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Many farmers worldwide resort to choosing various income-earning options for diversifying their income sources as a means of risk-avoidance, social protection, and, above all, to finance agricultural operations. Non-farm income generation among farm families has become an imperative part of livelihood earning strategies in recent years amid fast-evolving climatic and sociodemographic changes. In this regard, this study seeks to identify the patterns and socioeconomic factors responsible for the uptake of various non-farm income diversification sources among agricultural households in southern Punjab, Pakistan. For this purpose, a total of 290 farm households were sampled using a random sampling technique to collect relevant data through structured questionnaires. Results show that approximately 79% of the surveyed farmers were involved in non-farm income generation activities, whereas, the income from these sources accounts for about 15% of total household income. The majority of the respondents offered labour for off-farm work followed by self-employment ventures. The major reason to pursue non-farm work includes low income from agriculture, mitigating risks associated with farming, and acquiring funds to finance farming operations, along with the desire to increase family income. A range of socioeconomic and infrastructure-related variables are associated with the decision to participate in specific off-farm activity, such as age, education, family size, farm income, dependency burden, farming experience, and distance to the main city. Results imply the provision of technical support to increase livelihood from farming operations to ensure food security and curb rural-urban migration. However, vocational training can enhance the rural inhabitants’ skillset to diversify on the farm through agribusiness development within rural areas, enabling them to employ local people instead of populating urban centres.
Muhammad Amjed Iqbal; Muhammad Rizwan; Azhar Abbas; Muhammad Sohail Amjad Makhdum; Rakhshanda Kousar; Muhammad Nazam; Abdus Samie; Nasir Nadeem. A Quest for Livelihood Sustainability? Patterns, Motives and Determinants of Non-Farm Income Diversification among Agricultural Households in Punjab, Pakistan. Sustainability 2021, 13, 9084 .
AMA StyleMuhammad Amjed Iqbal, Muhammad Rizwan, Azhar Abbas, Muhammad Sohail Amjad Makhdum, Rakhshanda Kousar, Muhammad Nazam, Abdus Samie, Nasir Nadeem. A Quest for Livelihood Sustainability? Patterns, Motives and Determinants of Non-Farm Income Diversification among Agricultural Households in Punjab, Pakistan. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (16):9084.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMuhammad Amjed Iqbal; Muhammad Rizwan; Azhar Abbas; Muhammad Sohail Amjad Makhdum; Rakhshanda Kousar; Muhammad Nazam; Abdus Samie; Nasir Nadeem. 2021. "A Quest for Livelihood Sustainability? Patterns, Motives and Determinants of Non-Farm Income Diversification among Agricultural Households in Punjab, Pakistan." Sustainability 13, no. 16: 9084.
This study investigates the dynamic nexus between ecological footprint, agriculture value-added, forest area, non-renewable and renewable energy utilization, and financial development in BRICS-T (Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa, and Turkey) countries from 1990 to 2018. After confirming the presence of cross-sectional dependency, this study applies second-generation panel unit root, cointegration, long run elasticity, and causality tests. The empirical findings explore that agriculture value-added in BRICS-T consolidates the country's ecological footprint prospects to grow that a 1% influence in agriculture enhances the BRICS-T ecological footprint level by 0.2201%. Moreover, a 1% augmentation in non-renewable energy and financial development leads to produce ecological footprint by 0.5507% and 0.0404%, respectively. While 0.7483% and 0.2248% reduction in ecological footprint is due to a 1% increase in forestry and renewable energy utilization, respectively, implying that these indicators significantly improve environmental quality in the long-run. On the other hand, the causality analysis discovered the subsistence of feedback effect between agriculture, financial development, and ecological footprint. Moreover, a growth hypothesis is observed from forest area, renewable, and non-renewable energy utilization to ecological footprint. Consistent with these findings, policymakers should encourage renewable energy utilization and strengthen the agriculture and financial sector to achieve sustainable development goals (SDGs 2, 7, and 13).
Muhammad Usman; Muhammad Sohail Amjad Makhdum. What abates ecological footprint in BRICS-T region? Exploring the influence of renewable energy, non-renewable energy, agriculture, forest area and financial development. Renewable Energy 2021, 179, 12 -28.
AMA StyleMuhammad Usman, Muhammad Sohail Amjad Makhdum. What abates ecological footprint in BRICS-T region? Exploring the influence of renewable energy, non-renewable energy, agriculture, forest area and financial development. Renewable Energy. 2021; 179 ():12-28.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMuhammad Usman; Muhammad Sohail Amjad Makhdum. 2021. "What abates ecological footprint in BRICS-T region? Exploring the influence of renewable energy, non-renewable energy, agriculture, forest area and financial development." Renewable Energy 179, no. : 12-28.
In the recent decade, the investigation of environmental degradation and its drivers has become a burning subject of dispute among the governments and their policymakers. However, various crucial drivers of environmental damages still have not been sufficiently analyzed in the existing literature. Considering this view, the current study investigates the impact of agricultural value-added, economic growth, non-renewable energy, renewable energy, and tourism on carbon dioxide emission (CO2) from 1995 to 2017 in South Asian countries. The results found that agricultural value-added, economic growth, non-renewable energy, and tourism sector development significantly increase the environmental degradation, depicting that these factors have a harmful contribution to the environmental quality. However, renewable energy consumption has some ability to improve the environmental quality in this region. Additionally, the results of the Dumitrescu and Hurlin casualty test confirm the feedback hypothesis between economic growth and carbon emissions. However, a conservation hypothesis exists between carbon emission, and agriculture and finally, the growth hypothesis is valid between tourism and carbon emissions. Consistent with these empirical findings, this article suggests some vital policy implications for South Asian countries to accomplish their sustainable development goals (SDGs).
Muhammad Usman; Sofia Anwar; Muhammad Rizwan Yaseen; Muhammad Sohail Amjad Makhdum; Rakhshanda Kousar; Atif Jahanger. Unveiling the dynamic relationship between agriculture value addition, energy utilization, tourism and environmental degradation in South Asia. Journal of Public Affairs 2021, e2712 .
AMA StyleMuhammad Usman, Sofia Anwar, Muhammad Rizwan Yaseen, Muhammad Sohail Amjad Makhdum, Rakhshanda Kousar, Atif Jahanger. Unveiling the dynamic relationship between agriculture value addition, energy utilization, tourism and environmental degradation in South Asia. Journal of Public Affairs. 2021; ():e2712.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMuhammad Usman; Sofia Anwar; Muhammad Rizwan Yaseen; Muhammad Sohail Amjad Makhdum; Rakhshanda Kousar; Atif Jahanger. 2021. "Unveiling the dynamic relationship between agriculture value addition, energy utilization, tourism and environmental degradation in South Asia." Journal of Public Affairs , no. : e2712.
The main purpose of this study is to explore the dynamic association between financial development, tourism, primary and renewable energy utilization, urbanization, and carbon emission by employing the longitudinal data of 52 countries from 1995 to 2017. Empirical results of panel pooled mean group-autoregressive distributive lag (PMG-ARDL) model reveal that financial development significantly improves the environmental quality in developed countries. However, it has a detrimental but insignificant effect on the environment in developing countries. In the case of developed countries, the profound tourism sector is more harmful to the environment due to a large number of tourist arrivals in contrast to the developing countries. There is a wide difference between developed and developing countries concerning industrial, regional, and economic structure, in the effect of financial and tourism development on carbon emission, but both urbanization and primary energy utilization promote carbon emissions. The utilization of renewable energy sources improves the environmental quality in both regions. Generally, it is suggested that investment in renewable energy resources in both regions affects pollution differently and still has the potential to accelerate environmental quality. Moreover, the panel causality test explores that there exists bidirectional causality between financial development, primary energy, and carbon emission in both regions, while a unidirectional causality is observed from urbanization to carbon emission in developed countries. In developing countries, it exists from tourism to carbon emission and carbon emission to renewable energy. Finally, from policy perspectives, the results of this research recommend developing the financial system, and more funds should be allocated in modern and eco-friendly energy projects and utilized energy-efficient technologies.
Muhammad Usman; Muhammad Rizwan Yaseen; Rakhshanda Kousar; Muhammad Sohail Amjad Makhdum. Modeling financial development, tourism, energy consumption, and environmental quality: Is there any discrepancy between developing and developed countries? Environmental Science and Pollution Research 2021, 1 -22.
AMA StyleMuhammad Usman, Muhammad Rizwan Yaseen, Rakhshanda Kousar, Muhammad Sohail Amjad Makhdum. Modeling financial development, tourism, energy consumption, and environmental quality: Is there any discrepancy between developing and developed countries? Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 2021; ():1-22.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMuhammad Usman; Muhammad Rizwan Yaseen; Rakhshanda Kousar; Muhammad Sohail Amjad Makhdum. 2021. "Modeling financial development, tourism, energy consumption, and environmental quality: Is there any discrepancy between developing and developed countries?" Environmental Science and Pollution Research , no. : 1-22.
The current study seeks to investigate both, the determinants of ecological footprint and economic growth to explore the effectiveness of financial development, renewable and non-renewable energy utilization in reducing the ecological footprint level and boost the economic growth during the period from 1990 to 2017 for 15 highest emitting countries. This study verifies the presence of cross-sectional dependency by utilizing second-generation tests for robust estimation. The results of augmented mean group (AMG) estimation approach revealed that financial development, renewable energy and trade openness significantly contribute to overcome the environmental degradation, while economic growth and non-renewable energy utilization are more responsible for the environmental damages. Moreover, in growth function, financial development, renewable and non-renewable energy utilization significantly promote the economic growth. Additionally, Dumitrescu and Hurlin (D-H) non-causality test revealed that there exists bidirectional causality between financial development, economic growth, renewable energy utilization and ecological footprint. However, unidirectional causality is running from non-renewable energy and trade openness to ecological footprint. Furthermore, in growth function, financial development and non-renewable energy confirm the feedback hypothesis and unidirectional causal relationship exists from economic growth to renewable energy and trade openness. Finally, some policy suggestions and future research directions are also discussed for these economies.
Muhammad Usman; Muhammad Sohail Amjad Makhdum; Rakhshanda Kousar. Does financial inclusion, renewable and non-renewable energy utilization accelerate ecological footprints and economic growth? Fresh evidence from 15 highest emitting countries. Sustainable Cities and Society 2020, 65, 102590 .
AMA StyleMuhammad Usman, Muhammad Sohail Amjad Makhdum, Rakhshanda Kousar. Does financial inclusion, renewable and non-renewable energy utilization accelerate ecological footprints and economic growth? Fresh evidence from 15 highest emitting countries. Sustainable Cities and Society. 2020; 65 ():102590.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMuhammad Usman; Muhammad Sohail Amjad Makhdum; Rakhshanda Kousar. 2020. "Does financial inclusion, renewable and non-renewable energy utilization accelerate ecological footprints and economic growth? Fresh evidence from 15 highest emitting countries." Sustainable Cities and Society 65, no. : 102590.
Background/Objective: The adoption of Information and communication technology (ICT) in developing countries is increasing during last two decades. This study explores the determinants of ICT adoption in 67 selected developing countries. Methods/Statistical analysis: Panel data was collected from World Bank and International telecommunication websites for the period of 2000 to 2018. This study explores the impact of access to electricity, ICT good imports, financial development index, GDP per capita, urban population, control of corruption and government effectiveness on ICT adoption. Selected developing countries are divided into four panels such as low income, lower middle, upper middle and high income countries. Pesaran CSD, Friedman CSD and Frees CSD tests are used to check the presence of cross-sectional dependency in the panel data. The results confirmed the presence of crosssectional dependency in the variables and hence CIPS second generation unit root test is used for stationarity. Kao test is used to check the long run cointegration among the variables. FMOLS is used for regression analysis. Findings: The regression results show the mixed findings in different panels. The results indicate that access to electricity is an important determinant of ICT adoption in low and lower middle income developing countries. ICT imports and Government effectiveness are among the significant determinants of ICT adoption in low, upper middle and high income developing countries. GDP per capita is an important variable for each panel. Urban population is found to enhance ICT adoption in lower middle and high income developing countries. It is recommended that Government should focus on these important determinants to increase the ICT adoption in selected developing countries. Novelty/Application: ICT development index is used as a dependent variable instead of components of ICT such as internet, mobile phone and computer penetration. New econometrics techniques and variables are used in analysis.
Zaheer Uddin Farooqi; Muhammad Rizwan Yaseen; Sofia Anwar; Muhammad Sohail Amjad Makhdum. Determinants of information and communication technology (ICT) adoption in developing countries. Indian Journal of Science and Technology 2020, 13, 4116 -4126.
AMA StyleZaheer Uddin Farooqi, Muhammad Rizwan Yaseen, Sofia Anwar, Muhammad Sohail Amjad Makhdum. Determinants of information and communication technology (ICT) adoption in developing countries. Indian Journal of Science and Technology. 2020; 13 (39):4116-4126.
Chicago/Turabian StyleZaheer Uddin Farooqi; Muhammad Rizwan Yaseen; Sofia Anwar; Muhammad Sohail Amjad Makhdum. 2020. "Determinants of information and communication technology (ICT) adoption in developing countries." Indian Journal of Science and Technology 13, no. 39: 4116-4126.
The similarities, differences, and contradictions regarding climate change adaptation and resilience by academics and practitioners have already been documented. It is the need of time to set new precedence by observing the adaptations and resilience as tools to respond to the climate variations. This study analyzed the influence of climate change adaptations and synergy between resilience from livelihood vulnerability and adaptations. A field survey of 489 farming households is conducted with the help of a well-structured questionnaire from four districts of the south part of Punjab province of Pakistan. This study uses the Endogenous Switching Regression model for the sake of analysis. The outcomes of the study reveal that age, education, family size, total land, and seed price have significant linkage with the adoption of adaptations. The synergistic effects of adaptation and resilience are also visible here as the adaptations factors are significantly contributing towards yield, per capita income, poverty, and poverty gap of the respondents. This study suggests the provision of proper education and smart technology to help in enhancing the adaptive capacity of farmers. More imperatively, adaptations to climate variations can be concluded as a remedial tool for resilient livelihood. It is believed that the present study can be considered as a guide for future research on other regions of Pakistan and neighboring countries.
Syed Asif Ali Naqvi; Rai Hasis Ul Hassan; Wenya Wu; Ashfaq Ahmad Shah; Muhammad Sohail Amjad Makhdum; Syed Ale Raza Shah. Synergy between adaptations and resilience of livelihood from climate change vulnerability: A group-wise comparison of adapters and non-adapters. PLoS ONE 2020, 15, e0236794 .
AMA StyleSyed Asif Ali Naqvi, Rai Hasis Ul Hassan, Wenya Wu, Ashfaq Ahmad Shah, Muhammad Sohail Amjad Makhdum, Syed Ale Raza Shah. Synergy between adaptations and resilience of livelihood from climate change vulnerability: A group-wise comparison of adapters and non-adapters. PLoS ONE. 2020; 15 (8):e0236794.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSyed Asif Ali Naqvi; Rai Hasis Ul Hassan; Wenya Wu; Ashfaq Ahmad Shah; Muhammad Sohail Amjad Makhdum; Syed Ale Raza Shah. 2020. "Synergy between adaptations and resilience of livelihood from climate change vulnerability: A group-wise comparison of adapters and non-adapters." PLoS ONE 15, no. 8: e0236794.
This study establishes a long-run relationship between ecological footprint, financial development, energy utilization, and tourism in 20 highest emitting economies under the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) framework by utilizing the longitudinal data covering the period from 1995 to 2017. In the procedure of panel data estimation, conventional methodologies usually overlook the problem of cross-sectional dependence and heterogeneity across cross-sections. The other concern linked to the published literature is that only a small number of studies have estimated the effect of financial development and tourism on the environment in the presence of EKC framework simultaneously, even though these sectors have potentially substantial impact on environmental quality. To bridge these analyzed gaps, this study employs two different unit root tests: Cross-section Augmented Dickey Fuller (CADF) and Cross-section Augmented Im, Pesaran and Shin (CIPS) to confirm that the series are stationary at first difference after confirming the cross-sectional dependency. Westerlund cointegration test applied to confirm the long-run association among variables. Augmented mean group (AMG) results discovered that financial development and the energy utilization significantly enhance the pollution level, while tourism sector reduces the environmental deficit. Moreover, these findings do not validate the EKC hypothesis. Based on the empirical findings, multiple policy implications are suggested to control and reduce the environmental degradation without hindering economic growth and development for the underlying highest emitting countries.
Muhammad Usman; Rakhshanda Kousar; Muhammad Sohail Amjad Makhdum. The role of financial development, tourism, and energy utilization in environmental deficit: evidence from 20 highest emitting economies. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 2020, 27, 42980 -42995.
AMA StyleMuhammad Usman, Rakhshanda Kousar, Muhammad Sohail Amjad Makhdum. The role of financial development, tourism, and energy utilization in environmental deficit: evidence from 20 highest emitting economies. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 2020; 27 (34):42980-42995.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMuhammad Usman; Rakhshanda Kousar; Muhammad Sohail Amjad Makhdum. 2020. "The role of financial development, tourism, and energy utilization in environmental deficit: evidence from 20 highest emitting economies." Environmental Science and Pollution Research 27, no. 34: 42980-42995.
This study investigates the causal connection between economic growth, foreign direct investment, primary and renewable energy utilization, trade openness, and ecological footprint for 33 upper-middle-income countries (UMICs) from Africa, Asia, Europe, and America during the period from 1994 to 2017. Initially, first- as well as second-generation panel unit root tests are applied to check the integration order after confirming the cross-sectional dependency and heterogeneity. Four different tests (FMOLS, DOLS, FGLS, and AMG) are applied to estimate the long-run elasticity, whereas Dumitrescu and Hurlin (D-H) non-causality test is used to test growth, conservation, and feedback hypothesis. Results show negative relationship of economic growth on ecological footprint in Africa and Europe; renewable energy utilization in Asia, Europe, and America; and trade openness in Asia. Moreover, the results revealed an adverse impact of trade openness on ecological footprint in case of Africa and America. Furthermore, the results of D-H panel non-causality test confirm the growth hypothesis for economic growth to ecological footprint in Africa, Asia, and Europe; foreign direct investment to ecological footprint in Africa and Asia; primary energy utilization to ecological footprint in Asia; renewable energy utilization to ecological footprint in America; and trade openness to ecological footprint in Africa, Asia, and America. Furthermore, the feedback hypothesis was confirmed between economic growth and ecological footprint in Asia and Europe; foreign direct investment and ecological footprint in Africa and Asia; renewable energy utilization and ecological footprint for America; and trade openness and ecological footprint for Asia and America. Finally, in context to efficient policy implications, it is suggested to associate the economic growth with clean energy and environment-friendly technologies by expanding the share of renewable energy in America and economic growth in Africa and Europe. Furthermore, Asian policy makers need to focus on foreign direct investment and trade openness by using green energy to overcome the environmental degradation. Impulsion with these findings, the central authorities of UMICs need to focus on more investments in environmental quality not only through foreign direct investment but also exchanging their clean energy technologies through trade policies such as tax exemption, feed-in tariffs, and subsidies. Government of these countries ought to upgrade the conventional capital which will ultimately improve the human lives by providing clean environment.
Muhammad Usman; Rakhshanda Kousar; Muhammad Rizwan Yaseen; Muhammad Sohail Amjad Makhdum. An empirical nexus between economic growth, energy utilization, trade policy, and ecological footprint: a continent-wise comparison in upper-middle-income countries. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 2020, 27, 38995 -39018.
AMA StyleMuhammad Usman, Rakhshanda Kousar, Muhammad Rizwan Yaseen, Muhammad Sohail Amjad Makhdum. An empirical nexus between economic growth, energy utilization, trade policy, and ecological footprint: a continent-wise comparison in upper-middle-income countries. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 2020; 27 (31):38995-39018.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMuhammad Usman; Rakhshanda Kousar; Muhammad Rizwan Yaseen; Muhammad Sohail Amjad Makhdum. 2020. "An empirical nexus between economic growth, energy utilization, trade policy, and ecological footprint: a continent-wise comparison in upper-middle-income countries." Environmental Science and Pollution Research 27, no. 31: 38995-39018.
The aim of this study is to analyze the impact of trade openness and human capital on economic growth in 19 Asian countries from 1985 to 2017. We selected two geographically distributed regions (Western and Southern Asia) based on difference in their GDP per capita. We applied the unit root tests to examine the level of stationarity and found that all variables were integrated at first difference. Kao and Fisher cointegration tests were employed and the results revealed the presence of a long-run relationship. We applied fully modified ordinary least square (FMOLS) and dynamic ordinary least square (DOLS) models to check the magnitude of the long-run coefficients among trade openness, human capital and economic growth. To investigate the direction of causality, we used a Dumitrescu and Hurlin (DH) causality test. The results indicated that trade openness and human capital have a significant and positive relationship while labor force participation has a negative effect on economic growth in Southern Asia, and in the case of Western Asia, the impact is positive. Foreign direct investment (FDI) has a negative and significant impact on GDP per capita (GDPPC) in Western Asia while it is positive and significant in Southern Asia; Total population (TPOP) has a negative impact on GDPPC in both regions. Furthermore, human capital has a positive and significant impact on trade openness in both panels. Meanwhile, labor force participation (LFP) has a positive and significant impact on trade openness in Southern Asia and a negative impact in the case of Western Asia. Trade openness and economic growth have bidirectional causality in Western Asia and unidirectional causality in Southern Asia. It also shows that human capital and economic growth have unidirectional causality in both regions.
Rabail Amna Intisar; Muhammad Rizwan Yaseen; Rakhshanda Kousar; Muhammad Usman; Muhammad Sohail Amjad Makhdum. Impact of Trade Openness and Human Capital on Economic Growth: A Comparative Investigation of Asian Countries. Sustainability 2020, 12, 2930 .
AMA StyleRabail Amna Intisar, Muhammad Rizwan Yaseen, Rakhshanda Kousar, Muhammad Usman, Muhammad Sohail Amjad Makhdum. Impact of Trade Openness and Human Capital on Economic Growth: A Comparative Investigation of Asian Countries. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (7):2930.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRabail Amna Intisar; Muhammad Rizwan Yaseen; Rakhshanda Kousar; Muhammad Usman; Muhammad Sohail Amjad Makhdum. 2020. "Impact of Trade Openness and Human Capital on Economic Growth: A Comparative Investigation of Asian Countries." Sustainability 12, no. 7: 2930.
This study weighed the impact of infrastructure on economic growth for the BRICS countries. To pull through this study two different models have been used. For exigency regarding our objectives, data of 36 ranging from 1981 -2016 years has been conjured up for the BRICS countries. The findings of this study have brought forth the theory from the oblivion that transport infrastructure and telecommunication infrastructure brings about positive impact on economic growth as compare to energy infrastructure. Nevertheless the policymakers of BRIC countries ought to have pondered over the policies of physical as well as social infrastructure. This study also promulgates that in these new times where technology leads the way, there is a dire need to put the might of policymakers behind the telecommunication infrastructure as the future will draw opulence in this sector. Šiame dokumente buvo įvertintas infrastruktūros poveikis BRICS šalių ekonominim augimui. Taip pat išanalizuoti priežastiniai ryšiai tarp infrastruktūros plėtros ir ekonominio augimo. Šiam tikslui pasiekti buvo naudojami du skirtingi modeliai bei naudoti 1981–2016 metų duomenys. Analizei atlikti buvo pritaikytas ARDL modelis. Šio tyrimo išvados parodė, kad transporto ir telekomunikacijų infrastruktūra daro teigiamą poveikį ekonomikos augimui, palyginti su energetikos infrastruktūra. Tyrimo rezultatai atskleidė, kad būtina sukurti politiką, kuri pagerintų fizinę ir socialinę infrastruktūrą. Šiais naujais laikais, kai technologijos rodo pavyzdį, ypatingas dėmesys turėtų būti skiriamas telekomunikacijų infrastruktūrai.
Bilal Hussain; Syed Asif Ali Naqvi; Muhammad Sohail Amjad. INFLUENCE OF INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT ON ECONOMIC GROWTH IN BRICS COUNTRIES. Management Theory and Studies for Rural Business and Infrastructure Development 2019, 41, 305 -317.
AMA StyleBilal Hussain, Syed Asif Ali Naqvi, Muhammad Sohail Amjad. INFLUENCE OF INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT ON ECONOMIC GROWTH IN BRICS COUNTRIES. Management Theory and Studies for Rural Business and Infrastructure Development. 2019; 41 (3):305-317.
Chicago/Turabian StyleBilal Hussain; Syed Asif Ali Naqvi; Muhammad Sohail Amjad. 2019. "INFLUENCE OF INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT ON ECONOMIC GROWTH IN BRICS COUNTRIES." Management Theory and Studies for Rural Business and Infrastructure Development 41, no. 3: 305-317.
The livelihood of the people in the Himalayan range of Pakistan is largely dependent on the cultivation of fruits. Apricot and apple are the major fruits of this region, which are marketed throughout the country and also exported to other countries. Due to high perishability and the poor farm-to-market infrastructure in the region, farmers are unable to get maximum returns. This study was conducted keeping in view the importance of the region and the impacts of fruits on the livelihood of the farmhands. Cross-sectional data from 200 respondents were collected through a multistage random sampling technique. Factor analysis was employed to find out the constraint in the apricot production and propensity score matching estimates were employed to see the impact of apricot production on the farming communities in the study area. The results of the factor analysis show the most important group of constraints in the growth of the apricot industry is awareness, which is an internal factor. This is followed by production, policy, and marketing constraints. The least important is processing technology. Furthermore, the results show that apricot production has a significant positive impact on decreasing the poverty level of the household, depicting a great potential for the development of resilient livelihoods.
Rakhshanda Kousar; Muhammad Sohail Amjad Makhdum; Azhar Abbas; Javaria Nasir; Muhammad Asad Ur Rehman Naseer. Issues and Impacts of the Apricot Value Chain on the Upland Farmers in the Himalayan Range of Pakistan. Sustainability 2019, 11, 4482 .
AMA StyleRakhshanda Kousar, Muhammad Sohail Amjad Makhdum, Azhar Abbas, Javaria Nasir, Muhammad Asad Ur Rehman Naseer. Issues and Impacts of the Apricot Value Chain on the Upland Farmers in the Himalayan Range of Pakistan. Sustainability. 2019; 11 (16):4482.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRakhshanda Kousar; Muhammad Sohail Amjad Makhdum; Azhar Abbas; Javaria Nasir; Muhammad Asad Ur Rehman Naseer. 2019. "Issues and Impacts of the Apricot Value Chain on the Upland Farmers in the Himalayan Range of Pakistan." Sustainability 11, no. 16: 4482.
PurposeThe study in hand estimated the determinants of household spending on education and nutrition. Education and nutrition are noteworthy elements for human development and welfare. Separate estimates are being provided for male and female as gender determines household welfare and gender based analysis of household spending evaluates the aptitude of decision power as well as measures their influential role in human welfare. Design/methodology/approachFruits, milk and dairy products are taken as proxy of substantial portion of nutrition.The study used primary urban household level data that collected from Faisalabad city. We employed Double Hurdle Model. FindingsThe findings of the study show that females more likely to spend on education. Household size and number of children negatively determine the household spending on education and nutrition. Number of employed household members, level of income and education are positively associated with household spending on education and nutrition by male and female-headed households. A very low public spending on education and nutrition have led to upsurge the hurdles of households in the Pakistan. Practical implicationsThe study recommends that government should provide the employment opportunities, especially for females for stable and increased household income that leads to improve the household welfare.Originality/valueSeveral studies have examined the education spending (Mbanefohet al., 1997; IchokuandLeibbrandt, 2003; Donkoh andAmikuzuno, 2011; Cisse, 2011), but these studies ignored to investigate the gender role and household spending on nutrition and education. This study is crucial in drawing suitable policy recommendations for household welfare. This study filled the gaps and scrutinized the issues that interrelated with household spending.
Rakshananda Kousar; Tahira Sadaf; Muhammad Sohail Amjad Makhdum; Ayesha Ijaz. Determinants of household’s education and nutrition spending. Humanomics 2017, 33, 470 -483.
AMA StyleRakshananda Kousar, Tahira Sadaf, Muhammad Sohail Amjad Makhdum, Ayesha Ijaz. Determinants of household’s education and nutrition spending. Humanomics. 2017; 33 (4):470-483.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRakshananda Kousar; Tahira Sadaf; Muhammad Sohail Amjad Makhdum; Ayesha Ijaz. 2017. "Determinants of household’s education and nutrition spending." Humanomics 33, no. 4: 470-483.