comfortable in both cases, with 39% lower energy consumption reported for Case B compared to Case A. The thermal conditions of Case B were found to be more tolerable than those of Case A. Most respondents reported to have a calm and satisfied sleep for both cases. Comfort temperature and Sleep Efficiency Index (SEI) were found to be maintained in both cases.

ACS Style

Sheikh Ahmad Zaki; Mohamad Faizal Rosli; Hom Bahadur Rijal; Farah Nurhanis Hassan Sadzli; Aya Hagishima; Fitri Yakub. Effectiveness of a Cool Bed Linen for Thermal Comfort and Sleep Quality in Air-Conditioned Bedroom under Hot-Humid Climate. Sustainability 2021, 13, 9099 .

AMA Style

Sheikh Ahmad Zaki, Mohamad Faizal Rosli, Hom Bahadur Rijal, Farah Nurhanis Hassan Sadzli, Aya Hagishima, Fitri Yakub. Effectiveness of a Cool Bed Linen for Thermal Comfort and Sleep Quality in Air-Conditioned Bedroom under Hot-Humid Climate. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (16):9099.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sheikh Ahmad Zaki; Mohamad Faizal Rosli; Hom Bahadur Rijal; Farah Nurhanis Hassan Sadzli; Aya Hagishima; Fitri Yakub. 2021. "Effectiveness of a Cool Bed Linen for Thermal Comfort and Sleep Quality in Air-Conditioned Bedroom under Hot-Humid Climate." Sustainability 13, no. 16: 9099.

Journal article
Published: 11 April 2021 in Sustainability
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Energy is an important input for socioeconomic development and human well-being. The rationality of energy transitions toward cleaner energy resources is not only to improve individual living conditions, but also to enhance the economic growth of a nation. Nepal is considered to be one of the countries with a low per-capita electricity use, heavily relying on traditional energy resources such as firewood and agricultural residues. The country is rich in hydropower resources. However, various economic and socioeconomic constraints have left the significant potential for hydroelectricity untapped. This study describes the energy transition patterns in Nepal based on a literature review and field survey of household energy use in the winter. We collected data from 516 households in the Solukhumbu, Panchthar, and Jhapa districts of Nepal. The rate of per-capita electricity consumption was 330 kWh/capita/year, which is significantly lower than that of other contemporary global societies such as India 1000 and China 4900 kWh/capita/year. The increasing trend in hydroelectricity production has optimistically transformed the energy sector toward cleaner resources; this correlates with the GDP per capita. Solar home systems, mini- and micro-hydropower plants, biogas technology, and improved cook stoves have been widely used, which has lowered the health and environmental burdens in rural areas. By analysing the survey data, we found that 25% of the households only relied on traditional cooking fuel, while 67% and 8% of the households relied on mixed and commercial cooking fuels, respectively. Moreover, 77% and 48% of traditional and mixed-fuel-using households were unhappy with current cooking fuels while 40% and 66% of these households preferred to use clean cooking fuels. The share of traditional energy resources decreased from 78% to 68%, while that of commercial energy resources increased from 20% to 28% from 2014/15 to 2019/20. This study suggests that future energy policies and programs should acknowledge the reality of energy transition to achieve sustainability by establishing reliable and clean sources of energy.

ACS Style

Tika Pokharel; Hom Rijal. Energy Transition toward Cleaner Energy Resources in Nepal. Sustainability 2021, 13, 4243 .

AMA Style

Tika Pokharel, Hom Rijal. Energy Transition toward Cleaner Energy Resources in Nepal. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (8):4243.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Tika Pokharel; Hom Rijal. 2021. "Energy Transition toward Cleaner Energy Resources in Nepal." Sustainability 13, no. 8: 4243.

Journal article
Published: 15 January 2021 in Sustainability
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Electricity-saving strategies are an essential solution to overcoming increasing global CO2 emission and electricity consumption problems; therefore, the determinant factors of electricity consumption in households need to be assessed. Most previous studies were conducted in developed countries of subtropical regions that had different household characteristic factors from those in developing countries of tropical regions. A field survey was conducted on electricity consumption for Malaysian households to investigate the factors affecting electricity consumption that focused on technology perspective (building and appliance characteristics) and socio-economic perspective (socio-demographics and occupant behaviour). To analyse the determinant factors of electricity consumption, direct and indirect questionnaire surveys were conducted from November 2017 to January 2018 among 214 university students. Direct questionnaire surveys were performed in order to obtain general information that is easily answered by respondents. On the other hand, some questions such as electricity consumption and detailed information of appliances must be confirmed by the respondents’ parents or other household members through an indirect questionnaire survey. The results from multiple linear regression analyses of the survey responses showed that appliance characteristic factors were the main variables influencing electricity consumption and house characteristics were the least significant. Specifically, air conditioners, fluorescent lamps, and flat-screen TVs emerged as appliances with the most significant effect on electricity consumption. Occupant behaviour factors had a more significant influence than socio-demographic factors. The findings in this study can be used by policymakers to develop electricity-saving strategies in Malaysia.

ACS Style

Boni Sena; Sheikh Zaki; Hom Rijal; Jorge Ardila-Rey; Nelidya Yusoff; Fitri Yakub; Mohammad Ridwan; Firdaus Muhammad-Sukki. Determinant Factors of Electricity Consumption for a Malaysian Household Based on a Field Survey. Sustainability 2021, 13, 818 .

AMA Style

Boni Sena, Sheikh Zaki, Hom Rijal, Jorge Ardila-Rey, Nelidya Yusoff, Fitri Yakub, Mohammad Ridwan, Firdaus Muhammad-Sukki. Determinant Factors of Electricity Consumption for a Malaysian Household Based on a Field Survey. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (2):818.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Boni Sena; Sheikh Zaki; Hom Rijal; Jorge Ardila-Rey; Nelidya Yusoff; Fitri Yakub; Mohammad Ridwan; Firdaus Muhammad-Sukki. 2021. "Determinant Factors of Electricity Consumption for a Malaysian Household Based on a Field Survey." Sustainability 13, no. 2: 818.

Journal article
Published: 13 January 2021 in Building and Environment
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Nepalese households have been using electricity from hydropower plants at almost the lowest rate among other countries. Residents adjust their indoor environments by relying on very primitive methods. This study focuses on the thermal comfort of residents in Nepalese households and how it can be improved by enhancing the thermal insulation of the houses investigated. A field survey was conducted in winter in cold, temperate, and subtropical regions, and 839 thermal sensation votes were collected from all regions together with the measured indoor and outdoor temperatures. The mean comfort temperatures estimated using Griffiths’ method were 17.2 °C, 20.9 °C, and 21.7 °C in the cold, temperate, and subtropical regions, respectively. The comfort temperature exhibited a large regional difference. The average measured indoor air temperatures in the cold, temperate, and subtropical regions were 10.9 °C, 18 °C, and 20 °C, respectively, and they were 6.3 °C, 2.9 °C, and 2 °C lower than the average estimated comfort temperature. The indoor globe temperature of the cold region was significantly lower than the comfort temperature. In the cold region during winter, the indoor climate can be improved because the indoor temperature is rated as slightly uncomfortable. By enhancing the thermal insulation and reducing the infiltration, the indoor air temperature was found to increase by 1.1–1.8 °C. The findings of this study should be useful in providing a good indoor thermal environment for houses and energy-saving building design in Nepalese society.

ACS Style

Dinesh Kumar Shahi; Hom Bahadur Rijal; Genku Kayo; Masanori Shukuya. Study on wintry comfort temperature and thermal improvement of houses in cold, temperate, and subtropical regions of Nepal. Building and Environment 2021, 191, 107569 .

AMA Style

Dinesh Kumar Shahi, Hom Bahadur Rijal, Genku Kayo, Masanori Shukuya. Study on wintry comfort temperature and thermal improvement of houses in cold, temperate, and subtropical regions of Nepal. Building and Environment. 2021; 191 ():107569.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Dinesh Kumar Shahi; Hom Bahadur Rijal; Genku Kayo; Masanori Shukuya. 2021. "Study on wintry comfort temperature and thermal improvement of houses in cold, temperate, and subtropical regions of Nepal." Building and Environment 191, no. : 107569.

Journal article
Published: 04 November 2020 in Designs
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Nepal has low per-capita energy use and a majority of its rural residents use firewood as their primary energy source. Excessive use of firewood in improperly ventilated buildings degrades the indoor environment and health condition of the inhabitants. This study aims to assess the influence of hourly firewood consumption patterns on CO2 emissions and resulting concentrations in rural households in Nepal. A field survey was conducted for 24 h in 16 households during winter. The results suggest that most of the households tend to use more firewood during the morning and evening hours. Family size and number of animals reared by the households were positively correlated with firewood consumption, whereas family size was negatively correlated with per-capita firewood consumption. Per-capita firewood consumption was found to be 1.8 kg/(capita·day). Household firewood consumption and CO2 emissions were 12 kg/(family·day) and 14.26 kg CO2 e/(household·day), respectively. The larger households spent more time for cooking, while their consumption rate was similar (1.3 kg/h) to that of smaller households. High indoor CO2 emissions in the morning and evening hours due to high firewood consumption may pose severe health risks to the inhabitants. Therefore, intensive awareness programs and pollution control programs are suggested for improving indoor air quality and health condition of the rural population.

ACS Style

Pokharel Tika Ram; Rijal Hom Bahadur. Hourly Firewood Consumption Patterns and CO2 Emission Patterns in Rural Households of Nepal. Designs 2020, 4, 46 .

AMA Style

Pokharel Tika Ram, Rijal Hom Bahadur. Hourly Firewood Consumption Patterns and CO2 Emission Patterns in Rural Households of Nepal. Designs. 2020; 4 (4):46.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Pokharel Tika Ram; Rijal Hom Bahadur. 2020. "Hourly Firewood Consumption Patterns and CO2 Emission Patterns in Rural Households of Nepal." Designs 4, no. 4: 46.

Journal article
Published: 15 October 2020 in Energy and Buildings
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The thermal adaptation of buildings and their residents is important in extreme cold climates for energy-saving building design. A thermal measurement and a thermal comfort survey were conducted in traditional houses during the winter in the extreme cold climate of the Himalayan region of Nepal. Measurements were taken in 9 houses over 7 days to assess the thermal environment. Thermal comfort surveys were conducted over 4 days, and a total of 1,584 thermal responses were gathered from 36 residents. Passive heating effects were found in houses with thick brick walls and mud roofs. Residents of these houses were highly satisfied with the thermal environment, with 10.7 °C being the mean comfort temperature, which was related to the indoor temperature of the investigated indoor spaces. It can be concluded from these findings that people are well adapted to the thermal environment of traditional vernacular houses, as a result of which the comfort temperature is lower than the thermal comfort standards. Consequently, a significant amount of energy can be saved by passive building design and lowering the indoor temperature setting for heating.

ACS Style

Hom B. Rijal. Thermal adaptation of buildings and people for energy saving in extreme cold climate of Nepal. Energy and Buildings 2020, 230, 110551 .

AMA Style

Hom B. Rijal. Thermal adaptation of buildings and people for energy saving in extreme cold climate of Nepal. Energy and Buildings. 2020; 230 ():110551.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hom B. Rijal. 2020. "Thermal adaptation of buildings and people for energy saving in extreme cold climate of Nepal." Energy and Buildings 230, no. : 110551.

Journal article
Published: 19 May 2020 in Energy and Buildings
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Energy use is required for securing a certain living standard. Availability of energy sources, electricity in particular, is the basic requirement for the quality of living. The rationality of household energy use is not only for improving individual living conditions, but also for the economic growth of a nation. To formulate the national energy strategy plan, it is important to know the current energy use and availability conditions. This study describes the current state of household energy use available from related papers and also from a field survey on household energy use including electricity use. We have collected the data in the form of electricity bills, family income, family size, the number of electric appliances, and energy use for lighting, cooking, heating and cooling from 442 households in Kalikot, Chitwan and Kathmandu districts of Nepal. The monthly rate of firewood use was found 2.08 GJ/household/month in rural areas, which is quite higher than other developing countries. The average electricity use of all areas in Nepal was 2.06 GJ/household/year, which is quite low compared to developed and even other developing countries. The electricity is used mainly for lighting purpose in the rural area, while it was also used to run other electric appliances in semi-urban and urban areas. By analyzing the data, it was found that the amount of electricity use was a function of household income level, occupation, family size and education level of household responsible person. The educational level of people was correlated to the use of light-emitting diode lamps. The result of this series of survey should be useful for future planning of household energy management in the Nepalese society.

ACS Style

Dinesh Kumar Shahi; Hom Bahadur Rijal; Masanori Shukuya. A study on household energy-use patterns in rural, semi-urban and urban areas of Nepal based on field survey. Energy and Buildings 2020, 223, 110095 .

AMA Style

Dinesh Kumar Shahi, Hom Bahadur Rijal, Masanori Shukuya. A study on household energy-use patterns in rural, semi-urban and urban areas of Nepal based on field survey. Energy and Buildings. 2020; 223 ():110095.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Dinesh Kumar Shahi; Hom Bahadur Rijal; Masanori Shukuya. 2020. "A study on household energy-use patterns in rural, semi-urban and urban areas of Nepal based on field survey." Energy and Buildings 223, no. : 110095.

Journal article
Published: 13 May 2020 in Energy and Buildings
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Although various cooling approaches have been proposed to overcome the thermal discomfort in residential buildings, tropical developing countries still lack affordable and effective retrofitting methods. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of an affordable retrofitting method with high-density polyethylene (HDPE) nets as roof covers for shading over the roof, supported by full day free-running ventilation, and heat insulation above the ceiling of residential buildings in hot–humid climate regions to overcome the thermal discomfort. Field measurements were carried out in a corner terrace house in Malaysia, from September to December 2018. The roof cover with HDPE nets maintained a consistent surface temperature at the roof tiles and reduced the convective heat flux by approximately 70–80% in the attic and 88% in the room. Further, it improved the compliance (acceptability: 80%) of the whole-day mean operative temperature in the room (hot–humid climate) by 10%. The roof cover can effectively provide thermal comfort in residential buildings in Malaysia, which has a hot–humid climate. Alongside active cooling with the ceiling fan, required comfortable indoor temperature can be reached under the hot–humid climate, particularly during the night-time. Furthermore, the zero-energy-consuming, low-cost low-technology roof cover method is very suitable for low-cost houses with roof tile in hot–humid climate regions.

ACS Style

Ng Wai Tuck; Sheikh Ahmad Zaki; Aya Hagishima; Hom Bahadur Rijal; Fitri Yakub. Affordable retrofitting methods to achieve thermal comfort for a terrace house in Malaysia with a hot–humid climate. Energy and Buildings 2020, 223, 110072 .

AMA Style

Ng Wai Tuck, Sheikh Ahmad Zaki, Aya Hagishima, Hom Bahadur Rijal, Fitri Yakub. Affordable retrofitting methods to achieve thermal comfort for a terrace house in Malaysia with a hot–humid climate. Energy and Buildings. 2020; 223 ():110072.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ng Wai Tuck; Sheikh Ahmad Zaki; Aya Hagishima; Hom Bahadur Rijal; Fitri Yakub. 2020. "Affordable retrofitting methods to achieve thermal comfort for a terrace house in Malaysia with a hot–humid climate." Energy and Buildings 223, no. : 110072.

Journal article
Published: 08 May 2020 in Building and Environment
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The higher education sector in the UK is responsible for large amount of the country's energy consumption. Space heating, which is the largest and most expensive part of the energy used in the UK educational buildings is a potential target for improving energy efficiency. However, the role of thermal comfort in students' productivity in academic environments cannot be overlooked. Considering the prevalence of two different climatic conditions in Northern and Southern/Midland regions of the UK, this study investigated thermal comfort in two university campuses in Scotland and England. environmental measurements combined with a simultaneous questionnaire survey were conducted in eight university buildings in Edinburgh and Coventry. The field study was carried out during the academic year of 2017-18 on 3507 students. The results confirmed influence of students' acclimatization, showing a warmer than neutral mean Thermal Sensation Vote (TSV) and cooler thermal preference in Edinburgh than Coventry. The higher acceptable temperature in Coventry (23.5 °C) than Edinburgh (22.1 °C) reinforced the results on the influence of climatic adaptation. Thermal acceptability was examined in a direct (analysing the actual votes on thermal acceptability) and an indirect approach (considering the TSV between −1 and 1 as acceptable). The indirect approach was shown to be a better predictor of the thermal acceptability as this method extends beyond the acceptable range suggested by the direct method. Thermal perceptions of females were shown to be colder than males in university classrooms. However, no statistically significant difference was observed in the thermal comfort of different age groups.

ACS Style

Mina Jowkar; Hom Bahadur Rijal; Azadeh Montazami; James Brusey; Alenka Temeljotov-Salaj. The influence of acclimatization, age and gender-related differences on thermal perception in university buildings: Case studies in Scotland and England. Building and Environment 2020, 179, 106933 .

AMA Style

Mina Jowkar, Hom Bahadur Rijal, Azadeh Montazami, James Brusey, Alenka Temeljotov-Salaj. The influence of acclimatization, age and gender-related differences on thermal perception in university buildings: Case studies in Scotland and England. Building and Environment. 2020; 179 ():106933.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mina Jowkar; Hom Bahadur Rijal; Azadeh Montazami; James Brusey; Alenka Temeljotov-Salaj. 2020. "The influence of acclimatization, age and gender-related differences on thermal perception in university buildings: Case studies in Scotland and England." Building and Environment 179, no. : 106933.

Articles
Published: 21 April 2020 in Architectural Science Review
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In order to quantify the seasonal differences in the comfort temperature and to develop a domestic adaptive model for highly insulated Japanese dwellings, thermal measurements and a thermal comfort survey were conducted. We collected 19,081 thermal comfort votes from 94 residents of 69 flats. The results suggest that the residents are highly satisfied with the thermal environment of their dwellings. People are highly adapted to the thermal condition of the dwellings, and the comfort temperature has seasonal variation. An adaptive model for these dwellings was derived from the data, to relate the indoor comfort temperature to the prevailing outdoor temperature. Perhaps because of the high insulation of the condominiums, the seasonal differences of comfort temperature and the regression coefficient of the adaptive model are smaller than those of detached houses. Adaptive building design and adaptive thermal comfort of people are important for energy-saving building design.

ACS Style

Hom B. Rijal; Kazui Yoshida; Michael A. Humphreys; J. Fergus Nicol. Development of an adaptive thermal comfort model for energy-saving building design in Japan. Architectural Science Review 2020, 64, 109 -122.

AMA Style

Hom B. Rijal, Kazui Yoshida, Michael A. Humphreys, J. Fergus Nicol. Development of an adaptive thermal comfort model for energy-saving building design in Japan. Architectural Science Review. 2020; 64 (1-2):109-122.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hom B. Rijal; Kazui Yoshida; Michael A. Humphreys; J. Fergus Nicol. 2020. "Development of an adaptive thermal comfort model for energy-saving building design in Japan." Architectural Science Review 64, no. 1-2: 109-122.

Journal article
Published: 18 April 2020 in Energy and Buildings
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Nepal is a mountainous country with low energy use so far and its climatic patterns remarkably differ from one place to another due to its geographical variation. In the north, summer is cool and winter is severe, while in the south, summer is tropical and winter is mild. Each year, harsh thermal environment creates serious health problems ranging from discomfort to illness and even to death. Household energy availability is one of the important ingredients required to provide the occupants with adequate indoor thermal environments, with which they can minimize thermal dissatisfaction. In order to get quantitative information on this issue, a series of survey on household energy-use patterns and the indoor thermal environmental characteristics in three different climatic regions was carried out in winter season of 2018. The survey results showed that most of the indoor air temperature of investigated houses in three climatic regions were lower than the values given as adaptive comfort standard. Average measured indoor air temperature was 8.0 °C, 13.9 °C and 12.8 °C, respectively, and per-capita daily energy use was 37, 30 and 20 MJ/(person · day) in cold, temperate and sub-tropical regions, respectively. Firewood, electricity and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) were found as the major energy carriers used in the studied households. The present finding suggests that a substantial improvements of the indoor thermal environment by improving thermal insulation of building envelopes together with rationally small energy use must be required for the well-being of the people in all three regions. This survey results are hopefully useful to understand the current energy-use situation and thermal environment of existing residential buildings in Nepal and thereby to assist the policy formulation for better indoor thermal environment of existing buildings with low energy use.

ACS Style

T.R. Pokharel; Hom Bahadur Rijal; M. Shukuya. A field investigation on indoor thermal environment and its associated energy use in three climatic regions in Nepal. Energy and Buildings 2020, 222, 110073 .

AMA Style

T.R. Pokharel, Hom Bahadur Rijal, M. Shukuya. A field investigation on indoor thermal environment and its associated energy use in three climatic regions in Nepal. Energy and Buildings. 2020; 222 ():110073.

Chicago/Turabian Style

T.R. Pokharel; Hom Bahadur Rijal; M. Shukuya. 2020. "A field investigation on indoor thermal environment and its associated energy use in three climatic regions in Nepal." Energy and Buildings 222, no. : 110073.

Journal article
Published: 24 January 2020 in Energy and Buildings
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Maintaining the thermal comfort of occupants along with minimising the related energy consumption is necessary in educational buildings in the UK. Thermal comfort is particularly important in this context as it affects how well students learn in the classroom. This study aims to identify comfort temperature ranges in different classroom types, lecture rooms, studios and PC labs in UK higher learning environments. Overall, more than 3,000 university students in Coventry and Edinburgh were observed and surveyed simultaneously with the monitoring of environmental measurements under free-running, cooling and heating modes, in October and November 2017 and January to March 2018. Thermal comfort zones and comfort temperatures were identified in each classroom type under these three operation modes. The thermal comfort zone was shown to be significantly dependant on the operative temperature in the studios and PC labs. In terms of the students’ priorities for adaptive behaviour inside the classrooms, students in the lecture rooms and PC labs with lower levels of freedom, preferred to restore their thermal comfort through personal adaptive behaviour. However, environmental behaviour was shown to be preferred in the studios where the occupants have a greater freedom level. Results indicate a higher level of physiological and psychological thermal adaptation for the occupants of the studios and PC labs compared to those in the lecture rooms. Consequently, the type of classroom and the students’ freedom levels should be considered in environmental design of higher education buildings.

ACS Style

Mina Jowkar; Hom B. Rijal; James Brusey; Azadeh Montazami; Salvatore Carlucci; Terry C. Lansdown. Comfort temperature and preferred adaptive behaviour in various classroom types in the UK higher learning environments. Energy and Buildings 2020, 211, 109814 .

AMA Style

Mina Jowkar, Hom B. Rijal, James Brusey, Azadeh Montazami, Salvatore Carlucci, Terry C. Lansdown. Comfort temperature and preferred adaptive behaviour in various classroom types in the UK higher learning environments. Energy and Buildings. 2020; 211 ():109814.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mina Jowkar; Hom B. Rijal; James Brusey; Azadeh Montazami; Salvatore Carlucci; Terry C. Lansdown. 2020. "Comfort temperature and preferred adaptive behaviour in various classroom types in the UK higher learning environments." Energy and Buildings 211, no. : 109814.

Journal article
Published: 07 January 2020 in Climate
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In recent years, “green curtains” have become one of the most prevalent thermal mitigation methods in Japan. They can be considered as green infrastructure for achieving thermal comfort and reducing energy use. To examine the thermal mitigation effect of the green curtain for practical applicability in the condominium, the indoor and balcony temperatures for 48 days both in households with and without green curtains were analyzed. The balcony globe temperature of the households with green curtains was 0.6 °C lower than that of the households without green curtains, during air-conditioner usage. Furthermore, the air-conditioner usage time of the households with green curtains was 40% less than that of the households without green curtains. The results showed that green curtains are effective for achieving both thermal mitigation and energy saving in a condominium.

ACS Style

Hiroto Abe; Hom B. Rijal; Ryoga Hiroki; Kentaro Iijima; Akira Ohta. Thermal Mitigation of the Indoor and Outdoor Climate by Green Curtains in Japanese Condominiums. Climate 2020, 8, 8 .

AMA Style

Hiroto Abe, Hom B. Rijal, Ryoga Hiroki, Kentaro Iijima, Akira Ohta. Thermal Mitigation of the Indoor and Outdoor Climate by Green Curtains in Japanese Condominiums. Climate. 2020; 8 (1):8.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hiroto Abe; Hom B. Rijal; Ryoga Hiroki; Kentaro Iijima; Akira Ohta. 2020. "Thermal Mitigation of the Indoor and Outdoor Climate by Green Curtains in Japanese Condominiums." Climate 8, no. 1: 8.

Journal article
Published: 01 November 2019 in Energy and Buildings
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ACS Style

Hom Bahadur Rijal; M.A. Humphreys; J.F. Nicol. Adaptive model and the adaptive mechanisms for thermal comfort in Japanese dwellings. Energy and Buildings 2019, 202, 1 .

AMA Style

Hom Bahadur Rijal, M.A. Humphreys, J.F. Nicol. Adaptive model and the adaptive mechanisms for thermal comfort in Japanese dwellings. Energy and Buildings. 2019; 202 ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hom Bahadur Rijal; M.A. Humphreys; J.F. Nicol. 2019. "Adaptive model and the adaptive mechanisms for thermal comfort in Japanese dwellings." Energy and Buildings 202, no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 01 November 2019 in Journal of Building Engineering
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ACS Style

Basudev Gautam; Hom Bahadur Rijal; Masanori Shukuya; Hikaru Imagawa. A field investigation on the wintry thermal comfort and clothing adjustment of residents in traditional Nepalese houses. Journal of Building Engineering 2019, 26, 1 .

AMA Style

Basudev Gautam, Hom Bahadur Rijal, Masanori Shukuya, Hikaru Imagawa. A field investigation on the wintry thermal comfort and clothing adjustment of residents in traditional Nepalese houses. Journal of Building Engineering. 2019; 26 ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Basudev Gautam; Hom Bahadur Rijal; Masanori Shukuya; Hikaru Imagawa. 2019. "A field investigation on the wintry thermal comfort and clothing adjustment of residents in traditional Nepalese houses." Journal of Building Engineering 26, no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 13 September 2019 in Applied Energy
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The main purpose of research on occupant behaviour is to enhance building energy performance. However, it is difficult to reduce the energy use without understanding the occupant, their needs and preferences. Individual differences and preferences for the thermal environment in relation to the spatial context are overlooked in the main stream of research. This study investigates the patterns of occupant thermal preference based on individual differences in perceiving the thermal environment to enhance user comfort and energy performance. A novel method of Visual Thermal Landscaping is used, which is a qualitative method to analyse occupant comfort and user behaviour according to the spatial context. This method drives away from the notion of ‘thermal neutrality’ and generic results, rather it opens to details and meaning through a qualitative analysis of personal-comfort, based on individual differences and spatial context information. Field test studies of thermal comfort were applied in five office buildings in the UK, Sweden and Japan with overall 2313 data sets. The primary contribution of the study was the recognition of four patterns of thermal preference, including consistent directional preference; fluctuating preference; high tolerance and sensitive to thermal changes; and high tolerance and not-sensitive to thermal changes. The results were further examined in a longitudinal field test study of thermal comfort. In several cases, occupant thermal comfort and preferences were observed to be influenced by the impact of outdoor conditions, when the windows were fixed. Practical solutions for research, practice and building design were recommended with direct implications on occupant comfort and energy use.

ACS Style

Sally Shahzad; John Kaiser Calautit; Ben Richard Hughes; B.K. Satish; Hom B. Rijal. Patterns of thermal preference and Visual Thermal Landscaping model in the workplace. Applied Energy 2019, 255, 113674 .

AMA Style

Sally Shahzad, John Kaiser Calautit, Ben Richard Hughes, B.K. Satish, Hom B. Rijal. Patterns of thermal preference and Visual Thermal Landscaping model in the workplace. Applied Energy. 2019; 255 ():113674.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sally Shahzad; John Kaiser Calautit; Ben Richard Hughes; B.K. Satish; Hom B. Rijal. 2019. "Patterns of thermal preference and Visual Thermal Landscaping model in the workplace." Applied Energy 255, no. : 113674.

Conference paper
Published: 09 August 2019 in IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science
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ACS Style

Rita Thapa; Hom Bahadur Rijal; Masanori Shukuya; Hikaru Imagawa. Study on winter indoor thermal environment of temporary shelters built in Nepal after massive earthquake 2015. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 2019, 294, 1 .

AMA Style

Rita Thapa, Hom Bahadur Rijal, Masanori Shukuya, Hikaru Imagawa. Study on winter indoor thermal environment of temporary shelters built in Nepal after massive earthquake 2015. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. 2019; 294 ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Rita Thapa; Hom Bahadur Rijal; Masanori Shukuya; Hikaru Imagawa. 2019. "Study on winter indoor thermal environment of temporary shelters built in Nepal after massive earthquake 2015." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 294, no. : 1.

Conference paper
Published: 09 August 2019 in IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science
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ACS Style

Hiroto Abe; Kazuaki Bogaki; Hom Bahadur Rijal; Mahito Sugiyama. Detecting Anomalous Energy Consumption from Profiles. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 2019, 294, 1 .

AMA Style

Hiroto Abe, Kazuaki Bogaki, Hom Bahadur Rijal, Mahito Sugiyama. Detecting Anomalous Energy Consumption from Profiles. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. 2019; 294 ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hiroto Abe; Kazuaki Bogaki; Hom Bahadur Rijal; Mahito Sugiyama. 2019. "Detecting Anomalous Energy Consumption from Profiles." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 294, no. : 1.

Conference paper
Published: 09 August 2019 in IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science
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ACS Style

H Imagawa; Hom Bahadur Rijal; M Shukuya. Development of Single and Combined Fan-Use Models in Japanese Dwellings. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 2019, 294, 1 .

AMA Style

H Imagawa, Hom Bahadur Rijal, M Shukuya. Development of Single and Combined Fan-Use Models in Japanese Dwellings. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. 2019; 294 ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

H Imagawa; Hom Bahadur Rijal; M Shukuya. 2019. "Development of Single and Combined Fan-Use Models in Japanese Dwellings." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 294, no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 19 June 2019 in Building and Environment
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The widespread use of air-conditioning to achieve indoor cooling of residential buildings has caused increased electricity consumption. Effective passive cooling strategies, such as natural ventilation, are important for reducing energy consumption. Field measurements of thermal performance for a corner terrace house in Kuala Lumpur were conducted to clarify the effectiveness of free running (FR) ventilation as a passive cooling strategy with configurations: without ventilation, full ventilation, day ventilation, and night ventilation. Measurements were conducted for all bedrooms and a family area on the first floor. For comparison, a mixed mode (MM) consisting of FR, ventilation with a ceiling fan, and cooling with an air-conditioner, which represents the actual conditions of this house, was measured in the living and dining area on the ground floor. Operative temperature was compared with the predicted temperature using an adaptive thermal comfort equation (ACE) under relevant international standards. The mean indoor temperature under FR was approximately 27 ºC–37 °C, and 27 ºC–33 °C in MM. Full ventilation and day ventilation recorded better correlation between outdoor and indoor temperature compared with no ventilation and night ventilation. Furthermore, compared with the ACE for a hot-humid climate, MM ventilation resulted in an operative temperature 58% less than the acceptable comfort temperature; thus, it performed better and was closer to international standards than was FR ventilation, which resulted in an operative temperature of 27% less than the acceptable comfort temperature. FR was not adequate to provide comfortable conditions without assistance from MM.

ACS Style

Ng Wai Tuck; Sheikh Ahmad Zaki; Aya Hagishima; Hom Bahadur Rijal; Mohd Azuan Zakaria; Fitri Yakub. Effectiveness of free running passive cooling strategies for indoor thermal environments: Example from a two-storey corner terrace house in Malaysia. Building and Environment 2019, 160, 106214 .

AMA Style

Ng Wai Tuck, Sheikh Ahmad Zaki, Aya Hagishima, Hom Bahadur Rijal, Mohd Azuan Zakaria, Fitri Yakub. Effectiveness of free running passive cooling strategies for indoor thermal environments: Example from a two-storey corner terrace house in Malaysia. Building and Environment. 2019; 160 ():106214.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ng Wai Tuck; Sheikh Ahmad Zaki; Aya Hagishima; Hom Bahadur Rijal; Mohd Azuan Zakaria; Fitri Yakub. 2019. "Effectiveness of free running passive cooling strategies for indoor thermal environments: Example from a two-storey corner terrace house in Malaysia." Building and Environment 160, no. : 106214.