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Dr. Bishawjit Mallick
1. CU Population Center Institute of Behavioral Science, University of Colorado Boulder Campus, Boulder, CO 80309, USA

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0 Climate Change Adaptation
0 Disaster Risk Reduction
0 Regional Planning
0 Environmental change
0 socioecological systems

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(non-)migration
Climate Change Adaptation
socioecological systems
Disaster Risk Reduction

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Journal article
Published: 28 July 2021 in Current Research in Environmental Sustainability
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Comprehensive studies that employ larger data sets to explore the degree and conditions under which households depend on mangrove ecosystems account for only a negligible number in Asia's context. We contribute to these lacunae by analysing households' livelihood dependence on the Sundarbans of Asia. Specifically, we seek to: (i) appraise the livelihood strategies around the Sundarbans, (ii) analyse the conditions and determinants of household dependence on the Sundarbans, and (iii) explore perceptions surrounding livelihood dependence. An extensive survey of 1188 directly and indirectly dependent households drawn from 35 villages was conducted using structured interviews to address these topics. Twenty focus group discussions complemented this data. Using logistic regression, we analysed household dependence as a function of socioeconomic attributes. We suggest that socioeconomic factors have a substantial relationship with resource extraction and, therefore, policy prescriptions should focus on coordinating less-extractive diversification activities such as ecotourism to reduce the impact on the Sundarbans.

ACS Style

Bishawjit Mallick; Rupkatha Priodarshini; Jude N. Kimengsi; Bangkim Biswas; Alexander E. Hausmann; Safiqul Islam; Saleemul Huq; Joachim Vogt. Livelihoods dependence on mangrove ecosystems: Empirical evidence from the Sundarbans. Current Research in Environmental Sustainability 2021, 3, 100077 .

AMA Style

Bishawjit Mallick, Rupkatha Priodarshini, Jude N. Kimengsi, Bangkim Biswas, Alexander E. Hausmann, Safiqul Islam, Saleemul Huq, Joachim Vogt. Livelihoods dependence on mangrove ecosystems: Empirical evidence from the Sundarbans. Current Research in Environmental Sustainability. 2021; 3 ():100077.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Bishawjit Mallick; Rupkatha Priodarshini; Jude N. Kimengsi; Bangkim Biswas; Alexander E. Hausmann; Safiqul Islam; Saleemul Huq; Joachim Vogt. 2021. "Livelihoods dependence on mangrove ecosystems: Empirical evidence from the Sundarbans." Current Research in Environmental Sustainability 3, no. : 100077.

Correction
Published: 20 July 2021 in Environment, Development and Sustainability
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ACS Style

Bangkim Biswas; Bishawjit Mallick. Correction to: Livelihood diversification as key to long‑term non‑migration: evidence from coastal Bangladesh. Environment, Development and Sustainability 2021, 1 -2.

AMA Style

Bangkim Biswas, Bishawjit Mallick. Correction to: Livelihood diversification as key to long‑term non‑migration: evidence from coastal Bangladesh. Environment, Development and Sustainability. 2021; ():1-2.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Bangkim Biswas; Bishawjit Mallick. 2021. "Correction to: Livelihood diversification as key to long‑term non‑migration: evidence from coastal Bangladesh." Environment, Development and Sustainability , no. : 1-2.

Research article
Published: 29 April 2021 in PLOS ONE
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This study aims to understand the level of residential satisfaction of the host communities’ aftermath of the influx of Rohingya in Bangladesh. A total of 151 household heads were randomly interviewed from Ukhiya and Ramu Upazila of Cox’s Bazar district, Bangladesh. A residential satisfaction index is developed with a total of twenty-two variables comprised of four components- social environment (SE), neighbourhood environment (NE), public services and facilities (PS&F), and dwelling units (DU). The coefficients of the components indicate that the PS&F, SE, and NE impact much on the overall residential satisfaction compare to the DU. The analysis demonstrates that the people who have tertiary level education, who is Muslim and whose work opportunities remain the same as before, are more satisfied, but older people are less satisfied than younger. Besides, the degradation of social harmony, livestock and agricultural land losses, and decreased wages were the significant causes of dissatisfaction. These findings may contribute to taking appropriate policies and programs for the host communities taken by the government and non-government organizations.

ACS Style

Bangkim Biswas; Nasif Ahsan; Bishawjit Mallick. Analysis of residential satisfaction: An empirical evidence from neighbouring communities of Rohingya camps in Cox’s Bazar, Bangladesh. PLOS ONE 2021, 16, e0250838 .

AMA Style

Bangkim Biswas, Nasif Ahsan, Bishawjit Mallick. Analysis of residential satisfaction: An empirical evidence from neighbouring communities of Rohingya camps in Cox’s Bazar, Bangladesh. PLOS ONE. 2021; 16 (4):e0250838.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Bangkim Biswas; Nasif Ahsan; Bishawjit Mallick. 2021. "Analysis of residential satisfaction: An empirical evidence from neighbouring communities of Rohingya camps in Cox’s Bazar, Bangladesh." PLOS ONE 16, no. 4: e0250838.

Original paper
Published: 07 April 2021 in SN Social Sciences
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Riverbank erosion often compels affected people to migrate from their respective communities. However, there are still many who do not leave the affected region. The research focuses on this particular group of non-migrant populations living in the erosion-prone Ramdaspur village of Bhola district in Bangladesh, to explore how erosion influences (non-)migration decision. We interviewed households from the study village. More than half the respondents reported that, even though they are continuously being hit by erosion, they are unwilling to move away because of the community support they receive from staying in the village. The rest of the respondents who choose to remain, do so because of financial reasons. Therefore, this study proposes a need for a holistic approach in future adaptation planning for the riverbank erosion-prone areas of Bangladesh to support the non-migrants in the communities.

ACS Style

Afroza Mallick; Bishawjit Mallick. Staying despite riverbank erosion: evidence of coastal Bangladesh. SN Social Sciences 2021, 1, 1 -19.

AMA Style

Afroza Mallick, Bishawjit Mallick. Staying despite riverbank erosion: evidence of coastal Bangladesh. SN Social Sciences. 2021; 1 (6):1-19.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Afroza Mallick; Bishawjit Mallick. 2021. "Staying despite riverbank erosion: evidence of coastal Bangladesh." SN Social Sciences 1, no. 6: 1-19.

Research article
Published: 06 April 2021 in AMBIO
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Non-migration is an adaptive strategy that has received little attention in environmental migration studies. We explore the leveraging factors of non-migration decisions of communities at risk in coastal Bangladesh, where exposure to both rapid- and slow-onset natural disasters is high. We apply the Protection Motivation Theory (PMT) to empirical data and assess how threat perception and coping appraisal influences migration decisions in farming communities suffering from salinization of cropland. This study consists of data collected through quantitative household surveys (n = 200) and semi-structured interviews from four villages in southwest coastal Bangladesh. Results indicate that most respondents are unwilling to migrate, despite better economic conditions and reduced environmental risk in other locations. Land ownership, social connectedness, and household economic strength are the strongest predictors of non-migration decisions. This study is the first to use the PMT to understand migration-related behaviour and the findings are relevant for policy planning in vulnerable regions where exposure to climate-related risks is high but populations are choosing to remain in place.

ACS Style

Bishawjit Mallick; Kimberly G. Rogers; Zakia Sultana. In harm’s way: Non-migration decisions of people at risk of slow-onset coastal hazards in Bangladesh. AMBIO 2021, 1 -21.

AMA Style

Bishawjit Mallick, Kimberly G. Rogers, Zakia Sultana. In harm’s way: Non-migration decisions of people at risk of slow-onset coastal hazards in Bangladesh. AMBIO. 2021; ():1-21.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Bishawjit Mallick; Kimberly G. Rogers; Zakia Sultana. 2021. "In harm’s way: Non-migration decisions of people at risk of slow-onset coastal hazards in Bangladesh." AMBIO , no. : 1-21.

Review
Published: 18 March 2021 in Ambio
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A large body of literature exists arguing that numerous, complex factors result in environmental migration. Thus, in order to understand environmental migration, we must investigate how its drivers are defined, explained and interrelated. This study aims to produce a comprehensive analysis of the literature on the drivers of environmental migration and assess future opportunities for studying ‘environmental migration’. We conduct a systematic literature search using the keywords ‘environmental migration’ and ‘drivers’ in Scopus and Web of Knowledge, analysing 146 publications. The findings are organised as a bibliometric analysis, including network analysis and evaluation of publication metrics. Results show that the literature on environmental migration drivers constitutes a relatively new, growing field largely developed in the USA. It is rooted in the wider environmental migration literature and strongly associated with the discourse of climate change impacts as driving factors. Typologies of ‘migrants’ are more prevalent than ‘refugees’ when referring to actors.

ACS Style

Chup Priovashini; Bishawjit Mallick. A bibliometric review on the drivers of environmental migration. Ambio 2021, 1 -12.

AMA Style

Chup Priovashini, Bishawjit Mallick. A bibliometric review on the drivers of environmental migration. Ambio. 2021; ():1-12.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chup Priovashini; Bishawjit Mallick. 2021. "A bibliometric review on the drivers of environmental migration." Ambio , no. : 1-12.

Article
Published: 03 October 2020 in Environment, Development and Sustainability
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Understanding how livelihood diversification contributes to long-term non-migration decisions of people at risks is innovative and timely in the context of future climate change adaptation planning. This study particularly examines this question and explores how and to what extent livelihood diversification in the face of climate change can support long-term non-migration for people living in the southwest coastal region of Bangladesh. We employed a cluster random sampling method to select the respondents and interviewed a total of 183 households by using a structured questionnaire. Analysis indicates that the tendency of livelihood diversification based on shrimp-farming has been intensified in recent years as the land use pattern also changed due to the frequent occurrence of environmental hazards. The Poisson regression model states that belonging to a religious minority and shrimp farming determines the extent of livelihood diversification, i.e., if the person belongs to a minority religion and possesses a shrimp-farm they will have more diversified sources of income compared to others living in the society. Moreover, therefore, one in every three households in these studied communities’ practices seasonal migration as an alternative livelihood strategy so that their family can stay put. The outcome of this study motivates the government and non-government organizations to take policies and programs in a direction that may reduce the dependency on seasonal migration and introduce locally adoptable diversified employment opportunities.

ACS Style

Bangkim Biswas; Bishawjit Mallick. Livelihood diversification as key to long-term non-migration: evidence from coastal Bangladesh. Environment, Development and Sustainability 2020, 23, 8924 -8948.

AMA Style

Bangkim Biswas, Bishawjit Mallick. Livelihood diversification as key to long-term non-migration: evidence from coastal Bangladesh. Environment, Development and Sustainability. 2020; 23 (6):8924-8948.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Bangkim Biswas; Bishawjit Mallick. 2020. "Livelihood diversification as key to long-term non-migration: evidence from coastal Bangladesh." Environment, Development and Sustainability 23, no. 6: 8924-8948.

Journal article
Published: 22 September 2020 in Applied Geography
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Every individual strives to improve their quality of life, and therefore, adopts strategies to cope with the adverse situation of their livelihood. The decision to migrate (i.e. migration) or to stay (i.e. non-migration) is one such strategy to combat unexpected disturbances to their livelihoods. This research assessed the relationship between socio-ecological systems (SES) and livelihood conditions and determined how a sustainable livelihood influences non-migration decisions of people living at risk. The field study employed a mixed-methods approach in five villages in southwest coastal Bangladesh. Findings revealed that livelihood options differ across SES settings and that (non-)migration aspirations mostly depend on livelihood adaptation options which shape the individual's sustainable livelihood status in the face of future disaster risk. Thus, understanding the SES settings will help in advocating for livelihood options regarding non-migration aspirations for people at risk.

ACS Style

Bishawjit Mallick; Zakia Sultana; Christy M. Bennett. How do sustainable livelihoods influence environmental (non-)migration aspirations? Applied Geography 2020, 124, 102328 .

AMA Style

Bishawjit Mallick, Zakia Sultana, Christy M. Bennett. How do sustainable livelihoods influence environmental (non-)migration aspirations? Applied Geography. 2020; 124 ():102328.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Bishawjit Mallick; Zakia Sultana; Christy M. Bennett. 2020. "How do sustainable livelihoods influence environmental (non-)migration aspirations?" Applied Geography 124, no. : 102328.

Journal article
Published: 10 September 2020 in Journal of Urban and Regional Analysis
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This study focuses on stakeholders’ participation, perceptions and local contextualization in the Informal Settlement (IS) regularization processes in Khulna City. These processes are undertaken to address livelihood challenges of IS dwellers and to operationalize development initiatives in informal regularization projects. Adopting both a qualitative and quantitative approach, the research results show that IS formation in Khulna City started slowly with rural immigration. These immigrants remain vulnerable to climate change although some initiatives were undertaken since the last 20 years to improve their living conditions. The IS dwellers and local leaders initially participated in these settlement-upgrading initiatives due to accompanied incentives but they became adamant after the project period ended. It was also found that the city local government and NGOs do not have any permanent arrangement to sustain the IS regularization processes. The analysis of the interrelationships among the stakeholders revealed that the relevant public agencies are in conflict, and the role of the private sector is less recognized. The initiatives undertaken so far have limited success especially in granting tenure security, and the private landowners or local authorities that trespassed public spaces resort to forceful eviction. Amidst all these, there is the need for the formulation and implementation of climate resilience policies that address stakeholder participations in mitigating climate change consequences and enhance livelihood development.

ACS Style

Sujit Kumar Sikder; Asad Asadzadeh; Elias Danyi Kuusaana; Bishawjit Mallick; Theo Koetter. STAKEHOLDERS PARTICIPATION FOR URBAN CLIMATE RESILIENCE: A CASE OF INFORMAL SETTLEMENTS REGULARIZATION IN KHULNA CITY, BANGLADESH. Journal of Urban and Regional Analysis 2020, 7, 1 .

AMA Style

Sujit Kumar Sikder, Asad Asadzadeh, Elias Danyi Kuusaana, Bishawjit Mallick, Theo Koetter. STAKEHOLDERS PARTICIPATION FOR URBAN CLIMATE RESILIENCE: A CASE OF INFORMAL SETTLEMENTS REGULARIZATION IN KHULNA CITY, BANGLADESH. Journal of Urban and Regional Analysis. 2020; 7 (1):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sujit Kumar Sikder; Asad Asadzadeh; Elias Danyi Kuusaana; Bishawjit Mallick; Theo Koetter. 2020. "STAKEHOLDERS PARTICIPATION FOR URBAN CLIMATE RESILIENCE: A CASE OF INFORMAL SETTLEMENTS REGULARIZATION IN KHULNA CITY, BANGLADESH." Journal of Urban and Regional Analysis 7, no. 1: 1.

Journal article
Published: 04 September 2020 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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Keeping the dynamic nature of Coronaviruses (COVID-19) pandemic in mind, we have opted to explore the importance of the decentralization of COVID-19 testing centers across the country of Bangladesh in order to combat the pandemic. In doing so, we considered quantitative, qualitative, and geographic information systems (GIS) datasets to identify the location of existing COVID-19 testing centers. Moreover, we attempted to collect data from the existing centers in order to demonstrate testing times at the divisional level of the country. Results show that the number of testing centers is not enough to cater to the vast population of the country. Additionally, we found that the number of days it takes to receive the results from the COVID-19 testing centers is not optimal at divisional cities, let alone the remote rural areas. Finally, we propose a set of recommendations in order to enhance the existing system to assist more people under a testing range of COVID-19 viruses at the local level.

ACS Style

Khan Rubayet Rahaman; Sultan Mahmud; Bishawjit Mallick. Challenges of Testing COVID-19 Cases in Bangladesh. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020, 17, 6439 .

AMA Style

Khan Rubayet Rahaman, Sultan Mahmud, Bishawjit Mallick. Challenges of Testing COVID-19 Cases in Bangladesh. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17 (18):6439.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Khan Rubayet Rahaman; Sultan Mahmud; Bishawjit Mallick. 2020. "Challenges of Testing COVID-19 Cases in Bangladesh." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 18: 6439.

Journal article
Published: 29 August 2020 in Sustainability
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This article illustrates the critical findings of an empirical investigation of resilience, vulnerability, and livelihood nexus in one of the worst cyclone-affected sub-districts “Mongla” in Bangladesh. Results obtained from the survey conducted in 2018 and 2019 explore the co-existence of climate change vulnerability and resilience at the rural household level. Additionally, the study identifies the role of assets (e.g., land, cash, and livestock) in order to enhance the resilience of poor inhabitants. Quantitative data have been collected using structured and semi-structured interviews. The outcome of the study demonstrates that the relationships between vulnerability and resilience are very complex and exist in the study area. An exciting outcome has revealed that in some places, more vulnerable people exhibit higher resilience capacity and vice versa. Furthermore, this research emphasizes that local livelihood systems may be improved if appropriate policies are considered by local government organizations in collaboration with multiple stakeholders. Consequently, the local citizens have to play their critical role to assist government policies in order to enhance resilience at the community level. Moreover, local residents can have a better understanding of their livelihood issues in the face of climate change.

ACS Style

Nur Mohammad Ha-Mim; Zakir Hossain; Khan Rubayet Rahaman; Bishawjit Mallick. Exploring Vulnerability–Resilience–Livelihood Nexus in the Face of Climate Change: A Multi-Criteria Analysis for Mongla, Bangladesh. Sustainability 2020, 12, 7054 .

AMA Style

Nur Mohammad Ha-Mim, Zakir Hossain, Khan Rubayet Rahaman, Bishawjit Mallick. Exploring Vulnerability–Resilience–Livelihood Nexus in the Face of Climate Change: A Multi-Criteria Analysis for Mongla, Bangladesh. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (17):7054.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nur Mohammad Ha-Mim; Zakir Hossain; Khan Rubayet Rahaman; Bishawjit Mallick. 2020. "Exploring Vulnerability–Resilience–Livelihood Nexus in the Face of Climate Change: A Multi-Criteria Analysis for Mongla, Bangladesh." Sustainability 12, no. 17: 7054.

Commentary
Published: 09 June 2020 in Sustainability
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Millions of people impacted by climate change actually want to remain in place; these aspirations and respective capabilities need more attention in migration research and climate adaptation policies. Residents at risk may voluntarily stay put, as opposed to being involuntarily trapped, and understanding such subjectivity is empirically challenging. This comment elaborates on “voluntary non-migration” to call attention to a neglected population within the ongoing discourses on climate-induced migration, social equality and human rights. A roadmap for action outlines specific research and policy goals.

ACS Style

Bishawjit Mallick; Jochen Schanze. Trapped or Voluntary? Non-Migration Despite Climate Risks. Sustainability 2020, 12, 4718 .

AMA Style

Bishawjit Mallick, Jochen Schanze. Trapped or Voluntary? Non-Migration Despite Climate Risks. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (11):4718.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Bishawjit Mallick; Jochen Schanze. 2020. "Trapped or Voluntary? Non-Migration Despite Climate Risks." Sustainability 12, no. 11: 4718.

Journal article
Published: 17 June 2019 in Sustainability
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This research aims to ascertain how, and to what extent, livelihood resilience influences migration decisions (to migrate or not to migrate) of people who live in vulnerable socio-ecological systems (SESs). To do so, first, the characteristics of different SESs are determined; secondly, livelihood resilience across the SESs are analysed; and finally, the influence of livelihood resilience on the ‘migration decision’ (i.e., to migrate or not to migrate) is explained. The explanation of migration is based on the patterns, location, purpose, scope, and extent of migration. This paper addresses these issues based on empirical evidence from five rural coastal communities in Bangladesh. Findings show that resilient people would like to stay put and the decision differs across SESs, for example, the majority of people living in salt-shrimp-dependent SESs intended to migrate in the future, whereas the majority of people living in rain-fed agriculture-dependent SESs preferred to not migrate. Thus, the ability to migrate is therefore not only dependent on economic capability but also on the socio-ecological context of the place in which people live.

ACS Style

Bishawjit Mallick. The Nexus between Socio-Ecological System, Livelihood Resilience, and Migration Decisions: Empirical Evidence from Bangladesh. Sustainability 2019, 11, 3332 .

AMA Style

Bishawjit Mallick. The Nexus between Socio-Ecological System, Livelihood Resilience, and Migration Decisions: Empirical Evidence from Bangladesh. Sustainability. 2019; 11 (12):3332.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Bishawjit Mallick. 2019. "The Nexus between Socio-Ecological System, Livelihood Resilience, and Migration Decisions: Empirical Evidence from Bangladesh." Sustainability 11, no. 12: 3332.

Journal article
Published: 03 December 2018 in Social Sciences
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This study empirically assesses the impacts of climatic events on the inland fishers (i.e., migratory and non-migratory) in Bangladesh and explores their responses to those events. Here, the migratory refers to the fishers who change their fishing location seasonally and voluntarily, whereas the non-migratory fishers fish in the same area. It is assumed that there exist differences in both the impacts of an event and the responses to the event between migratory and non-migratory fishers and therefore, a ‘difference triangle’ conceptual framework is developed and tested empirically under this research. Employing mix-method (qualitative and quantitative), a field study was conducted during July–October 2015 from the Padma River depended fishers. Identified climatic events under this study are: storms, changes in rainfall and temperature and riverbank erosion. The migratory and non-migratory fishers were affected quite similarly by storms and changes in rainfall and temperature. However, riverbank erosion affected only non-migratory fishers. Both the migratory and non-migratory fishers adopted different strategies to cope with different climatic events, like, they took shelter in safe places, sold productive assets, reduced food consumption, took credit from informal sources and employed their school-going children. As adaptation strategies, they modernized their fishing boats, intensified fishing, built embankments and diversified livelihoods. Unlike the impacts, considerable differences were found in their coping and adaptation strategies. Comparing to non-migratory fishers, a smaller number of migratory fishers sold their assets, took informal credit and intensified fishing and diversified their livelihoods. The result of this study indicates the significance of differences in the impacts of climatic events for the migratory and non-migratory fishers and therefore, this research has policy implication for the betterment of fishers’ community in general.

ACS Style

Makidul Islam Khan; Goutam Kumar Kundu; Mosammat Salma Akter; Bishawjit Mallick; Monirul Islam. Climatic Impacts and Responses of Migratory and Non-Migratory Fishers of the Padma River, Bangladesh. Social Sciences 2018, 7, 254 .

AMA Style

Makidul Islam Khan, Goutam Kumar Kundu, Mosammat Salma Akter, Bishawjit Mallick, Monirul Islam. Climatic Impacts and Responses of Migratory and Non-Migratory Fishers of the Padma River, Bangladesh. Social Sciences. 2018; 7 (12):254.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Makidul Islam Khan; Goutam Kumar Kundu; Mosammat Salma Akter; Bishawjit Mallick; Monirul Islam. 2018. "Climatic Impacts and Responses of Migratory and Non-Migratory Fishers of the Padma River, Bangladesh." Social Sciences 7, no. 12: 254.

Original article
Published: 04 August 2017 in Regional Environmental Change
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This study investigates the historical development of the southwest coastal region of Bangladesh through the lens of human-delta co-evolutionary system. The change process of social and hydro-ecological systems is described based on the drivers–pressure–state–impact–response (DPSIR) framework. The multiple physical and socio-economic drivers such as climatic change, upstream development, geologic process, land use change-affected river flow, salinity, water logging and cyclones are creating adverse impacts on ecology (e.g. mangrove forest) and society (e.g. population migration). Existing management practices such as the Coastal Embankment project (CEP) also created adverse impacts on social–ecological system. In addition to the geology of this region that plays the major role in the delta development process, human interventions such as large coastal development projects have intervened the land formation processes. The trends and impacts of these changes along the coast unfold the necessity of integrated management approach such as Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) and Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM). Comprehensive understanding of social and hydro-ecological system in southwest coastal region through DPSIR approach presented in this study can provide effective solution for implementing ongoing management strategies.

ACS Style

Kushal Roy; Animesh K. Gain; Bishawjit Mallick; Joachim Vogt. Social, hydro-ecological and climatic change in the southwest coastal region of Bangladesh. Regional Environmental Change 2017, 17, 1895 -1906.

AMA Style

Kushal Roy, Animesh K. Gain, Bishawjit Mallick, Joachim Vogt. Social, hydro-ecological and climatic change in the southwest coastal region of Bangladesh. Regional Environmental Change. 2017; 17 (7):1895-1906.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Kushal Roy; Animesh K. Gain; Bishawjit Mallick; Joachim Vogt. 2017. "Social, hydro-ecological and climatic change in the southwest coastal region of Bangladesh." Regional Environmental Change 17, no. 7: 1895-1906.

Journal article
Published: 13 July 2017 in Social Sciences
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Due to climate change and its consequences to islands and coastal countries, the relocation of the people living in those vulnerable places has received a lot of attention from policy makers as well as academicians. There have been similar kinds of programs running in Bangladesh since the country’s independence in 1971, and people who are landless or victimized due to river bank erosion, cyclones, or floods have been relocated under the umbrella program called ‘Guchchagram’, i.e., cluster villages. Different ruling parties had used different names for the project due to the financial nature of the project, but none of them have significantly differed from the overall goals and objectives of relocated settlements and the betterment of the landless and extreme event victims. Particularly, this study asks how and to what extent the livelihood of relocated households has changed, and what the potentials and constraints of the relocated settlements are. Based on an empirical study at four Guchchagrams of Gopalganj Sadar Upazila, the study shows that there is a significant improvement in the livelihood conditions of the migrated people, but the locational disadvantages and access to agricultural production, the local employment market, and some of the targeted objectives of the project have not achieved. To some extent, the rehabilitated families have similar risks as they had before; however, available agricultural lands and proper allocation can reduce such livelihood risks.

ACS Style

Bishawjit Mallick; Zakia Sultana. Livelihood after Relocation—Evidences of Guchchagram Project in Bangladesh. Social Sciences 2017, 6, 76 .

AMA Style

Bishawjit Mallick, Zakia Sultana. Livelihood after Relocation—Evidences of Guchchagram Project in Bangladesh. Social Sciences. 2017; 6 (3):76.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Bishawjit Mallick; Zakia Sultana. 2017. "Livelihood after Relocation—Evidences of Guchchagram Project in Bangladesh." Social Sciences 6, no. 3: 76.

Journal article
Published: 09 February 2017 in Environments
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Bangladesh is one of the most disaster prone countries in the world. Cyclone disasters that affect millions of people, destroy homesteads and livelihoods, and trigger migration are common in the coastal region of Bangladesh. The aim of this article is to understand how the coastal communities in Bangladesh deal with the continuous threats of cyclones. As a case study, this study investigates communities that were affected by the Cyclone Sidr in 2007 and Cyclone Aila in 2009, covering 1555 households from 45 coastal villages in the southwestern region of Bangladesh. The survey method incorporated household based questionnaire techniques and community based focus group discussions. The pre-event situation highlights that the affected communities were physically vulnerable due to the strategic locations of the cyclone shelters nearer to those with social supreme status and the location of their houses in relatively low-lying lands. The victims were also socio-economically vulnerable considering the high rate of illiteracy, larger family size, no ownership of land, and extreme poverty. They were mostly day labourers, farmers, and fishermen. Post-event situation reveals that the victims’ houses and livelihoods were severely damaged or destroyed. Most victims were forced to shift their occupations (e.g., from farmers to fishermen), and many became unemployed. They also became heavily dependent on micro-credits and other forms of loans. A significant number of people were displaced and migrated to large urban agglomerations in search of livelihoods to maintain their families back in the affected villages. Migration was primarily undertaken as an adaptation strategy.

ACS Style

Bishawjit Mallick; Bayes Ahmed; Joachim Vogt. Living with the Risks of Cyclone Disasters in the South-Western Coastal Region of Bangladesh. Environments 2017, 4, 13 .

AMA Style

Bishawjit Mallick, Bayes Ahmed, Joachim Vogt. Living with the Risks of Cyclone Disasters in the South-Western Coastal Region of Bangladesh. Environments. 2017; 4 (1):13.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Bishawjit Mallick; Bayes Ahmed; Joachim Vogt. 2017. "Living with the Risks of Cyclone Disasters in the South-Western Coastal Region of Bangladesh." Environments 4, no. 1: 13.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2017 in Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene
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Since the 1960s, ~5000 km2 of tidal deltaplain in southwest Bangladesh has been embanked and converted to densely inhabited, agricultural islands (i.e., polders). This landscape is juxtaposed to the adjacent Sundarbans, a pristine mangrove forest, both well connected by a dense network of tidal channels that effectively convey water and sediment throughout the region. The extensive embanking in poldered areas, however, has greatly reduced the tidal prism (i.e., volume of water) transported through local channels. We reveal that >600 km of these major waterways have infilled in recent decades, converting to land through enhanced sedimentation and the direct blocking of waterways by embankments and sluice gates. Nearly all of the observed closures (~98%) have occurred along the embanked polder systems, with no comparable changes occurring in channels of the Sundarbans (<2% change). We attribute most of the channel infilling to the local reduction of tidal prism in poldered areas and the associated decline in current velocities. The infilled channels account for ~90 km2 of new land in the last 40–50 years, the rate of which, ~2 km2/yr, offsets the 4 km2/yr that is eroded at the coast, and is equivalent to ~20% of the new land produced naturally at the Ganges-Brahmaputra tidal rivermouth. Most of this new land, called ‘khas’ in Bengali, has been reclaimed for agriculture or aquaculture, contributing to the local economy. However, benefits are tempered by the loss of navigable waterways for commerce, transportation, and fishing, as well as the forced rerouting of tidal waters and sediments necessary to sustain this low-lying landscape against rising sea level. A more sustainable delta will require detailed knowledge of the consequences of these hydrodynamic changes to support more scientifically-grounded management of water, sediment, and tidal energy distribution.

ACS Style

Carol Wilson; Steven Goodbred; Christopher Small; Jonathan Gilligan; Sarah Sams; Bishawjit Mallick; Richard Hale. Widespread infilling of tidal channels and navigable waterways in the human-modified tidal deltaplain of southwest Bangladesh. Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene 2017, 5, 1 .

AMA Style

Carol Wilson, Steven Goodbred, Christopher Small, Jonathan Gilligan, Sarah Sams, Bishawjit Mallick, Richard Hale. Widespread infilling of tidal channels and navigable waterways in the human-modified tidal deltaplain of southwest Bangladesh. Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene. 2017; 5 ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Carol Wilson; Steven Goodbred; Christopher Small; Jonathan Gilligan; Sarah Sams; Bishawjit Mallick; Richard Hale. 2017. "Widespread infilling of tidal channels and navigable waterways in the human-modified tidal deltaplain of southwest Bangladesh." Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene 5, no. : 1.

Concept paper
Published: 09 December 2016 in Climate
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This paper aims at enhancing the previously formulated culture-theoretical explanation of risk-related perception and action with ecological and institutional connectedness. This is needed for global comparison of adaptation cultures as well as transferability of local knowledge. Differences in climate-related patterns of knowledge will therefore be explained by common patterns of socially shared knowledge in relation to ecological and institutional transformation. This will be done by combining a cultural-knowledge approach with different social-ecological and institutional contexts. Changes in knowledge development as well as in adaptation practices will be described by state-and-transition. The proposed approach combines the culture-theoretical explanation of Values-Beliefs-Identities (VBI) and socio-ecological as well as institutional approach of the state-and-transition model.

ACS Style

Thorsten Heimann; Bishawjit Mallick. Understanding Climate Adaptation Cultures in Global Context: Proposal for an Explanatory Framework. Climate 2016, 4, 59 .

AMA Style

Thorsten Heimann, Bishawjit Mallick. Understanding Climate Adaptation Cultures in Global Context: Proposal for an Explanatory Framework. Climate. 2016; 4 (4):59.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Thorsten Heimann; Bishawjit Mallick. 2016. "Understanding Climate Adaptation Cultures in Global Context: Proposal for an Explanatory Framework." Climate 4, no. 4: 59.

Book chapter
Published: 15 November 2016 in Migration, Risk Management and Climate Change: Evidence and Policy Responses
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In the popular debate about climate change and adaptation in Bangladesh, migration is most often framed in a negative light: People are fleeing due to environmental changes and are displaced in the wake of disasters. Mobility is largely seen as a reaction and migrants as more or less passive victims of climate change. While numerous studies seem to prove this observation, others highlight migrants’ agency and see them as drivers of social transformations. Mobility opens up livelihood opportunities in multiple places. By living translocal lives, households with migrants might be more resilient to natural hazards, subtle environmental changes and economic turbulences. Seen in this light, migration is more than a risk management strategy. It is a question of livelihood choices, human rights and freedoms. This chapter provides a summary of the debate about climate change and migration in Bangladesh and makes use of two empirical case studies – on cyclone-induced population displacement from the Southwestern coast and on migration from the North in the context of rainfall variability and food insecurity – in order to broaden the scope of the recent debate. From a social vulnerability perspective, it argues that we need to move beyond framing migration as a failure of adaptation to environmental risks. Instead, we need to recognize the normality of people’s mobility, the persistence of regional migration systems, and the significance of the practices and structures that enable Bangladeshis to live secure translocal lives. Such a change in perspective has significant repercussions for the politics of climate change adaption and the management of migration.

ACS Style

Benjamin Etzold; Bishawjit Mallick. Moving Beyond the Focus on Environmental Migration Towards Recognizing the Normality of Translocal Lives: Insights from Bangladesh. Migration, Risk Management and Climate Change: Evidence and Policy Responses 2016, 105 -128.

AMA Style

Benjamin Etzold, Bishawjit Mallick. Moving Beyond the Focus on Environmental Migration Towards Recognizing the Normality of Translocal Lives: Insights from Bangladesh. Migration, Risk Management and Climate Change: Evidence and Policy Responses. 2016; ():105-128.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Benjamin Etzold; Bishawjit Mallick. 2016. "Moving Beyond the Focus on Environmental Migration Towards Recognizing the Normality of Translocal Lives: Insights from Bangladesh." Migration, Risk Management and Climate Change: Evidence and Policy Responses , no. : 105-128.