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A kinetic study was performed to determine the kinetics of hemicellulose (xylan) hydrolysis during subcritical hydrothermal pretreatment of OPFPF. The trend of xylan conversion was observed over 40-min treatment time at two different conditions: without CO2 addition at four different temperatures (170, 180, 190, and 200 °C), and with CO2 addition of 0.5 and 1 MPa at 180 °C. Experimental data obtained was subsequently fitted into the selected first-order kinetic model. It was demonstrated that the experimental data was comparable to the predicted values, indicating the suitability of the chosen model for quantitative interpretation of the experimental results. In addition, the reaction rate was found to improve with the rise of temperature and the presence of CO2, as indicated by the increasing values of reaction rate constants, k. The relationship between k and temperature was successfully established through Arrhenius equation, where the activation energies for xylan conversion were found in the range of 43.49 to 170.16 kJ/mol. Based on the results, subcritical pretreatment of OPFPF at 180 °C and 0.5 MPa CO2 was suggested suitable for high glucose recovery from OPFPF due to high xylan removal rate and low generation of hydrolysis byproduct which is beneficial for successful saccharification and fermentation. This study provides knowledge in the kinetics of xylan autohydrolysis in oil palm frond, and hence could contribute in the process design for recovery of glucose and hemicellulose derivatives such as XOS and furfural from oil palm residues.
Siti Jamilah Hanim Mohd Yusof; Ahmad Muhaimin Roslan; Mohd Rafein Zakaria; Mohd Ali Hassan; Yoshihito Shirai. Kinetics of Xylan Autohydrolysis During Subcritical Hydrothermal Pretreatment of Oil Palm Frond Pressed Fiber. BioEnergy Research 2021, 1 -15.
AMA StyleSiti Jamilah Hanim Mohd Yusof, Ahmad Muhaimin Roslan, Mohd Rafein Zakaria, Mohd Ali Hassan, Yoshihito Shirai. Kinetics of Xylan Autohydrolysis During Subcritical Hydrothermal Pretreatment of Oil Palm Frond Pressed Fiber. BioEnergy Research. 2021; ():1-15.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSiti Jamilah Hanim Mohd Yusof; Ahmad Muhaimin Roslan; Mohd Rafein Zakaria; Mohd Ali Hassan; Yoshihito Shirai. 2021. "Kinetics of Xylan Autohydrolysis During Subcritical Hydrothermal Pretreatment of Oil Palm Frond Pressed Fiber." BioEnergy Research , no. : 1-15.
Biodiesel or known as fatty acid methyl ester (FAME), is a diesel fuel substitute derived from the transesterification reaction of triglycerides with alcohol in the presence of suitable catalyst. The demand for biodiesel is increasing due to environmental and health awareness, as well as diminishing energy security. However, the presence of impurities in biodiesel will affect engine performance by corroding fuel tubes and damaging the injectors. Common methods for the purification of biodiesel include water washing, dry washing and membrane separation. This mini review compares the technological advancement for efficient enhancement of biodiesel and glycerol refining between wet washing, dry washing (activated compound, biomass-based adsorbents and silica-based adsorbents), ion exchange and membrane separation technology. The percentage of glycerol residues, soap, alcohol and catalyst from crude biodiesel was compared to reflect the resulting biodiesel purity variation. The advantages and disadvantages of each method were also discussed.
Nurhani Jariah; Mohd Hassan; Yun Taufiq-Yap; Ahmad Roslan. Technological Advancement for Efficiency Enhancement of Biodiesel and Residual Glycerol Refining: A Mini Review. Processes 2021, 9, 1198 .
AMA StyleNurhani Jariah, Mohd Hassan, Yun Taufiq-Yap, Ahmad Roslan. Technological Advancement for Efficiency Enhancement of Biodiesel and Residual Glycerol Refining: A Mini Review. Processes. 2021; 9 (7):1198.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNurhani Jariah; Mohd Hassan; Yun Taufiq-Yap; Ahmad Roslan. 2021. "Technological Advancement for Efficiency Enhancement of Biodiesel and Residual Glycerol Refining: A Mini Review." Processes 9, no. 7: 1198.
This study provides insight into the decolorization strategy for crude glycerol obtained from biodiesel production using waste cooking oil as raw material. A sequential procedure that includes physico-chemical treatment and adsorption using activated carbon from oil palm biomass was investigated. The results evidenced decolorization and enrichment of glycerol go hand in hand during the treatment, achieving >89% color removal and > 98% increase in glycerol content, turning the glycerol into a clear (colorless) solution. This is attributed to the complete removal of methanol, free fatty acids, and triglycerides, as well as 85% removal of water, and 93% removal of potassium. Properties of the resultant glycerol met the quality standard of BS 2621:1979. The economic aspects of the proposed methods are examined to fully construct a predesign budgetary estimation according to chemical engineering principles. The starting capital is proportionate to the number of physical assets to acquire where both entail a considerable cost at USD 13,200. Having the benefit of sizeable scale production, it reasonably reduces the operating cost per unit product. As productivity sets at 33 m3 per annum, the annual operating costs amount to USD 79,902 in glycerol decolorization. This is translatable to USD 5.38 per liter glycerol, which is ~69% lower compared to using commercial activated carbon.
Mohammed Abdillah Ahmad Farid; Mohd Ali Hassan; Ahmad Muhaimin Roslan; Hidayah Ariffin; Mohd Nor Faiz Norrrahim; Mohd Ridzuan Othman; Shirai Yoshihito. Improving the decolorization of glycerol by adsorption using activated carbon derived from oil palm biomass. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 2021, 28, 27976 -27987.
AMA StyleMohammed Abdillah Ahmad Farid, Mohd Ali Hassan, Ahmad Muhaimin Roslan, Hidayah Ariffin, Mohd Nor Faiz Norrrahim, Mohd Ridzuan Othman, Shirai Yoshihito. Improving the decolorization of glycerol by adsorption using activated carbon derived from oil palm biomass. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 2021; 28 (22):27976-27987.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMohammed Abdillah Ahmad Farid; Mohd Ali Hassan; Ahmad Muhaimin Roslan; Hidayah Ariffin; Mohd Nor Faiz Norrrahim; Mohd Ridzuan Othman; Shirai Yoshihito. 2021. "Improving the decolorization of glycerol by adsorption using activated carbon derived from oil palm biomass." Environmental Science and Pollution Research 28, no. 22: 27976-27987.
This study developed hybrid briquettes using corncobs and the bark of oil palm trunk (OPTB). The objective was to assess the performance of the briquettes in a cooking application as a potential fuel source for domestic utilization. Corncob was mixed with OPTB in ratios of 100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75 and 0:100 by weight, and wastepaper pulp (10% by weight) was added to each mixture as the binder. The mixtures were densified manually at room temperature using a 20-tonne hydraulic piston press under a ≤7 MPa compaction pressure. The calorific value of the briquettes was determined by a bomb calorimeter, while other fuel properties were determined by proximate and ultimate analysis. The briquettes’ performance was evaluated by a water boiling test, and gaseous emission was determined and reported based carbon-dioxide equivalent (CO2e). Results showed that the volatile matter, ash content, and calorific value increased with the increase in OPTB in the ratios while fixed carbon decreased. Additionally, briquettes produced from ratios 50:50 and 25:75 were similar in values based on the total time taken to ignite briquettes and boil 1 L of water (17.54 min and 17.13 min), fuel burning rate (0.69 kg/h and 0.70 kg/h) and specific fuel consumption (0.16 kg/l and 0.15 kg/l). However, ratio 50:50 performed better in terms of thermal fuel efficiency (17.25%) and produced less ash during combustion and thus, is considered the optimum combination. Greenhouse gas emission of all briquettes ranged from 241 to 281 gCO2e. The results suggest the possibility of producing briquettes with adequate fuel properties for combustion from a blend of corncobs and OPTB. The calorific value and performance of the hybrid briquettes have confirmed and justified the use of OPTB, which have previously not been used for briquette production, thus making a novel contribution to biomass options. The study shows a means of reducing waste, energy shortages, and indoor air pollution in rural communities in Nigeria. Overall, the hybrid briquettes are sustainable, environmentally friendly and cost-efficient compared to fossil fuels.
Sunday Yusuf Kpalo; Mohamad Faiz Zainuddin; Latifah Abd Manaf; Ahmad Muhaimin Roslan. Evaluation of hybrid briquettes from corncob and oil palm trunk bark in a domestic cooking application for rural communities in Nigeria. Journal of Cleaner Production 2020, 284, 124745 .
AMA StyleSunday Yusuf Kpalo, Mohamad Faiz Zainuddin, Latifah Abd Manaf, Ahmad Muhaimin Roslan. Evaluation of hybrid briquettes from corncob and oil palm trunk bark in a domestic cooking application for rural communities in Nigeria. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2020; 284 ():124745.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSunday Yusuf Kpalo; Mohamad Faiz Zainuddin; Latifah Abd Manaf; Ahmad Muhaimin Roslan. 2020. "Evaluation of hybrid briquettes from corncob and oil palm trunk bark in a domestic cooking application for rural communities in Nigeria." Journal of Cleaner Production 284, no. : 124745.
Growing global demand and utilization of fossil fuels has elevated wealth creation, increased adverse impacts of climate change from greenhouse gases (GHGs) emissions, and endangered public health. In most developing countries, biomass wastes, which include but are not limited to agricultural residues, are produced in large quantities annually. They are either inefficiently used or disposed of indiscriminately, which threatens the environment. It is possible to convert these wastes, through densification, into high-density and energy-efficient briquettes. Densification of biomass into briquettes presents a renewable energy option as an alternative to fossil fuels. This paper reviews biomass briquetting with reference to biomass resources, feedstock pre-processing, briquetting process parameters, briquetting technology, and briquettes quality evaluation parameters. The review also includes the economic aspect of briquetting relating to costs and feasibility.
Sunday Yusuf Kpalo; Mohamad Faiz Zainuddin; Latifah Abd Manaf; Ahmad Muhaimin Roslan. A Review of Technical and Economic Aspects of Biomass Briquetting. Sustainability 2020, 12, 4609 .
AMA StyleSunday Yusuf Kpalo, Mohamad Faiz Zainuddin, Latifah Abd Manaf, Ahmad Muhaimin Roslan. A Review of Technical and Economic Aspects of Biomass Briquetting. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (11):4609.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSunday Yusuf Kpalo; Mohamad Faiz Zainuddin; Latifah Abd Manaf; Ahmad Muhaimin Roslan. 2020. "A Review of Technical and Economic Aspects of Biomass Briquetting." Sustainability 12, no. 11: 4609.
Phytoremediation is one of the environmental-friendly and cost-effective systems for the treatment of wastewater, including industrial wastewater such as palm oil mill effluent final discharge (POME FD). However, the effects of the wastewater on the phytoremediator plants, in term of growth performance, lignocellulosic composition, and the presence of nutrients and heavy metals in the plants are not yet well studied. In the present work, we demonstrated that POME FD increased the growth of P. purpureum. The height increment of P. purpureum supplied with POME FD (treatment) was 61.72% as compared to those supplied with rain water (control) which was 14.42%. For lignocellulosic composition, the cellulose percentages were 38.77 ± 0.29% (treatment) and 34.16 ± 1.01% (control), and the difference was significant. These results indicated that POME FD could be a source of plant nutrients, which P. purpureum can absorb for growth. It was also found that the heavy metals (Al, As, Cd, Co, Cr, Ni and Pb) inside the plant were below the standard limit of the World Health Organization (WHO). Since POME FD was shown to have no adverse effects on P. purpureum, further research regarding the potential application of P. purpureum following phytoremediation of POME FD such as biofuel production is warranted to evaluate its potential use to fit into the waste-to-wealth agenda.
Nurul Atiqah Osman; Farhana Aziz Ujang; Ahmad Muhaimin Roslan; Mohamad Faizal Ibrahim; Mohd Ali Hassan. The effect of Palm Oil Mill Effluent Final Discharge on the Characteristics of Pennisetum purpureum. Scientific Reports 2020, 10, 1 -10.
AMA StyleNurul Atiqah Osman, Farhana Aziz Ujang, Ahmad Muhaimin Roslan, Mohamad Faizal Ibrahim, Mohd Ali Hassan. The effect of Palm Oil Mill Effluent Final Discharge on the Characteristics of Pennisetum purpureum. Scientific Reports. 2020; 10 (1):1-10.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNurul Atiqah Osman; Farhana Aziz Ujang; Ahmad Muhaimin Roslan; Mohamad Faizal Ibrahim; Mohd Ali Hassan. 2020. "The effect of Palm Oil Mill Effluent Final Discharge on the Characteristics of Pennisetum purpureum." Scientific Reports 10, no. 1: 1-10.
To promote the growth of the biodiesel industry, many countries have started allocating initial inducements to start-up companies to set up the infrastructure for its production facilities. Thus, comprehensive economic assessments are vital to keeping businesses on the right track in the long run. In this present study, net energy ratio (NER) and macroeconomic assessment are investigated using actual data obtained from biodiesel production from waste cooking oil (WCO) by using a semi-industrial plant. The fuel quality produced has complied with the European Biodiesel Standard (EN 14214) and the net energy ratio (NER) calculated was positive, which, in other words, epitomized a competent-designed production practice. Concerning mass balance, 74.3% of biodiesel, 24.0% of by-product glycerol and 8.9% soap were measured. By applying these as baseline values for scale-up production of 3.68 kt per annum, projected values of total production costs, selling price of B10 fuel, net present value (NPV) and internal rate of return (IRR) were USD 1.78 million, USD 0.47/kg, USD 1.43 million and 60%, respectively. In summary, these projected values are suggestively lucrative, offering strong business growth for 10 years and capable of withstanding the variations of plant capacity and raw material price.
Mohammed Abdillah Ahmad Farid; Ahmad Muhaimin Roslan; Mohd Ali Hassan; Muhamad Yusuf Hasan; Mohd Ridzuan Othman; Yoshihito Shirai. Net energy and techno-economic assessment of biodiesel production from waste cooking oil using a semi-industrial plant: A Malaysia perspective. Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments 2020, 39, 100700 .
AMA StyleMohammed Abdillah Ahmad Farid, Ahmad Muhaimin Roslan, Mohd Ali Hassan, Muhamad Yusuf Hasan, Mohd Ridzuan Othman, Yoshihito Shirai. Net energy and techno-economic assessment of biodiesel production from waste cooking oil using a semi-industrial plant: A Malaysia perspective. Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments. 2020; 39 ():100700.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMohammed Abdillah Ahmad Farid; Ahmad Muhaimin Roslan; Mohd Ali Hassan; Muhamad Yusuf Hasan; Mohd Ridzuan Othman; Yoshihito Shirai. 2020. "Net energy and techno-economic assessment of biodiesel production from waste cooking oil using a semi-industrial plant: A Malaysia perspective." Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments 39, no. : 100700.
The objective of this research was to investigate the quality of hybrid briquettes developed from corncobs (CC) and oil palm trunk bark (OPTB) under a low-pressure densification technique. The materials were combined in varying ratios of CC to OPTB (100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75, 0:100) and wastepaper pulp (10% by weight) was added to each mixture as a binder. The briquettes were produced using a manually operated 20-tonne hydraulic piston press at 28 °C temperature and ≤7 MPa compaction pressure. The mechanical strength of the briquettes was determined by the drop test and compression test methods, while a bomb calorimeter was used to determine the calorific values. The results showed that the physical properties of hybrid briquettes ranged from 9.24–10.00% moisture content, 0.38–0.40 g/cm3 density, and 87.60%–92.00% water resistance. Mechanical strength showed a 98.28%–99.08% shatter index and 18.47–21.75 MPa compressive strength, while calorific values ranged from 16.54–16.91 MJ/kg. The hybrid briquettes fared better than the CC briquettes. The significance of this study lies in the production of briquettes with suitable physical, mechanical and thermal properties by utilizing OPTB which have hitherto not been used, mixed with corncobs. This could bring substantial environmental and socio-economic benefits to rural communities of the developing countries.
Sunday Yusuf Kpalo; Mohamad Faiz Zainuddin; Latifah Abd Manaf; Ahmad Muhaimin Roslan. Production and Characterization of Hybrid Briquettes from Corncobs and Oil Palm Trunk Bark under a Low Pressure Densification Technique. Sustainability 2020, 12, 2468 .
AMA StyleSunday Yusuf Kpalo, Mohamad Faiz Zainuddin, Latifah Abd Manaf, Ahmad Muhaimin Roslan. Production and Characterization of Hybrid Briquettes from Corncobs and Oil Palm Trunk Bark under a Low Pressure Densification Technique. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (6):2468.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSunday Yusuf Kpalo; Mohamad Faiz Zainuddin; Latifah Abd Manaf; Ahmad Muhaimin Roslan. 2020. "Production and Characterization of Hybrid Briquettes from Corncobs and Oil Palm Trunk Bark under a Low Pressure Densification Technique." Sustainability 12, no. 6: 2468.
Biomass carbonization technology is implemented to produce charcoal with high-calorific content. However, this technology releases pollutant gases, which adversely affect ambient environment and human health. This study proposed a catalytic gas treatment method using platinum-supported alumina catalyst (Pt/γ-Al2O3) for carbon monoxide emission reduction in oil palm empty fruit bunch carbonization. Carbonization released a rather high carbon monoxide concentration of 5558 ± 53 mg m−3 in the flue gas, exceeding the permissible limit of 1000 mg m−3. At 2.5 wt% of catalyst dosage, the carbon monoxide emission substantially was reduced to 595 ± 9 mg m−3, achieving 89.3% carbon monoxide removal efficiency. This was due to oxidation by the platinum-supported alumina catalyst (Pt/γ-Al2O3), which was done at low temperature, thus transforming carbon monoxide into carbon dioxide. The catalyst demonstrated reusability, attaining >80% carbon monoxide removal efficiency for 5 consecutive carbonization cycles. The biochar produced contained a high energy content of 24.6 ± 0.7 MJ kg−1, which was suitable to be used as a coal substitute.
Mohammed Abdillah Ahmad Farid; Mohd Ali Hassan; Ahmad Muhaimin Roslan; Mohd Hafif Samsudin; Zarry Jay Jay Mohamad; Mohd Ridzuan Othman; Yoshihito Shirai. Carbon monoxide reduction in the flue gas during biochar production from oil palm empty fruit bunch. Journal of Cleaner Production 2020, 258, 120580 .
AMA StyleMohammed Abdillah Ahmad Farid, Mohd Ali Hassan, Ahmad Muhaimin Roslan, Mohd Hafif Samsudin, Zarry Jay Jay Mohamad, Mohd Ridzuan Othman, Yoshihito Shirai. Carbon monoxide reduction in the flue gas during biochar production from oil palm empty fruit bunch. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2020; 258 ():120580.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMohammed Abdillah Ahmad Farid; Mohd Ali Hassan; Ahmad Muhaimin Roslan; Mohd Hafif Samsudin; Zarry Jay Jay Mohamad; Mohd Ridzuan Othman; Yoshihito Shirai. 2020. "Carbon monoxide reduction in the flue gas during biochar production from oil palm empty fruit bunch." Journal of Cleaner Production 258, no. : 120580.
A study was conducted to estimate the possible environmental impacts arising from the generation of bioethanol from oil palm frond sugar juice in a theoretical oil palm based biorefinery model. A life cycle assessment (LCA) with the gate-to-gate approach was performed with the aid of SimaPro version 8.0 whereby ten impact categories were evaluated. The scope included frond collection and transportation, frond sugar juice extraction, and bioethanol fermentation and purification. Evaluation on the processes involved indicated that fermentation contributed to the environmental problems the most, with a contribution range of 52% to 97% for all the impact categories. This was due to a substantial usage of nutrient during this process, which consumes high energy for its production thus contributing a significant burden to the surrounding. Nevertheless, the present system offers a great option for biofuel generation as it utilizes sugar juice from the readily available oil palm waste. Not only solving the issue of land utilization for feedstock cultivation, the enzymatic saccharification step, which commonly necessary for lignocellulosic sugar recovery could also be eliminated.
Siti Jamilah Hanim Mohd Yusof; Ahmad Muhaimin Roslan; Khairul Nadiah Ibrahim; Sharifah Soplah Syed Abdullah; Mohd Rafein Zakaria; Mohd Ali Hassan; Yoshihito Shirai. Life Cycle Assessment for Bioethanol Production from Oil Palm Frond Juice in an Oil Palm Based Biorefinery. Sustainability 2019, 11, 6928 .
AMA StyleSiti Jamilah Hanim Mohd Yusof, Ahmad Muhaimin Roslan, Khairul Nadiah Ibrahim, Sharifah Soplah Syed Abdullah, Mohd Rafein Zakaria, Mohd Ali Hassan, Yoshihito Shirai. Life Cycle Assessment for Bioethanol Production from Oil Palm Frond Juice in an Oil Palm Based Biorefinery. Sustainability. 2019; 11 (24):6928.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSiti Jamilah Hanim Mohd Yusof; Ahmad Muhaimin Roslan; Khairul Nadiah Ibrahim; Sharifah Soplah Syed Abdullah; Mohd Rafein Zakaria; Mohd Ali Hassan; Yoshihito Shirai. 2019. "Life Cycle Assessment for Bioethanol Production from Oil Palm Frond Juice in an Oil Palm Based Biorefinery." Sustainability 11, no. 24: 6928.
Achieving a more sustainable wastewater treatment plant has never been so important. Issues around energy consumption and pollutants removal efficiency are of growing importance in the context of production costs and pollution control. In the palm oil industry, more than 85% mills are managing their palm oil mill effluent (POME) via lagoons, yet the system considered less effective as the quality of the effluent hardly achieved the permissible limits. It is therefore in the best interest of the industry to employ a better practice. Convective sludge drying (CSD) has been shown to have exceptional efficiency in high-strength wastewater treatment. In this study, CSD epitomized the zero-emission of POME treatment due to the fact that; 1) It operates on low-grade steam discharged by the mill instead of electricity, leading to a huge cut on energy consumption, 2) Production of secondary micronutrients-enriched solids by-product (i.e., calcium and magnesium) that can be repurposed as fertilizer, and 3) The decoction produced can potentially be reused to irrigate the existing oil palm plantation for nutrient cycling. The treatment resulted in substantial removal of the chemical oxygen demand (COD), biological oxygen demand (BOD), suspended solids (SS), ammoniacal nitrogen (AN), and oil and grease (OG) down to 2 mg/L, 67.7 mg/L, 40.0 mg/L, <0.01 mg/L, and 99% of BOD, COD, SS, OG, and AN removal efficiency. The operating cost was valued at USD 1.91 per m3 POME. The pilot-scale operation proved CSD is a viable alternative to the lagoons.
Mohammed Abdillah Ahmad Farid; Ahmad Muhaimin Roslan; Mohd Ali Hassan; Farhana Aziz Ujang; Zarry Mohamad; Muhamad Yusuf Hasan; Shirai Yoshihito. Convective sludge drying by rotary drum dryer using waste steam for palm oil mill effluent treatment. Journal of Cleaner Production 2019, 240, 117986 .
AMA StyleMohammed Abdillah Ahmad Farid, Ahmad Muhaimin Roslan, Mohd Ali Hassan, Farhana Aziz Ujang, Zarry Mohamad, Muhamad Yusuf Hasan, Shirai Yoshihito. Convective sludge drying by rotary drum dryer using waste steam for palm oil mill effluent treatment. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2019; 240 ():117986.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMohammed Abdillah Ahmad Farid; Ahmad Muhaimin Roslan; Mohd Ali Hassan; Farhana Aziz Ujang; Zarry Mohamad; Muhamad Yusuf Hasan; Shirai Yoshihito. 2019. "Convective sludge drying by rotary drum dryer using waste steam for palm oil mill effluent treatment." Journal of Cleaner Production 240, no. : 117986.
The global waste generation keeps increasing over the years and it requires innovative solutions to minimize its impacts on environmental quality and public health. A strategic plan must be ascertained to overcome the future challenges of Municipal solid waste (MSW) locally and globally. Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM) coined an initiative to demonstrate a showcase pilot plant for green energy production from MSW. The data was obtained from the survey and actual sampling within the UPM compound shows that UPM has generated 5.0–7.0 t/d of MSW generated consist of 30–35% organic fraction. Restaurants are the main source of the organic fraction. Upon separation, the organic fractions were digested into biogas. At a maximum conversion of the organic fraction, 715 kWh of electricity might be generated from the 2.2 t/d of organic waste generated in UPM. In this study, organic components from UPM were proposed to be subsequently used as a substrate via anaerobic digestion to produce green energy in the form of electricity or flammable fuels.
Ahmad Aiman Zulkifli; Mohd Zulkhairi Mohd Yusoff; Latifah Abd Manaf; Mohd Rafein Zakaria; Ahmad Muhaimin Roslan; Hidayah Ariffin; Yoshihito Shirai; Mohd Ali Hassan. Assessment of Municipal Solid Waste Generation in Universiti Putra Malaysia and Its Potential for Green Energy Production. Sustainability 2019, 11, 3909 .
AMA StyleAhmad Aiman Zulkifli, Mohd Zulkhairi Mohd Yusoff, Latifah Abd Manaf, Mohd Rafein Zakaria, Ahmad Muhaimin Roslan, Hidayah Ariffin, Yoshihito Shirai, Mohd Ali Hassan. Assessment of Municipal Solid Waste Generation in Universiti Putra Malaysia and Its Potential for Green Energy Production. Sustainability. 2019; 11 (14):3909.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAhmad Aiman Zulkifli; Mohd Zulkhairi Mohd Yusoff; Latifah Abd Manaf; Mohd Rafein Zakaria; Ahmad Muhaimin Roslan; Hidayah Ariffin; Yoshihito Shirai; Mohd Ali Hassan. 2019. "Assessment of Municipal Solid Waste Generation in Universiti Putra Malaysia and Its Potential for Green Energy Production." Sustainability 11, no. 14: 3909.