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Mr. Kalu Ukanwa
Cranfield University

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0 Bioenergy
0 activated carbons
0 Waste materials
0 Renewable and Sustainable Energy
0 pyrolysis and gasification

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Journal article
Published: 29 October 2020 in Molecules
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This study explores the use of a novel activating agent and demonstrates the production and characterisation of activated carbon (AC) from a combine palm waste (CPW) in 3:2:1 proportion by weight of empty fruit bunch, mesocarp fibre and palm kernel shell. The resulting biomass was processed by a microwave-assisted method using trona and compared with material produced by conventional routes. These results demonstrate the potential of trona ore as an activating agent and the effectiveness of using a combined palm waste for a single stream activation process. It also assesses the effectiveness of trona ore in the elimination of alcohol, acids and aldehydes; with a focus on increasing the hydrophilicity of the resultant AC. The optimum results for the conventional production technique at 800 °C yielded a material with SBET 920 m2/g, Vtotal 0.840 cm3/g, a mean pore diameter of 2.2 nm and an AC yield 40%. The optimum outcome of the microwave assisted technique for CPW was achieved at 600 W, SBET is 980 m2/g; Vtotal 0.865 cm3/g; a mean pore diameter 2.2 nm and an AC yield of 42%. Fourier transform infrared spectrometry analyses showed that palm waste can be combined to produce AC and that trona ore has the capacity to significantly enhance biomass activation.

ACS Style

Kalu Ukanwa; Kumar Patchigolla; Ruben Sakrabani; Edward Anthony. Preparation and Characterisation of Activated Carbon from Palm Mixed Waste Treated with Trona Ore. Molecules 2020, 25, 5028 .

AMA Style

Kalu Ukanwa, Kumar Patchigolla, Ruben Sakrabani, Edward Anthony. Preparation and Characterisation of Activated Carbon from Palm Mixed Waste Treated with Trona Ore. Molecules. 2020; 25 (21):5028.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Kalu Ukanwa; Kumar Patchigolla; Ruben Sakrabani; Edward Anthony. 2020. "Preparation and Characterisation of Activated Carbon from Palm Mixed Waste Treated with Trona Ore." Molecules 25, no. 21: 5028.

Review
Published: 06 November 2019 in Sustainability
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The choice of activating agent for the thermochemical production of high-grade activated carbon (AC) from agricultural residues and wastes, such as feedstock, requires innovative methods. Overcoming energy losses, and using the best techniques to minimise secondary contamination and improve adsorptivity, are critical. Here, we review the importance and influence of activating agents on agricultural waste: how they react and compare conventional and microwave processes. In particular, adsorbent pore characteristics, surface chemistry interactions and production modes were compared with traditional methods. It was concluded that there are no best activating agents; rather, each agent reacts uniquely with a precursor, and the optimum choice depends on the target adsorbent. Natural chemicals can also be as effective as inorganic activating agents, and offer the advantages that they are usually safe, and readily available. The use of a microwave, as an innovative pyrolysis approach, can enhance the activation process within a duration of 1–4 h and temperature of 500–1200 °C, after which the yield and efficiency decline rapidly due to molecular breakdown. This study also examines the biomass milling process requirements; the influence of the dielectric properties, along with the effect of washing; and experimental setup challenges. The microwave setup system, biomass feed rate, product delivery, inert gas flow rate, reactor design and recovery lines are all important factors in the microwave activation process, and contribute to the overall efficiency of AC preparation. However, a major issue is a lack of large-scale industrial demonstration units for microwave technology.

ACS Style

Kalu Ukanwa; Kumar Patchigolla; Ruben Sakrabani; Edward Anthony; Sachin Mandavgane. A Review of Chemicals to Produce Activated Carbon from Agricultural Waste Biomass. Sustainability 2019, 11, 6204 .

AMA Style

Kalu Ukanwa, Kumar Patchigolla, Ruben Sakrabani, Edward Anthony, Sachin Mandavgane. A Review of Chemicals to Produce Activated Carbon from Agricultural Waste Biomass. Sustainability. 2019; 11 (22):6204.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Kalu Ukanwa; Kumar Patchigolla; Ruben Sakrabani; Edward Anthony; Sachin Mandavgane. 2019. "A Review of Chemicals to Produce Activated Carbon from Agricultural Waste Biomass." Sustainability 11, no. 22: 6204.