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Raúl Hernández-Martín is Senior Lecturer of Tourism Economics at the Department of Applied Economics and Quantitative Methods, University of La Laguna. He holds the Chair in Tourism at the University of La Laguna. His research focuses on tourism economic impacts, tourism satellite accounts, tourism policy analysis, measuring tourism at the local scale, and island tourism development. His research has been published in Tourism Management, Journal of Sustainable Tourism, Tourism Economics, Current Issues in Tourism, and International Journal of Tourism Research.
In this paper, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions derived from airport surface access of outbound German tourists travelling to the Canary Islands have been estimated. It is argued that carbon footprint estimations in tourism must be improved to incorporate the transport to the airports within the country of origin. To do so, statistical data from the Tourism Expenditure Survey of the Canary Islands have been used. In particular, the postcodes of a large sample of German tourists visiting the archipelago from 2012 to 2014 are used to identify their residence and the distances travelled to their chosen airport. The findings of the paper contribute to the literature on tourism carbon footprints, including an estimate of the share of airport surface access emissions in a typical outbound sun and beach holiday trip. Airport ground access accounted for 8.17% of transport-related emissions. These results have implications for urban planners, transport firms, and tourism management.
Raúl Hernández-Martín; Hugo Padrón-Ávila. The Carbon Footprint of Airport Ground Access as Part of an Outbound Holiday Trip. Sustainability 2021, 13, 9085 .
AMA StyleRaúl Hernández-Martín, Hugo Padrón-Ávila. The Carbon Footprint of Airport Ground Access as Part of an Outbound Holiday Trip. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (16):9085.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRaúl Hernández-Martín; Hugo Padrón-Ávila. 2021. "The Carbon Footprint of Airport Ground Access as Part of an Outbound Holiday Trip." Sustainability 13, no. 16: 9085.
Raúl Hernández-Martín; Universidad De La Laguna (España); Natalia Antonova; Daniel Celis Sosa; Carlos Fernández Hernández; Matías González Hernández; Félix Herrera Priano; Carmelo León González; Javier Mendoza Jiménez; Noemi Padrón Fumero; Pablo Rodríguez González; Agustín Santana Talavera; Moisés Simancas Cruz. Tourism Observatory of the Canary Islands. Tourism Observatory of the Canary Islands. 2021, 1 .
AMA StyleRaúl Hernández-Martín, Universidad De La Laguna (España), Natalia Antonova, Daniel Celis Sosa, Carlos Fernández Hernández, Matías González Hernández, Félix Herrera Priano, Carmelo León González, Javier Mendoza Jiménez, Noemi Padrón Fumero, Pablo Rodríguez González, Agustín Santana Talavera, Moisés Simancas Cruz. Tourism Observatory of the Canary Islands. Tourism Observatory of the Canary Islands.. 2021; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRaúl Hernández-Martín; Universidad De La Laguna (España); Natalia Antonova; Daniel Celis Sosa; Carlos Fernández Hernández; Matías González Hernández; Félix Herrera Priano; Carmelo León González; Javier Mendoza Jiménez; Noemi Padrón Fumero; Pablo Rodríguez González; Agustín Santana Talavera; Moisés Simancas Cruz. 2021. "Tourism Observatory of the Canary Islands." Tourism Observatory of the Canary Islands. , no. : 1.
The findings suggest that overtourism issues should be analysed at local scale as it is not a problem of the whole destination but a problem that only affects certain locations. The literature review carried out points to previous studies detecting overtourism through the analysis of perceptions or carrying capacities, despite these methodologies present several lacks when identifying the reasons why certain locations are congested. However, recent studies have been able to analyse tourist flows and their characteristics using tracking techniques, and this could help policy makers to understand overtourism. This chapter has implications for destination managers pretending to gather data regarding tourists’ behaviour. It can also help future research aimed to solving overtourism and congestion issues.
Hugo Padrón-Ávila; Raúl Hernández-Martín. Tourist Tracking Techniques as a Tool to Understand and Manage Tourism Flows. Overtourism 2020, 89 -105.
AMA StyleHugo Padrón-Ávila, Raúl Hernández-Martín. Tourist Tracking Techniques as a Tool to Understand and Manage Tourism Flows. Overtourism. 2020; ():89-105.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHugo Padrón-Ávila; Raúl Hernández-Martín. 2020. "Tourist Tracking Techniques as a Tool to Understand and Manage Tourism Flows." Overtourism , no. : 89-105.
Delimitation of the boundaries of local tourism destinations has been proposed as a useful tool to obtain spatially-detailed statistical information to improve their decision-making and management. In the case of the Canary Islands, a leading tourism region, expert consensus supported by criteria based on supply characteristics has been used to set the boundaries of local destinations. This paper aims to analyse the characteristics of these established local destinations and test if statistical methods may provide better or different results than expert consensus from the perspective of destinations’ internal homogeneity and the differences between them. After applying descriptive and analytical statistical methods, the results confirm the evidence found in other delimitation exercises in social sciences. The consensus of experts, or subjectivity, provides consistent results that are, by and large, confirmed by statistical analysis. While statistical methods can provide new insights for delimitation, pure statistical methods can sometimes be misleading if stakeholders’ knowledge is not considered.
Yurena Rodríguez-Rodríguez; Raúl Hernández-Martín. Expert Consensus Versus Statistical Techniques in the Delimitation of Tourism Destinations. Sustainability 2020, 12, 2540 .
AMA StyleYurena Rodríguez-Rodríguez, Raúl Hernández-Martín. Expert Consensus Versus Statistical Techniques in the Delimitation of Tourism Destinations. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (6):2540.
Chicago/Turabian StyleYurena Rodríguez-Rodríguez; Raúl Hernández-Martín. 2020. "Expert Consensus Versus Statistical Techniques in the Delimitation of Tourism Destinations." Sustainability 12, no. 6: 2540.
Airfare subsidies for residents in remote tourism destinations can negatively affect the local tourism industry. In this paper, we study the effects of airfare subsidies on a remote region's tourism sector with a theoretical model of air transport and tourism service transactions involving a remote tourism region, the rest of the country and the rest of the world. We show that firms' widespread packaging strategies in tourism markets, i.e. selling tourism packages composed of air transport and tourism services at a single price, acts as hidden price discrimination, since the packages are cheaper than buying the services separately. Thus, in the presence of higher airfares due to a subsidy, the tourists not entitled to the subsidy have incentives to switch to a cheaper alternative, namely tourism packages. Consequently, a packaging strategy can lessen or even avoid the negative impacts of the subsidy on a region's tourism sector.
Carmen D. Álvarez-Albelo; Raúl Hernández-Martín; Noemi Padrón-Fumero. The effects on tourism of airfare subsidies for residents: The key role of packaging strategies. Journal of Air Transport Management 2020, 84, 101772 .
AMA StyleCarmen D. Álvarez-Albelo, Raúl Hernández-Martín, Noemi Padrón-Fumero. The effects on tourism of airfare subsidies for residents: The key role of packaging strategies. Journal of Air Transport Management. 2020; 84 ():101772.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCarmen D. Álvarez-Albelo; Raúl Hernández-Martín; Noemi Padrón-Fumero. 2020. "The effects on tourism of airfare subsidies for residents: The key role of packaging strategies." Journal of Air Transport Management 84, no. : 101772.
Moisés Simancas Cruz; Universidad De La Laguna (España); Raúl Hernández Martín; Noemi Padrón Fumero. Turismo pos-COVID-19: Reflexiones, retos y oportunidades. Turismo pos-COVID-19: Reflexiones, retos y oportunidades 2020, 1 .
AMA StyleMoisés Simancas Cruz, Universidad De La Laguna (España), Raúl Hernández Martín, Noemi Padrón Fumero. Turismo pos-COVID-19: Reflexiones, retos y oportunidades. Turismo pos-COVID-19: Reflexiones, retos y oportunidades. 2020; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMoisés Simancas Cruz; Universidad De La Laguna (España); Raúl Hernández Martín; Noemi Padrón Fumero. 2020. "Turismo pos-COVID-19: Reflexiones, retos y oportunidades." Turismo pos-COVID-19: Reflexiones, retos y oportunidades , no. : 1.
Popular tourism destinations based on specific attractions along with coastal and island destinations have been considered potential candidates to suffer from overtourism. In this context, in-depth knowledge of the determinants of tourists’ choices of attractions can be used to improve policies against crowding. This paper analyzes why tourists decide to visit certain attractions instead of others in the context of an island destination with sustainability concerns. To do so, discrete choice models are used to determine if a set of 96 variables can explain why 11 attractions are visited on the island of Lanzarote. The results show that 86 variables are significant to explain visits to at least one of the attractions. The analysis also identifies both similarities and differences on the effects these variables have on the probability of visiting each of the 11 attractions. These results are useful to cluster attractions depending on the profile of those tourists most likely to visit them and to cluster variables regarding their effect on visiting attractions. Furthermore, the results provide useful information for public and private managers involved in evenly reallocating tourist flows in time and space to avoid the negative impacts of overtourism.
Hugo Padrón-Ávila; Raúl Hernández-Martín. Preventing Overtourism by Identifying the Determinants of Tourists’ Choice of Attractions. Sustainability 2019, 11, 5177 .
AMA StyleHugo Padrón-Ávila, Raúl Hernández-Martín. Preventing Overtourism by Identifying the Determinants of Tourists’ Choice of Attractions. Sustainability. 2019; 11 (19):5177.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHugo Padrón-Ávila; Raúl Hernández-Martín. 2019. "Preventing Overtourism by Identifying the Determinants of Tourists’ Choice of Attractions." Sustainability 11, no. 19: 5177.
Hugo Padrón‐Ávila; Raúl Hernández‐Martín. Why do tourists differ in their likelihood to visit attractions? The case of Lanzarote. International Journal of Tourism Research 2019, 21, 790 -800.
AMA StyleHugo Padrón‐Ávila, Raúl Hernández‐Martín. Why do tourists differ in their likelihood to visit attractions? The case of Lanzarote. International Journal of Tourism Research. 2019; 21 (6):790-800.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHugo Padrón‐Ávila; Raúl Hernández‐Martín. 2019. "Why do tourists differ in their likelihood to visit attractions? The case of Lanzarote." International Journal of Tourism Research 21, no. 6: 790-800.
Carmen D. Álvarez-Albelo; Raúl Hernández-Martín; Noemi Padrón-Fumero. Air passenger duties as strategic tourism taxation. Tourism Management 2017, 60, 442 -453.
AMA StyleCarmen D. Álvarez-Albelo, Raúl Hernández-Martín, Noemi Padrón-Fumero. Air passenger duties as strategic tourism taxation. Tourism Management. 2017; 60 ():442-453.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCarmen D. Álvarez-Albelo; Raúl Hernández-Martín; Noemi Padrón-Fumero. 2017. "Air passenger duties as strategic tourism taxation." Tourism Management 60, no. : 442-453.
Hugo Padrón-Ávila; Raúl Hernández-Martín; Universidad De La Laguna (España). Los puntos de interés turístico: Relevancia analítica, propuesta metodológica y caso de estudio. PASOS. Revista de Turismo y Patrimonio Cultural 2017, 15, 979 -1000.
AMA StyleHugo Padrón-Ávila, Raúl Hernández-Martín, Universidad De La Laguna (España). Los puntos de interés turístico: Relevancia analítica, propuesta metodológica y caso de estudio. PASOS. Revista de Turismo y Patrimonio Cultural. 2017; 15 (4):979-1000.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHugo Padrón-Ávila; Raúl Hernández-Martín; Universidad De La Laguna (España). 2017. "Los puntos de interés turístico: Relevancia analítica, propuesta metodológica y caso de estudio." PASOS. Revista de Turismo y Patrimonio Cultural 15, no. 4: 979-1000.
This paper fills a literature gap on the economic rationale and implications of moratoria on accommodation development in mature tourism destinations. Moratoria are government-led capacity controls, which reduce market competition and seek to create economic rents. The paper provides a comprehensive set of economic foundations justifying the enactment of moratoria in situations characterised by over-capacity, low profitability, little innovation, environmental damage, strategic behaviour and sectoral imbalances. It notes that the implementation of these controls could be related to regulatory capture, rent seeking and clientelism. While capacity controls can restrain tourism over-expansion and can help fix some of its undesirable consequences, they may lead to multiple and varied unforeseen effects on the rejuvenation process and on the rest of the economy, issues also addressed in the paper. Moratoria relate to the concept of de-growth, which is a highly contested area of discussion. A moratorium does not ensure renovation of private and public capital or maintain the natural environment. It may give rise to detrimental strategies by firms, opening up room for corruption. To be effective, a moratorium must be accompanied by complementary policies, besides being coherently embodied in a broader tourism and regional rejuvenation strategy.
Raúl Hernández-Martín; Carmen D. Álvarez-Albelo; Noemi Padrón-Fumero. The economics and implications ofmoratoriaon tourism accommodation development as a rejuvenation tool in mature tourism destinations. Journal of Sustainable Tourism 2015, 23, 881 -899.
AMA StyleRaúl Hernández-Martín, Carmen D. Álvarez-Albelo, Noemi Padrón-Fumero. The economics and implications ofmoratoriaon tourism accommodation development as a rejuvenation tool in mature tourism destinations. Journal of Sustainable Tourism. 2015; 23 (6):881-899.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRaúl Hernández-Martín; Carmen D. Álvarez-Albelo; Noemi Padrón-Fumero. 2015. "The economics and implications ofmoratoriaon tourism accommodation development as a rejuvenation tool in mature tourism destinations." Journal of Sustainable Tourism 23, no. 6: 881-899.
María Candelaria Santos Chinea; Moisés Simancas Cruz; Raúl Hernández-Martín. Incentivos económicos a la renovación de alojamientos turísticos: el mercado de derechos materializables en plazas alojativas. Cuadernos de Estudios Empresariales 2015, 23, 1 .
AMA StyleMaría Candelaria Santos Chinea, Moisés Simancas Cruz, Raúl Hernández-Martín. Incentivos económicos a la renovación de alojamientos turísticos: el mercado de derechos materializables en plazas alojativas. Cuadernos de Estudios Empresariales. 2015; 23 ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMaría Candelaria Santos Chinea; Moisés Simancas Cruz; Raúl Hernández-Martín. 2015. "Incentivos económicos a la renovación de alojamientos turísticos: el mercado de derechos materializables en plazas alojativas." Cuadernos de Estudios Empresariales 23, no. : 1.
Yasmina Torres Lorenzo; Raúl Hernández-Martín. Propuesta para el diseño de un sistema de indicadores integrado para la coyuntura turística de Canarias. Cuadernos de Estudios Empresariales 2015, 23, 1 .
AMA StyleYasmina Torres Lorenzo, Raúl Hernández-Martín. Propuesta para el diseño de un sistema de indicadores integrado para la coyuntura turística de Canarias. Cuadernos de Estudios Empresariales. 2015; 23 ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleYasmina Torres Lorenzo; Raúl Hernández-Martín. 2015. "Propuesta para el diseño de un sistema de indicadores integrado para la coyuntura turística de Canarias." Cuadernos de Estudios Empresariales 23, no. : 1.
Municipalities and regions are often used as an object of tourism analysis at the subnational level. This occurs because administrative borders are used to implement tourism policies and collect statistical information. However, administrative boundaries may not always be suitable for studying tourism destinations at a local level. Sometimes, particularly in high-density tourism destinations, several differentiated tourism areas occupy a single municipality; tourism areas may, and often do, extend beyond municipal boundaries and tourism destinations may not occupy the whole of the municipal area. As such, a new level of analysis is often required: the micro-destination. There are few tourism concepts as imprecise as that of the destination. Therefore, the process of identifying and establishing the boundaries of a micro-destination is by no means a straightforward one. This paper presents six criteria for establishing the boundaries of this type of tourism area. Of these six, the two primary criteria used are: the concentration of tourism establishments; and tourism typologies and supply characteristics. These criteria have been applied as part of a pilot study in the Canary Islands. Statistical information for nine micro-destinations is generated using the geolocation of tourism establishments together with information obtained from both supply-side and demand-side surveys.
Raúl Hernández-Martín; Moisés Ramón Simancas-Cruz; Jesús Alberto González-Yanes; Yurena Rodríguez Rodríguez; Juan Israel García Cruz; Yenis Marisel González-Mora. Identifying micro-destinations and providing statistical information: a pilot study in the Canary Islands. Current Issues in Tourism 2014, 19, 771 -790.
AMA StyleRaúl Hernández-Martín, Moisés Ramón Simancas-Cruz, Jesús Alberto González-Yanes, Yurena Rodríguez Rodríguez, Juan Israel García Cruz, Yenis Marisel González-Mora. Identifying micro-destinations and providing statistical information: a pilot study in the Canary Islands. Current Issues in Tourism. 2014; 19 (8):771-790.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRaúl Hernández-Martín; Moisés Ramón Simancas-Cruz; Jesús Alberto González-Yanes; Yurena Rodríguez Rodríguez; Juan Israel García Cruz; Yenis Marisel González-Mora. 2014. "Identifying micro-destinations and providing statistical information: a pilot study in the Canary Islands." Current Issues in Tourism 19, no. 8: 771-790.
Tourism countries tend to face congestion externalities, which lead to over-production. Transport services produced in the countries of origin and tourism services provided at the destination are highly complementary, so these economies also tend to face coordination failures between firms, which result in under-production. Moreover, the presence of foreign firms poses the question of how much profit is retained by the destination. This paper analyses the joint effects of these problems on the destination's welfare, and the policies implemented to address them. Direct selling and bundling by foreign tour operators emerge as possible market arrangements. Four main results are obtained. First, in the direct selling situation the optimal policy depends on the relative importance of the problems. Second, tour operators always lead to over-production. Third, the presence of a single tour operator is not the solution to congestion. Finally, the switch from several tour operators to a single one is welfare reducing.
Carmen D. Álvarez-Albelo; Raúl Hernández-Martín. Congestion and Coordination Problems in a Tourism Economy. Tourism Economics 2012, 18, 691 -710.
AMA StyleCarmen D. Álvarez-Albelo, Raúl Hernández-Martín. Congestion and Coordination Problems in a Tourism Economy. Tourism Economics. 2012; 18 (4):691-710.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCarmen D. Álvarez-Albelo; Raúl Hernández-Martín. 2012. "Congestion and Coordination Problems in a Tourism Economy." Tourism Economics 18, no. 4: 691-710.
Countries specialised in tourism tend to face two problems with contradictory effects: the commons and the anti-commons, which lead to tourism over- and under-production, respectively. This paper develops a two-period model to analyse the joint effects of both problems on a small and remote tourism economy. Congestion and the complementariness between foreign transport and local tourism services are key features in this type of markets. As a result, direct selling and the presence of foreign tour-operators emerge as possible market arrangements with different implications in terms of welfare and public intervention. Four main results are obtained. First, in the direct selling situation the optimal policy depends on the relative importance of the problems. Second, the existence of tour-operators always leads to tourism over-production. Third, the presence of a single tour-operator does not solve the congestion problem. Lastly, the switch from several tour-operators to a single one is welfare reducing.
Carmen D. Alvarez-Albelo; Raúl Hernández Martín. The Commons and Anti-Commons Problems in the Tourism Economy. SSRN Electronic Journal 2009, 1 .
AMA StyleCarmen D. Alvarez-Albelo, Raúl Hernández Martín. The Commons and Anti-Commons Problems in the Tourism Economy. SSRN Electronic Journal. 2009; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCarmen D. Alvarez-Albelo; Raúl Hernández Martín. 2009. "The Commons and Anti-Commons Problems in the Tourism Economy." SSRN Electronic Journal , no. : 1.
This paper shows that specialization in luxury goods accounts for the remarkable growth performance of small tourism countries during recent decades. Two two-country models are constructed for this purpose. One country is large and rich and produces traded capital goods; the other is a small poor economy that produces traded tourism services. The models differ only in the luxury good nature of tourism. In both models, the tourism economy grows sustainably because its terms of trade improve continuously. This result is related to sectoral productivity gaps. Throughout the transition, the growth differential between the countries is significantly higher when tourism is a luxury good. In this case, there is a faster increase in the tourism imports of the rich economy. As a result, the terms of trade of the poor economy improve greatly and its investment is boosted.
Carmen D. Álvarez-Albelo; Raúl Hernández-Martín. Specialization in Luxury Goods, Productivity Gaps and the Rapid Growth of Small Tourism Countries. Tourism Economics 2009, 15, 567 -589.
AMA StyleCarmen D. Álvarez-Albelo, Raúl Hernández-Martín. Specialization in Luxury Goods, Productivity Gaps and the Rapid Growth of Small Tourism Countries. Tourism Economics. 2009; 15 (3):567-589.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCarmen D. Álvarez-Albelo; Raúl Hernández-Martín. 2009. "Specialization in Luxury Goods, Productivity Gaps and the Rapid Growth of Small Tourism Countries." Tourism Economics 15, no. 3: 567-589.
Over recent decades tourism has fostered intense economic growth in many small and/or island countries. However, the relationship between growth, tourism and economic size of these countries has never been satisfactorily explained. This paper aims firstly to analyse the determining factors of the intense tourism development observed in small countries; and secondly, to provide a framework which helps to explain why small countries specialised in tourism have recorded relatively high economic growth rates over recent decades. Structural change at a sectoral level is the mechanism used to explain the rapid growth of small tourism countries. However, the lack of available data means that the empirical results are not conclusive.
Raúl Hernández-Martín. Structural Change and Economic Growth in Small Island Tourism Countries. Tourism and Hospitality Planning & Development 2008, 5, 1 -12.
AMA StyleRaúl Hernández-Martín. Structural Change and Economic Growth in Small Island Tourism Countries. Tourism and Hospitality Planning & Development. 2008; 5 (1):1-12.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRaúl Hernández-Martín. 2008. "Structural Change and Economic Growth in Small Island Tourism Countries." Tourism and Hospitality Planning & Development 5, no. 1: 1-12.
This paper shows that tourism specialisation can help to explain the observed high growth rates of small countries. For this purpose, two models of growth and trade are constructed to represent the trade relations between two countries. One of the countries is large, rich, has an own source of sustained growth and produces a tradable capital good. The other is a small poor economy, which does not have an own engine of growth and produces tradable tourism services. The poor country exports tourism services to and imports capital goods from the rich economy. In one model tourism is a luxury good, while in the other the expenditure elasticity of tourism imports is unitary. Two main results are obtained. In the long run, the tourism country overcomes decreasing returns and permanently grows because its terms of trade continuously improve. Since the tourism sector is relatively less productive than the capital good sector, tourism services become relatively scarcer and hence more expensive than the capital good. Moreover, along the transition the growth rate of the tourism economy holds well above the one of the rich country for a long time. The growth rate differential between countries is particularly high when tourism is a luxury good. In this case, there is a faster increase in the tourism demand. As a result, investment of the small economy is boosted and its terms of trade highly improve.
Carmen D. Alvarez-Albelo; Raúl Hernández Martín. Explaining High Economic Growth in Small Tourism Countries with a Dynamic General Equilibrium Model. SSRN Electronic Journal 2007, 1 .
AMA StyleCarmen D. Alvarez-Albelo, Raúl Hernández Martín. Explaining High Economic Growth in Small Tourism Countries with a Dynamic General Equilibrium Model. SSRN Electronic Journal. 2007; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCarmen D. Alvarez-Albelo; Raúl Hernández Martín. 2007. "Explaining High Economic Growth in Small Tourism Countries with a Dynamic General Equilibrium Model." SSRN Electronic Journal , no. : 1.