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Theodora I. Ekwomadu
Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, Mafikeng Campus, North West University, Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho 2735, Mafikeng, South Africa

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Journal article
Published: 29 May 2020 in Toxins
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Dried beef meat, a locally processed meat from the cow, is vulnerable to contamination by mycotoxins, due to its exposure to the environmental microbiota during processing, drying, and point of sale. In this study, 108 dried beef samples were examined for the occurrence of 17 mycotoxins. Samples were extracted for mycotoxins using solid-liquid phase extraction method, while liquid chromatography coupled with triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) via the dilute and shoot method was used to analyze the mycotoxins. Aflatoxin was found in 66% of the samples (average value of 23.56 µg/kg). AFB1 had a mean value of 105.4 µg/kg, AFB2 mean value of 6.92 µg/kg, and AFG1 and AFG2 had an average mean value of 40.49 µg/kg and 2.60 µg/kg, respectively. The total aflatoxins exceed the EU (4 μg/kg) permissible level in food. The α-Zea average mean value was 113.82 µg/kg for the various selling locations. Also, cyclopiazonic acid had an average mean value of 51.99 µg/kg, while some of the beef samples were contaminated with more than nine different mycotoxins. The occurrence of these mycotoxins in dried beef is an indication of possible exposure of its consumers to the dangers of mycotoxins that are usually associated with severe health problems. This result shows that there are mycotoxin residues in the beef sold in Ekiti State markets.

ACS Style

Toluwase Adeseye Dada; Theodora Ijeoma Ekwomadu; Mulunda Mwanza. Multi Mycotoxin Determination in Dried Beef Using Liquid Chromatography Coupled with Triple Quadrupole Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Toxins 2020, 12, 357 .

AMA Style

Toluwase Adeseye Dada, Theodora Ijeoma Ekwomadu, Mulunda Mwanza. Multi Mycotoxin Determination in Dried Beef Using Liquid Chromatography Coupled with Triple Quadrupole Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Toxins. 2020; 12 (6):357.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Toluwase Adeseye Dada; Theodora Ijeoma Ekwomadu; Mulunda Mwanza. 2020. "Multi Mycotoxin Determination in Dried Beef Using Liquid Chromatography Coupled with Triple Quadrupole Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS)." Toxins 12, no. 6: 357.

Journal article
Published: 28 February 2020 in Toxins
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The presence of mycotoxins in cereal grain is a very important food safety issue with the occurrence of masked mycotoxins extensively investigated in recent years. This study investigated the variation of different Fusarium metabolites (including the related regulated, masked, and emerging mycotoxin) in maize from various agriculture regions of South Africa. The relationship between the maize producing regions, the maize type, as well as the mycotoxins was established. A total of 123 maize samples was analyzed by a LC-MS/MS multi-mycotoxin method. The results revealed that all maize types exhibited a mixture of free, masked, and emerging mycotoxins contamination across the regions with an average of 5 and up to 24 out of 42 investigated Fusarium mycotoxins, including 1 to 3 masked forms at the same time. Data obtained show that fumonisin B1, B2, B3, B4, and A1 were the most prevalent mycotoxins and had maximum contamination levels of 8908, 3383, 990, 1014, and 51.5 µg/kg, respectively. Deoxynivalenol occurred in 50% of the samples with a mean concentration of 152 µg/kg (max 1380 µg/kg). Thirty-three percent of the samples were contaminated with zearalenone at a mean concentration of 13.6 µg/kg (max 146 µg/kg). Of the masked mycotoxins, DON-3-glucoside occurred at a high incidence level of 53%. Among emerging toxins, moniliformin, fusarinolic acid, and beauvericin showed high occurrences at 98%, 98%, and 83%, and had maximum contamination levels of 1130, 3422, and 142 µg/kg, respectively. Significant differences in the contamination pattern were observed between the agricultural regions and maize types.

ACS Style

Theodora Ijeoma Ekwomadu; Toluwase Adeseye Dada; Nancy Nleya; Ramokone Gopane; Michael Sulyok; Mulunda Mwanza. Variation of Fusarium Free, Masked, and Emerging Mycotoxin Metabolites in Maize from Agriculture Regions of South Africa. Toxins 2020, 12, 149 .

AMA Style

Theodora Ijeoma Ekwomadu, Toluwase Adeseye Dada, Nancy Nleya, Ramokone Gopane, Michael Sulyok, Mulunda Mwanza. Variation of Fusarium Free, Masked, and Emerging Mycotoxin Metabolites in Maize from Agriculture Regions of South Africa. Toxins. 2020; 12 (3):149.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Theodora Ijeoma Ekwomadu; Toluwase Adeseye Dada; Nancy Nleya; Ramokone Gopane; Michael Sulyok; Mulunda Mwanza. 2020. "Variation of Fusarium Free, Masked, and Emerging Mycotoxin Metabolites in Maize from Agriculture Regions of South Africa." Toxins 12, no. 3: 149.

Original research
Published: 25 March 2018 in Food Science & Nutrition
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One‐hundred maize samples were analyzed for fungal contamination using conventional and molecular methods. The percentage incidence of different genera isolated revealed the predominance of Fusarium (82%), Penicillium (63%), and Aspergillus species (33%) compared to other genera. Fusarium occurred in 90% and 74% of small scale and commercial samples, respectively, while Penicillium occurred in small scale and commercial samples at an incidence rate of 64% and 62%, respectively. However, among the species, Fusarium verticilloides have the highest incidence of 70% and 76% in commercial and small‐scale maize, respectively, while Penicillium digitatum has 56% total incidence. Aspergillus fumigatus (27%) were also the most dominant of these genera. Fungal genera isolated included Alternaria and Cladosporium although occurring at a lower incidence level of 30%, 32% and 16%, 20%, respectively, in small‐scale and commercial samples. The results emphasize that farmers and consumers should be alerted to the danger of fungal contamination in maize.

ACS Style

Theodora I. Ekwomadu; Ramokone E. Gopane; Mulunda Mwanza. Occurrence of filamentous fungi in maize destined for human consumption in South Africa. Food Science & Nutrition 2018, 6, 884 -890.

AMA Style

Theodora I. Ekwomadu, Ramokone E. Gopane, Mulunda Mwanza. Occurrence of filamentous fungi in maize destined for human consumption in South Africa. Food Science & Nutrition. 2018; 6 (4):884-890.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Theodora I. Ekwomadu; Ramokone E. Gopane; Mulunda Mwanza. 2018. "Occurrence of filamentous fungi in maize destined for human consumption in South Africa." Food Science & Nutrition 6, no. 4: 884-890.