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Dr. Nicole Reisinger
BIOMIN Research Center

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0 Endotoxin
0 Tissue Culture
0 ruminants
0 gut health
0 In Vitro cell culture

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Feed

Journal article
Published: 01 April 2021 in Journal of Dairy Science
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Salivary secretions are essential for the regulation of digestive processes, as well as rumen and cow health. This research evaluated the effects of the duration of high-grain feeding, and of the time relative to a meal, on salivation, saliva properties, feed bolus characteristics, chewing activity, ruminal and reticular volatile fatty acids, as well as salivary and ruminal pH. Nine nonlactating cannulated Holstein cows were sampled at 1 and 23 d after transition to a 65% grain diet (short term and long term, respectively). Both before and after a controlled meal (2.5 kg of dry matter, offered over 4 h), unstimulated saliva was taken orally for composition analysis. Stimulated salivation and feed boli characteristics were evaluated by collection of ingesta from cardia during 30 min. Chewing and ruminal pH were measured during the controlled meal and for a total of 6 h thereafter. Results from unstimulated saliva showed no effect of the duration of high-grain feeding on bicarbonate, phosphate, total proteins, mucins, lysozyme, and buffer capacity, but increased osmolality at the long term. Lysozyme activity did not differ with high-grain feeding duration, but tended to be lower after the meal. In contrast to short-term-fed cows, the long-term-fed cows increased both meal consumption and feed bolus size, but decreased chewing and feed ensalivation (5.2 vs. 4.6 ± 0.50 g of saliva/g of dry matter), and had lower pH of the stimulated saliva (7.00 vs. 6.67 ± 0.076). These cows also had decreased chewing index (66.5 vs. 45.4 min/kg of neutral detergent fiber), and despite the increase in stimulated saliva buffer capacity (0.027 vs. 0.039 ± 0.006), mean ruminal pH decreased (6.31 vs. 6.11 ± 0.065) during ad libitum feeding. Both in the rumen and reticulum, the concentration of total volatile fatty acids was lower and propionate proportion was higher at the long term. Linear regression analyses revealed a positive influence of the flow rates of salivary bicarbonate and phosphate on ruminal pH during the short term. For every 1-mol increment in the flow of bicarbonate or phosphate, ruminal pH increased by 0.062 or 0.439 units, respectively. Overall, salivary buffers are key determinants of ruminal pH regulation, especially during short-term grain feeding. However, in the long term, ruminal pH drop during ad libitum feeding was stronger, and this effect seems to be exacerbated by increased feed bolus size, accompanied by reductions in feed ensalivation, stimulated saliva pH, and chewing index.

ACS Style

Ezequias Castillo-Lopez; Renee M. Petri; Sara Ricci; Raul Rivera-Chacon; Arife Sener-Aydemir; Suchitra Sharma; Nicole Reisinger; Qendrim Zebeli. Dynamic changes in salivation, salivary composition, and rumen fermentation associated with duration of high-grain feeding in cows. Journal of Dairy Science 2021, 104, 4875 -4892.

AMA Style

Ezequias Castillo-Lopez, Renee M. Petri, Sara Ricci, Raul Rivera-Chacon, Arife Sener-Aydemir, Suchitra Sharma, Nicole Reisinger, Qendrim Zebeli. Dynamic changes in salivation, salivary composition, and rumen fermentation associated with duration of high-grain feeding in cows. Journal of Dairy Science. 2021; 104 (4):4875-4892.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ezequias Castillo-Lopez; Renee M. Petri; Sara Ricci; Raul Rivera-Chacon; Arife Sener-Aydemir; Suchitra Sharma; Nicole Reisinger; Qendrim Zebeli. 2021. "Dynamic changes in salivation, salivary composition, and rumen fermentation associated with duration of high-grain feeding in cows." Journal of Dairy Science 104, no. 4: 4875-4892.

Journal article
Published: 01 April 2021 in Journal of Dairy Science
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In cattle, proper rumen functioning and digestion are intimately linked to chewing behavior. Yet, high grain feeding impairs chewing activity, increasing the risk of subacute ruminal acidosis and dysfermentation. This study aimed to screen 9 different phytogenic compounds for their potential to modulate chewing activity, meal size, rumino-reticular short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), and pH during consumption in a first daily meal and shortly thereafter in cattle fed a grain-rich diet. Treatments were control (total mixed ration without phytogenic) or addition of a phytogenic compound at a low or high dose. Phytogenic compounds and doses (all in mg/kg) were angelica root (6.6 and 66), capsaicin (10 and 100), gentian root (6.6 and 66), garlic oil (0.3 and 3), ginger extract (40 and 400), L-menthol (6.7 and 67), mint oil (15.3 and 153), thyme oil (9.4 and 94), and thymol (5 and 50), for the low and high groups, respectively. Before the start of the screening experiment, cows were fed to reach subacute ruminal acidosis conditions, confirmed with the time of ruminal pH <5.8 being 655 ± 148.2 min/d. During the screening experiment, the treatments were offered in a controlled meal (2.5 kg of DM for 4 h) as part of the daily diet with 65% concentrate. Each treatment was tested in 4 of the 9 cannulated Holstein cows using an incomplete Latin square design. Ruminal and reticular fluids were sampled before and after each treatment, and data collected before the meal were used as covariates. Chewing and ruminal pH were monitored during the treatment, followed by 2 h of complete feed restriction, and then 4 h of ad libitum feed intake without phytogenic. Data showed that supplementation of angelica root tended to linearly increase rumination time immediately after the first meal when feed was restricted (27.3, 41.9, and 42.6 ± 5.99 min for control, low and high groups, respectively). Capsaicin increased eating time (43.6, 49.4, and 66.4 ± 4.93 min) during consumption but did not affect ruminal total SCFA or mean ruminal pH. Garlic oil reduced the concentration of reticular total SCFA (75.7, 71.3, and 60.1 mM) and tended to decrease ruminal acetate-to-propionate ratio (2.50, 1.78, and 1.87 ± 0.177) with no effect on ruminal pH. The L-menthol affected reticular total SCFA quadratically (76.1, 64.9, and 81.0 ± 4.22%), and ruminal pH responded quadratically when feed was reintroduced ad libitum (6.0, 6.3, and 6.1 ± 0.07). Mint oil did not affect chewing or total SCFA during consumption, but the low dose increased ruminal pH (6.5, 6.7, and 6.5 ± 0.08). Thyme oil tended to lower the severity of ruminal acidosis. Overall, phytogenic compounds demonstrated distinct dose-dependent effects to beneficially influence chewing behavior, modulate fermentation, and mitigate ruminal acidosis in dairy cows under a high-grain challenge diet.

ACS Style

Ezequias Castillo-Lopez; Raul Rivera-Chacon; Sara Ricci; Renee M. Petri; N. Reisinger; Q. Zebeli. Short-term screening of multiple phytogenic compounds for their potential to modulate chewing behavior, ruminal fermentation profile, and pH in cattle fed grain-rich diets. Journal of Dairy Science 2021, 104, 4271 -4289.

AMA Style

Ezequias Castillo-Lopez, Raul Rivera-Chacon, Sara Ricci, Renee M. Petri, N. Reisinger, Q. Zebeli. Short-term screening of multiple phytogenic compounds for their potential to modulate chewing behavior, ruminal fermentation profile, and pH in cattle fed grain-rich diets. Journal of Dairy Science. 2021; 104 (4):4271-4289.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ezequias Castillo-Lopez; Raul Rivera-Chacon; Sara Ricci; Renee M. Petri; N. Reisinger; Q. Zebeli. 2021. "Short-term screening of multiple phytogenic compounds for their potential to modulate chewing behavior, ruminal fermentation profile, and pH in cattle fed grain-rich diets." Journal of Dairy Science 104, no. 4: 4271-4289.

Journal article
Published: 29 September 2020 in Toxins
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Lipopolysaccharides (LPS), also termed endotoxins, are the major component of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. In general, endotoxins in the intestine are considered harmless in healthy animals. However, different stressors, such as heat stress, can lead to a compromised gut barrier, resulting in endotoxin translocation. Chickens are considered to be less sensitive to the effects of LPS compared with other species, for example, humans, pigs, or calves, probably because of the lack of the functional-specific TRAM-TRIF signalling pathway (MyD88-independent). Therefore, six LPS preparations (three different strains with two different preparation methods each) were compared in murine macrophages and characterized according to their MyD88-dependent pathway activation. All tested LPS preparations induced a strong inflammatory response after 4 and 24 h on a murine macrophage cell line. However, there was a similar strong response in the gene expression profile as well as production of nitrite oxide and TNF-alpha from LPS of different strains and preparation methods. On the basis of the results of the in vitro study, one LPS preparation was chosen for the subsequent in vivo study with broilers to assess the effect of an oral LPS bolus (E. coli O55:B5 phenol extracted; 2 mg/kg b.w.) during heat stress conditions (10 h, 36 °C). The most pronounced effects were seen in broilers receiving the oral LPS bolus during heat stress conditions. The endotoxin activity in the intestine as well as the serum concentration of the 3-OH C14 (part of LPS) were increased. In addition, an increased expression of genes related to inflammation and stress response (e.g., IL-6, IL-1beta, HSP70) was observed, whereas the expression of genes associated with gut health (e.g., MUC2, FABP2) was decreased. To conclude, an increase of intestinal LPS combined with heat stress can pose a risk to animal health.

ACS Style

Nicole Reisinger; Caroline Emsenhuber; Barbara Doupovec; Elisabeth Mayer; Gerd Schatzmayr; Veronika Nagl; Bertrand Grenier. Endotoxin Translocation and Gut Inflammation Are Increased in Broiler Chickens Receiving an Oral Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) Bolus during Heat Stress. Toxins 2020, 12, 622 .

AMA Style

Nicole Reisinger, Caroline Emsenhuber, Barbara Doupovec, Elisabeth Mayer, Gerd Schatzmayr, Veronika Nagl, Bertrand Grenier. Endotoxin Translocation and Gut Inflammation Are Increased in Broiler Chickens Receiving an Oral Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) Bolus during Heat Stress. Toxins. 2020; 12 (10):622.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nicole Reisinger; Caroline Emsenhuber; Barbara Doupovec; Elisabeth Mayer; Gerd Schatzmayr; Veronika Nagl; Bertrand Grenier. 2020. "Endotoxin Translocation and Gut Inflammation Are Increased in Broiler Chickens Receiving an Oral Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) Bolus during Heat Stress." Toxins 12, no. 10: 622.

Journal article
Published: 23 September 2020 in Animals
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Starch-rich diets can cause subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA) in dairy cows with potentially different susceptibility according to lactation number. We wanted to evaluate the bacterial community and the fermentation end products in feces to study susceptibility to hindgut acidosis and dysbiosis. Sixteen dairy cows received a medium-concentrate diet (MC, 40% concentrate, 18.8% starch) for one week and a high-concentrate diet (HC, 60% concentrate, 27.7% starch, DM) for four weeks. Milk yield, dry-matter intake, chewing activity, ruminal pH, milk constituents, and fecal samples for short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), pH, and 16S rRNA-gene sequencing were investigated. The HC feeding caused a reduction in fecal pH, bacterial diversity and richness, an increase in total SCFA, and a separate phylogenetic clustering of MC and HC samples. Ruminal and fecal pH had fair correlation (r = 0.5). Cows in the second lactation (2ndL) had lower dry matter intake (DMI) than cows of third or fourth or more lactations (3rdL; ≥4L), whereas DMI/kg body weight was lower for ≥4L than for 2ndL and 3rdL cows. The mean ruminal pH was highest in ≥4L, whereas the time spent below the SARA threshold was highest for 3rdL cows. The latter also had higher total SCFA in the feces. Our results suggest that hindgut dysbiosis is caused by increased substrate flow to the hindgut, but further investigations are needed to define hindgut acidosis. The 3rdL cows were most susceptible to rumen acidosis and hindgut dysbiosis due to high DMI level, but missing counter regulations, as suggested happening in 2ndL and ≥4L cows.

ACS Style

Viktoria Neubauer; Renee M. Petri; Elke Humer; Iris Kröger; Nicole Reisinger; Walter Baumgartner; Martin Wagner; Qendrim Zebeli. Starch-Rich Diet Induced Rumen Acidosis and Hindgut Dysbiosis in Dairy Cows of Different Lactations. Animals 2020, 10, 1727 .

AMA Style

Viktoria Neubauer, Renee M. Petri, Elke Humer, Iris Kröger, Nicole Reisinger, Walter Baumgartner, Martin Wagner, Qendrim Zebeli. Starch-Rich Diet Induced Rumen Acidosis and Hindgut Dysbiosis in Dairy Cows of Different Lactations. Animals. 2020; 10 (10):1727.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Viktoria Neubauer; Renee M. Petri; Elke Humer; Iris Kröger; Nicole Reisinger; Walter Baumgartner; Martin Wagner; Qendrim Zebeli. 2020. "Starch-Rich Diet Induced Rumen Acidosis and Hindgut Dysbiosis in Dairy Cows of Different Lactations." Animals 10, no. 10: 1727.

Original article
Published: 09 September 2020 in Metabolomics
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Introduction Feeding of high-grain diets is common in cows during early lactation, but increases the odds of metabolic derailments, which can likely be detected as undesirable shifts in the serum metabolome signature. Objectives The present study aimed to identify the metabolic signatures of the serum metabolome of early lactation dairy cows switched from a moderate to a high-grain diet. Methods Targeted ESI-LC-MS/MS-based metabolomics was used to characterize metabolic alterations in the serum of early lactation multiparous (MP, n = 16) and primiparous (PP, n = 8) Simmental cows, according to parity and feeding phase. Data were analysed using different data mining approaches. Results Carnitine, acetylcarnitine, propionoylcarnitine, amino acid related compounds cis-4-hydroxyproline, trans-4-hydroxyproline, proline betaine, lysophosphatidylcholine PC a C16:1 and phosphatidylcholine PC ae C36:0 were identified as the key metabolites distinguishing MP from PP cows. A different serum metabolite composition during moderate and high-grain diet was also evident. Notably, cows fed high grain diet had higher serum concentrations of primary bile acids and triglycerides, but lower levels of conjugated bile acids and carboxylic acids during the first week in grain. Amino acids valine, cystine and taurine together with lysophosphatidylcholine PC a C26:0 and several phosphatidylcholines were classified as important features for cluster separation. Conclusions Our study greatly expands earlier observations on dietary effects on serum metabolome composition of cows. The altered metabolomic fingerprints clearly distinguishable by diet and cow parity hold potential to be used as early diagnostic tools for cows experiencing grain-induced metabolic disturbances.

ACS Style

C. Pacífico; A. Stauder; Nicole Reisinger; H. E. Schwartz-Zimmermann; Q. Zebeli. Distinct serum metabolomic signatures of multiparous and primiparous dairy cows switched from a moderate to high-grain diet during early lactation. Metabolomics 2020, 16, 1 -18.

AMA Style

C. Pacífico, A. Stauder, Nicole Reisinger, H. E. Schwartz-Zimmermann, Q. Zebeli. Distinct serum metabolomic signatures of multiparous and primiparous dairy cows switched from a moderate to high-grain diet during early lactation. Metabolomics. 2020; 16 (9):1-18.

Chicago/Turabian Style

C. Pacífico; A. Stauder; Nicole Reisinger; H. E. Schwartz-Zimmermann; Q. Zebeli. 2020. "Distinct serum metabolomic signatures of multiparous and primiparous dairy cows switched from a moderate to high-grain diet during early lactation." Metabolomics 16, no. 9: 1-18.

Journal article
Published: 01 September 2020 in Journal of Dairy Science
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During early lactation, both primiparous (PP) and multiparous (MP) cows are commonly fed diets rich in starch and low in forages to support their high energy requirements. Yet, the PP cows experience this dietary challenge for the first time, which might result in higher odds for them to develop rumen and systemic health disorders. The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of decreasing the amount of forages in the diet on chewing and sorting behaviors and rumen and systemic health variables in PP and MP dairy cows. Twenty-four lactating Simmental cows [8 PP, average dry matter intake (DMI) of 19.1 ± 1.1 kg/d; 16 MP, average DMI of 22.5 ± 1.1 kg/d] with a body weight of 737 ± 90 kg and 50 ± 22 days in milk were used in this study. Cows were first fed a total mixed ration with 60% forage and 40% concentrate [on a dry matter (DM) basis] considered marginal in forages for 2 wk. Then, cows were switched to a diet low in forages with 40% forage and 60% concentrate (on a DM basis) for 4 wk. Reticular pH was measured continuously with wireless pH-sensors inserted into the reticulum to calculate the subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA) index. Chewing activity was measured with noseband-sensor halters, and feed sorting was measured weekly. Blood samples were collected weekly and analyzed for metabolic and inflammation markers. Switching PP and MP cows from a marginal to low-forage diet decreased the time spent eating and ruminating per kilogram of DM. Primiparous cows chewed longer per kilogram of DMI than MP cows. Also, the PP cows sorted more pronounced for longer particles and against fine particles than MP cows did. Despite higher rumination activity per kilogram of DMI and the adaptive sorting behavior, the PP cows spent on average 4.6 h/d longer below a pH of 5.8 and had a higher SARA index (i.e., area pH <5.8/DMI) than MP cows, especially during the first week of the low-forage diet (9.5 vs. 4.8). The concentration of liver enzymes increased with the low-forage diet, which was especially pronounced in the PP cows. In conclusion, this study demonstrated greater susceptibility of PP cows to SARA and liver damage than MP cows fed the same diets. Although PP cows demonstrated greater chewing and ruminating activity per kilogram of DMI, as well as adapted sorting behavior in favor of large particles during the low-forage high-starch feeding, they developed more severe signs of SARA. This suggests higher forage fiber requirements for PP cows and the need for improved feeding strategies to mitigate rumen fermentation disorders during early lactation in these cows.

ACS Style

A. Stauder; E. Humer; V. Neubauer; N. Reisinger; A. Kaltenegger; Q. Zebeli. Distinct responses in feed sorting, chewing behavior, and ruminal acidosis risk between primiparous and multiparous Simmental cows fed diets differing in forage and starch levels. Journal of Dairy Science 2020, 103, 8467 -8481.

AMA Style

A. Stauder, E. Humer, V. Neubauer, N. Reisinger, A. Kaltenegger, Q. Zebeli. Distinct responses in feed sorting, chewing behavior, and ruminal acidosis risk between primiparous and multiparous Simmental cows fed diets differing in forage and starch levels. Journal of Dairy Science. 2020; 103 (9):8467-8481.

Chicago/Turabian Style

A. Stauder; E. Humer; V. Neubauer; N. Reisinger; A. Kaltenegger; Q. Zebeli. 2020. "Distinct responses in feed sorting, chewing behavior, and ruminal acidosis risk between primiparous and multiparous Simmental cows fed diets differing in forage and starch levels." Journal of Dairy Science 103, no. 9: 8467-8481.

Journal article
Published: 01 August 2020 in Toxins
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Mycotoxins deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZEN) can negatively affect pig health. However, little is known about their effects on boar semen. We assessed the individual and combined effects of DON and ZEN on boar semen in vitro. In a pretrial, we determined the minimum dose (MiD) of each mycotoxin that induces a significant alteration of sperm progressive motility, as investigated using computer-assisted semen analysis (CASA). In the main trial, the individual and combined effects of each mycotoxin’s MiD on sperm motility and kinetics (CASA analysis), morphology (SpermBlue staining), viability (calcein-propidium iodide staining), membrane functional status (hypoosmotic swelling test), and chromatin integrity (acridine orange staining) were analyzed. Pretrial results suggested a MiD of 50.6 μM and 62.8 μM for DON and ZEN, respectively. In the main trial, DON and ZEN administered at MiD significantly affected CASA parameters (e.g., increase of immotile spermatozoa, reduction of progressive motile spermatozoa), decreased sperm viability, and affected sperm morphology (head abnormalities) and membrane functional status. DON and ZEN showed less than additive effects on most parameters tested and a synergistic effect on viability and on two CASA parameters. In conclusion, DON and ZEN showed individual and combined toxic effects on boar semen in vitro.

ACS Style

Panagiotis Tassis; Ioannis Tsakmakidis; Veronika Nagl; Nicole Reisinger; Eleni Tzika; Christiane Gruber-Dorninger; Ilias Michos; Nikolaos Mittas; Athina Basioura; Dian Schatzmayr. Individual and Combined In Vitro Effects of Deoxynivalenol and Zearalenone on Boar Semen. Toxins 2020, 12, 495 .

AMA Style

Panagiotis Tassis, Ioannis Tsakmakidis, Veronika Nagl, Nicole Reisinger, Eleni Tzika, Christiane Gruber-Dorninger, Ilias Michos, Nikolaos Mittas, Athina Basioura, Dian Schatzmayr. Individual and Combined In Vitro Effects of Deoxynivalenol and Zearalenone on Boar Semen. Toxins. 2020; 12 (8):495.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Panagiotis Tassis; Ioannis Tsakmakidis; Veronika Nagl; Nicole Reisinger; Eleni Tzika; Christiane Gruber-Dorninger; Ilias Michos; Nikolaos Mittas; Athina Basioura; Dian Schatzmayr. 2020. "Individual and Combined In Vitro Effects of Deoxynivalenol and Zearalenone on Boar Semen." Toxins 12, no. 8: 495.

Journal article
Published: 19 June 2020 in Toxins
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Ruminal microbiota of cattle are not able to detoxify all mycotoxins. In addition, detoxification can be hampered by adverse ruminal conditions (e.g., low ruminal pH). Hence, in the cattle husbandry, mycotoxin binders and modifiers could be used to prevent animal exposure to mycotoxins. In this study, an in vitro rumen model, including feed matrix, was established as first screening tool to test the efficacy of five products claiming to detoxify mycotoxins. The detoxifiers had different modes of action: (a) binding (three products); (b) enzymatic detoxification of zearalenone (ZEN; one product, ZenA); and (c) bacterial transformation of trichothecenes (one product, BBSH 797). For the mycotoxin binders, the binding to the mycotoxins enniatin B (ENN B), roquefortine C (ROQ-C), mycophenolic acid (MPA), deoxynivalenol (DON), nivalenol (NIV), and zearalenone (ZEN) were tested at a dose recommended by the manufacturers. The in vitro model demonstrated that all binders adsorbed ENN B to a certain extent, while only one of the binders also partially adsorbed ROQ-C. The binders did not change the concentrations of the other mycotoxins in the ruminal fluid. The enzyme ZenA detoxified ZEN very quickly and prevented the formation of the more toxic metabolite α-zearalenol (α-ZEL), both at normal (6.8) and low ruminal pH (5.8). The addition of BBSH 797 enhanced detoxification of DON and NIV, both at normal and low ruminal pH. The in vitro rumen model demonstrated that the addition of ZenA seems to be a very promising strategy to prevent estrogenic effects of ZEN contaminated feed, and BBSH 797 is efficient in the detoxification of trichothecenes.

ACS Style

Sandra Debevere; Dian Schatzmayr; Nicole Reisinger; Markus Aleschko; Geert Haesaert; Michael Rychlik; Siska Croubels; Veerle Fievez. Evaluation of the Efficacy of Mycotoxin Modifiers and Mycotoxin Binders by Using an In Vitro Rumen Model as a First Screening Tool. Toxins 2020, 12, 405 .

AMA Style

Sandra Debevere, Dian Schatzmayr, Nicole Reisinger, Markus Aleschko, Geert Haesaert, Michael Rychlik, Siska Croubels, Veerle Fievez. Evaluation of the Efficacy of Mycotoxin Modifiers and Mycotoxin Binders by Using an In Vitro Rumen Model as a First Screening Tool. Toxins. 2020; 12 (6):405.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sandra Debevere; Dian Schatzmayr; Nicole Reisinger; Markus Aleschko; Geert Haesaert; Michael Rychlik; Siska Croubels; Veerle Fievez. 2020. "Evaluation of the Efficacy of Mycotoxin Modifiers and Mycotoxin Binders by Using an In Vitro Rumen Model as a First Screening Tool." Toxins 12, no. 6: 405.

Original research article
Published: 19 February 2020 in Frontiers in Microbiology
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The success of nutritional strategies for the prevention of subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA) and the related microbial dysbiosis still remains unpredictable due to the complexity of the rumen ecosystem. The rumen epimural community, due to proximity, has the greatest opportunity to influence host gene expression. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of two separate feed additives on the rumen epimural community and host epithelial gene expression. Eight rumen cannulated Holstein cows were randomly assigned to one of three feeding groups: autolyzed yeast (AY), phytogenics (PHY) and control (CON) using a 3 × 3 Latin square design. Cows were fed an intermittent SARA model that started with 100% forage diet (Baseline) followed by two 65% concentrate-diet induced SARA challenges (SARAI, SARAII), separated by 1 week of forage only feeding. Rumen papillae samples were collected via the cannula during the Baseline, SARAI and SARAII periods. Microbial DNA was extracted and sequenced targeting the 16S rRNA gene and host RNA was analyzed using RT-qPCR. Analysis of the taxonomic composition at the genera level showed a tendency to increase in the relative abundances of Pseudobutyrivibrio (P = 0.06), Selenomonas (P = 0.07) and significantly increase in SHD-231 (P = 0.01) in PHY treated animals, whereas Succiniclasticum tended to decrease in both PHY and AY treated animals compared to the control. Linear discriminant analysis effect size testing was performed and based on treatment × feeding phase interaction, a number of biomarker genera were identified including the previously identified Succiniclasticum. Supplementation with AY correlated positively with CD14 and DRA expression and negatively to CLDN1, MyD88, and MCT4 expression. Supplementation with PHY showed a negative correlation to CLDN4 gene expression. Anaerovibrio showed the highest positive Pearson correlations to biogenic amines tested in the rumen fluid including putrescine (r = 0.67), cadaverine (r = 0.84), and tyramine (r = 0.83). These results show that supplementing feed additives to high grain diets can have a positive influence on the stability of the epimural populations, and that changes in the epimural community are correlated with changes in host epithelial gene expression.

ACS Style

Renee Maxine Petri; Viktoria Neubauer; Elke Humer; Iris Kröger; Nicole Reisinger; Qendrim Zebeli. Feed Additives Differentially Impact the Epimural Microbiota and Host Epithelial Gene Expression of the Bovine Rumen Fed Diets Rich in Concentrates. Frontiers in Microbiology 2020, 11, 119 .

AMA Style

Renee Maxine Petri, Viktoria Neubauer, Elke Humer, Iris Kröger, Nicole Reisinger, Qendrim Zebeli. Feed Additives Differentially Impact the Epimural Microbiota and Host Epithelial Gene Expression of the Bovine Rumen Fed Diets Rich in Concentrates. Frontiers in Microbiology. 2020; 11 ():119.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Renee Maxine Petri; Viktoria Neubauer; Elke Humer; Iris Kröger; Nicole Reisinger; Qendrim Zebeli. 2020. "Feed Additives Differentially Impact the Epimural Microbiota and Host Epithelial Gene Expression of the Bovine Rumen Fed Diets Rich in Concentrates." Frontiers in Microbiology 11, no. : 119.

Journal article
Published: 04 October 2019 in Toxins
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Forages are important components of dairy cattle rations but might harbor a plethora of mycotoxins. Ruminants are considered to be less susceptible to the adverse health effects of mycotoxins, mainly because the ruminal microflora degrades certain mycotoxins. Yet, impairment of the ruminal degradation capacity or high ruminal stability of toxins can entail that the intestinal epithelium is exposed to significant mycotoxin amounts. The aims of our study were to assess i) the mycotoxin occurrence in maize silage and ii) the cytotoxicity of relevant mycotoxins on bovine intestinal cells. In total, 158 maize silage samples were collected from European dairy cattle farms. LC-MS/MS-based analysis of 61 mycotoxins revealed the presence of emerging mycotoxins (e.g. emodin, culmorin, enniatin B1, enniatin B, and beauvericin) in more than 70% of samples. Among the regulated mycotoxins, deoxynivalenol and zearalenone were most frequently detected (67.7%). Overall, 87% of maize silages contained more than five mycotoxins. Using an in vitro model with calf small intestinal epithelial cells B, the cytotoxicity of deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fumonisin B1 and enniatin B was evaluated (0–200 µM). Absolute IC50 values varied in dependence of employed assay and were 1.2–3.6 µM, 0.8–1.0 µM, 8.6–18.3 µM, and 4.0–6.7 µM for deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fumonisin B1, and enniatin B, respectively. Results highlight the potential relevance of mycotoxins for bovine gut health, a previously neglected target in ruminants.

ACS Style

Nicole Reisinger; Sonja Schürer-Waldheim; Elisabeth Mayer; Sandra Debevere; Gunther Antonissen; Michael Sulyok; Veronika Nagl. Mycotoxin Occurrence in Maize Silage—A Neglected Risk for Bovine Gut Health? Toxins 2019, 11, 577 .

AMA Style

Nicole Reisinger, Sonja Schürer-Waldheim, Elisabeth Mayer, Sandra Debevere, Gunther Antonissen, Michael Sulyok, Veronika Nagl. Mycotoxin Occurrence in Maize Silage—A Neglected Risk for Bovine Gut Health? Toxins. 2019; 11 (10):577.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nicole Reisinger; Sonja Schürer-Waldheim; Elisabeth Mayer; Sandra Debevere; Gunther Antonissen; Michael Sulyok; Veronika Nagl. 2019. "Mycotoxin Occurrence in Maize Silage—A Neglected Risk for Bovine Gut Health?" Toxins 11, no. 10: 577.

Journal article
Published: 16 May 2019 in Anaerobe
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The increased concentrate amounts in cow diets may initiate changes in both particle-associated (PaM) and epimural microbiota (EpM) with the potential for promoting the establishment of pathogens. Clay minerals have shown promising potentials in binding harmful microorganisms and metabolites due to their high adsorption capacity. This study evaluated the effects of a clay-mineral based product (CM) on PaM, EpM, fermentation parameters, and epithelial gene expression in cows fed a high-concentrate diet. Eight rumen-cannulated non-lactating Holstein cows received a concentrate mix supplemented with CM or not (CON) in a change-over design with an initial 100% roughage diet phase (RD, 1 week), followed by intermittent 65%-high-concentrate-diet phases (HC1, HC2; 1 and 2 week duration, respectively), interrupted by 1 week roughage only. Rumen samples for short-chain fatty acids, ammonia, and lactate quantification, as well as PaM, and epithelial biopsies for EpM examination and epithelial gene expression were collected via the cannula once during each feeding phase. Phylogenetic distance analysis of Illumina MiSeq sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene region V345 showed a clear clustering of RD microbiota compared to HC in PaM, showing the impact of the high-concentrate diet on the bacterial community. In the EpM this effect was less pronounced, due to higher variability in RD. In the PaM, a decrease (P < 0.01) of community diversity occurred with the onset of HC feeding, while in the EpM there was an increase in diversity (P < 0.05). In the PaM, CM increased the relative abundance of genus Butyrivibrio (P < 0.01), a commensal bacterium of the rumen, which was, with 6.4%, the second most abundant genus. There, the CM supplementation decreased the genera Lactobacillus, Fusobacterium, and Treponema (P = 0.05), which are potentially either lactate producing or opportunistic pathogens. In the EpM, CM decreased the relative abundance of Succiniclasticum genus (P < 0.01), a possible endotoxin producer, and increased bacteria that are associated with a normobiotic rumen, such as Campylobacter (P = 0.06). Barrier function genes were upregulated in HC2 and nutrient transport genes downregulated in HC1 (P < 0.05); however, there was little effect on pro-inflammatory genes at the epithelium. The CM showed a significant decreasing effect on the cellular metabolism genes HMGCS1 (P = 0.04). Our results suggest that CM supplementation can increase the relative abundance of commensal microbiota and decrease bacteria that could negatively impact the rumen milieu and health during high-concentrate feeding.

ACS Style

Viktoria Neubauer; Elke Humer; Evelyne Mann; Iris Kröger; Nicole Reisinger; Martin Wagner; Qendrim Zebeli; Renee M. Petri. Effects of clay mineral supplementation on particle-associated and epimural microbiota, and gene expression in the rumen of cows fed high-concentrate diet. Anaerobe 2019, 59, 38 -48.

AMA Style

Viktoria Neubauer, Elke Humer, Evelyne Mann, Iris Kröger, Nicole Reisinger, Martin Wagner, Qendrim Zebeli, Renee M. Petri. Effects of clay mineral supplementation on particle-associated and epimural microbiota, and gene expression in the rumen of cows fed high-concentrate diet. Anaerobe. 2019; 59 ():38-48.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Viktoria Neubauer; Elke Humer; Evelyne Mann; Iris Kröger; Nicole Reisinger; Martin Wagner; Qendrim Zebeli; Renee M. Petri. 2019. "Effects of clay mineral supplementation on particle-associated and epimural microbiota, and gene expression in the rumen of cows fed high-concentrate diet." Anaerobe 59, no. : 38-48.

Journal article
Published: 29 March 2019 in Animals
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The main challenge in dairy cattle feeding is to find a balance between the energy and physically effective fibre (peNDF), required to maintain rumen health. In an attempt to regulate the balance between energy intake and rumen buffering, we hypothesized that the content of peNDF in the diet modifies eating and feed sorting patterns of the cows. Sixteen lactating Simmental cows were switched from a diet high in peNDF, with which they were fed for one week, to a diet moderate in peNDF for four weeks. Data showed that during the moderate peNDF feeding the cows increased sorting for medium-sized particles and avoided both long and very fine particles. In addition, cows decreased their eating time per meal, but increased the number of meals per day, obviously attempting to decrease the amount of fermentable substrate per time unit while maintaining high levels of nutrient/energy intake. Although these changes during the moderate peNDF feeding went along with a lower diurnal variation of ruminal pH, feeding of the latter diet did not prevent ruminal pH drop and increased the level of all liver enzymes, indicating liver tissue damage. In conclusion, the altered eating, chewing, and sorting behaviour of the cows during the moderate peNDF feeding could not alleviate the deficiency in peNDF, which resulted in ruminal pH depression and impairment of liver health variables.

ACS Style

Iris Kröger; Elke Humer; Viktoria Neubauer; Nicole Reisinger; Qendrim Zebeli. Feeding Diets Moderate in Physically Effective Fibre Alters Eating and Feed Sorting Patterns without Improving Ruminal pH, but Impaired Liver Health in Dairy Cows. Animals 2019, 9, 128 .

AMA Style

Iris Kröger, Elke Humer, Viktoria Neubauer, Nicole Reisinger, Qendrim Zebeli. Feeding Diets Moderate in Physically Effective Fibre Alters Eating and Feed Sorting Patterns without Improving Ruminal pH, but Impaired Liver Health in Dairy Cows. Animals. 2019; 9 (4):128.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Iris Kröger; Elke Humer; Viktoria Neubauer; Nicole Reisinger; Qendrim Zebeli. 2019. "Feeding Diets Moderate in Physically Effective Fibre Alters Eating and Feed Sorting Patterns without Improving Ruminal pH, but Impaired Liver Health in Dairy Cows." Animals 9, no. 4: 128.

Journal article
Published: 29 January 2019 in Toxicology Letters
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Fumonisin B1 (FB1), mainly produced by Fusarium verticillioides and Fusarium proliferatum, can be converted to the less toxic metabolite hydrolyzed FB1 (HFB1) by enzymatic degradation. The application of an FB1 degrading enzyme as a feed additive is a strategy to reduce fumonisin exposure of animals. However, the difference between the effect of FB1 and HFB1 on porcine intestinal immunity is poorly documented. We investigated the toxic effects of FB1 and HFB1 exposure on porcine gut barrier function and intestinal immunity by using a co-culture model of intestinal porcine epithelial cells (IPEC-J2) and porcine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). First, we confirmed that Fusarium mycotoxin (deoxynivalenol; DON), in the presence of an endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide: LPS), disrupted gut permeability of IPEC-J2 and induced inflammatory response in the co-culture system. FB1 induced additional damage to gut barrier function and promoted pro-inflammatory responses in the presence of LPS and DON compared to only LPS/DON treatment. In the co-culture system, FB1/LPS/DON induced increased cell death of PBMCs and pro-inflammatory cytokines than LPS/DON treatment. In contrast, the application of HFB1 resulted in reduced levels of chemokines and pro-inflammatory cytokines together with marginal immune cell death compared to FB1/LPS/DON in the IPEC-J2/PBMC co-culture system. These findings suggest that FB1 aggravates LPS/DON-induced intestinal inflammation, and HFB1 showed less toxicity to immune response. Therefore, enzymatic degradation of FB1 to HFB1 could be an effective strategy to reduce intestinal inflammation in pigs.

ACS Style

Min Jeong Gu; Seung Eun Han; Kyoryen Hwang; Elisabeth Mayer; Nicole Reisinger; Dian Schatzmayr; Byung-Chul Park; Cheol-Heui Yun. Hydrolyzed fumonisin B1 induces less inflammatory responses than fumonisin B1 in the co-culture model of porcine intestinal epithelial and immune cells. Toxicology Letters 2019, 305, 110 -116.

AMA Style

Min Jeong Gu, Seung Eun Han, Kyoryen Hwang, Elisabeth Mayer, Nicole Reisinger, Dian Schatzmayr, Byung-Chul Park, Cheol-Heui Yun. Hydrolyzed fumonisin B1 induces less inflammatory responses than fumonisin B1 in the co-culture model of porcine intestinal epithelial and immune cells. Toxicology Letters. 2019; 305 ():110-116.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Min Jeong Gu; Seung Eun Han; Kyoryen Hwang; Elisabeth Mayer; Nicole Reisinger; Dian Schatzmayr; Byung-Chul Park; Cheol-Heui Yun. 2019. "Hydrolyzed fumonisin B1 induces less inflammatory responses than fumonisin B1 in the co-culture model of porcine intestinal epithelial and immune cells." Toxicology Letters 305, no. : 110-116.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2019 in Animal
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Grain-rich diets often lead to subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA) impairing rumen and systemic cattle health. Recent data suggest beneficial effects of a clay mineral (CM)- based product on the rumen microbiome of cattle during SARA. This study sought to investigate whether the CM supplementation can counteract SARA-induced perturbations of the bovine systemic health. The study used an intermittent diet-induced SARA-model with eight dry Holstein cows receiving either no additive as control or CM via concentrates (n=8 per treatment). Cows received first a forage diet (Baseline) for 1 week, followed by a 1-week SARA-challenge (SARA 1), a 1-week recovery phase (Recovery) and finally a second SARA-challenge for 2 weeks (SARA 2). Cows were monitored for feed intake, reticular pH and chewing behavior. Blood samples were taken and analyzed for metabolites related to glucose and lipid metabolism as well as liver health biomarkers. In addition, a targeted electrospray ionization-liquid chromatography-MS-based metabolomics approach was carried out on the plasma samples obtained at the end of the Baseline and SARA 1 phase. Data showed that supplementing the cows’ diet with CM improved ruminating chews per regurgitated bolus by 16% in SARA 1 (P=0.01) and enhanced the dry matter intake during the Recovery phase (P=0.05). Moreover, the SARA-induced decreases in several amino acids and phosphatidylcholines were less pronounced in cows receiving CM (P≤0.10). The CM-supplemented cows also had lower concentrations of lactate (P=0.03) and biogenic amines such as histamine and spermine (P<0.01) in the blood. In contrast, the concentration of acylcarnitines with key metabolic functions was increased in the blood of treated cows (P≤0.05). In SARA 2, the CM-cows had lower concentrations of the liver enzymes aspartate aminotransferase and γ-glutamyltransferase (P<0.05). In conclusion, the data suggest that supplementation of CM holds the potential to alleviate the negative effects of high-grain feeding in cattle by counteracting multiple SARA-induced perturbations in the systemic metabolism and liver health.

ACS Style

Elke Humer; I. Kröger; V. Neubauer; Nicole Reisinger; Q. Zebeli. Supplementation of a clay mineral-based product modulates plasma metabolomic profile and liver enzymes in cattle fed grain-rich diets. Animal 2019, 13, 1214 -1223.

AMA Style

Elke Humer, I. Kröger, V. Neubauer, Nicole Reisinger, Q. Zebeli. Supplementation of a clay mineral-based product modulates plasma metabolomic profile and liver enzymes in cattle fed grain-rich diets. Animal. 2019; 13 (6):1214-1223.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Elke Humer; I. Kröger; V. Neubauer; Nicole Reisinger; Q. Zebeli. 2019. "Supplementation of a clay mineral-based product modulates plasma metabolomic profile and liver enzymes in cattle fed grain-rich diets." Animal 13, no. 6: 1214-1223.

Journal article
Published: 01 October 2018 in Journal of Dairy Science
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Subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA) causes ruminal dysbiosis, thereby increasing the risk of systemic metabolic disorders in cattle. We recently showed that supplementation with phytogenic compounds (PHY) or autolyzed yeast (AY) counteracted negative effects of SARA by improving ruminal pH and microbiome. This study investigated the effects of an intermittent SARA challenge on the ruminal concentration of biogenic amines (BA) and lipopolysaccharides (LPS), as well as on the blood metabolome. We also evaluated effects of PHY and AY on the latter variables. Eight rumen-cannulated nonlactating Holstein cows were arranged in an incomplete 4 × 3 Latin square design with 4 experimental runs and 3 treatment groups. During each run, cows were switched from an all-forage diet (baseline) to an intermittent concentrate-challenge diet with a forage:concentrate ratio of 35:65 (dry matter basis) to induce SARA for 1 (SARA1) or 2 (SARA2) wk, separated by 1 wk of forage-only feeding. The 3 treatment groups were no additive as control, PHY, or AY. During baseline, SARA1 and SARA2 rumen fluid samples were collected for analysis of BA and LPS. Blood samples were taken during baseline and SARA1 for a targeted metabolomics approach. High-concentrate feeding caused a 9-fold increase in ruminal LPS during SARA1 and an 11-fold increase in SARA2 compared with the baseline. Elevated concentrations of ruminal BA were found during both SARA periods, with histamine showing the strongest increase during SARA1. Moreover, a decrease in phosphatidylcholines, lysophosphatidylcholines, sphingomyelines, and several AA in the blood during SARA1 were detected. Supplementation of PHY decreased concentrations of LPS (-43%), histamine (-66%), pyrrolidine (-38%), and spermine (-54%) in SARA1 and cadaverine in SARA2 (-50%). Moreover, cows that received PHY had higher concentrations of cholesterol (+26%), several AA, and phosphatidylcholines in SARA1 compared with control cows. For AY, decreases in ruminal ethanolamine (-21%), methylamine (-52%), histamine (-54%), spermidine (-44%), and spermine (-80%) in SARA1 were observed, whereas in the blood an increase in tryptophan was noticed. In conclusion, the SARA was associated with markedly increased concentrations of LPS and BA in the rumen fluid and undesirable shifts in the plasma metabolome. Supplementation of PHY and AY counteracted some of these changes and therefore may help in attenuating negative effects of high-concentrate feeding in dairy cattle.

ACS Style

Elke Humer; I. Kröger; V. Neubauer; K. Schedle; Nicole Reisinger; Q. Zebeli. Supplementing phytogenic compounds or autolyzed yeast modulates ruminal biogenic amines and plasma metabolome in dry cows experiencing subacute ruminal acidosis. Journal of Dairy Science 2018, 101, 9559 -9574.

AMA Style

Elke Humer, I. Kröger, V. Neubauer, K. Schedle, Nicole Reisinger, Q. Zebeli. Supplementing phytogenic compounds or autolyzed yeast modulates ruminal biogenic amines and plasma metabolome in dry cows experiencing subacute ruminal acidosis. Journal of Dairy Science. 2018; 101 (10):9559-9574.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Elke Humer; I. Kröger; V. Neubauer; K. Schedle; Nicole Reisinger; Q. Zebeli. 2018. "Supplementing phytogenic compounds or autolyzed yeast modulates ruminal biogenic amines and plasma metabolome in dry cows experiencing subacute ruminal acidosis." Journal of Dairy Science 101, no. 10: 9559-9574.

Comparative study
Published: 11 April 2018 in Toxins
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Deoxynivalenol (DON) is one of the most prevalent mycotoxins, contaminating cereals and cereal-derived products. Its derivative deepoxy-deoxynivalenol (DOM-1) is produced by certain bacteria, which either occur naturally or are supplemented in feed additive. DON-induced impairments in protein synthesis are particularly problematic for highly proliferating immune cells. This study provides the first comparison of the effects of DON and DOM-1 on the concanavalin A-induced proliferation of porcine, chicken, and bovine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Therefore, isolated PBMCs were treated with DON (0.01–3.37 µM) and DOM-1 (1.39–357 µM) separately, and proliferation was measured using a bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) assay. Although pigs are considered highly sensitive to DON, the present study revealed a substantially higher sensitivity of bovine (IC50 = 0.314 µM) PBMCs compared to chicken (IC50 = 0.691 µM) and porcine (IC50 = 0.693 µM) PBMCs. Analyses on the proliferation of bovine T-cell subsets showed that all major subsets, namely, CD4+, CD8β+, and γδ T cells, were affected to a similar extent. In contrast, DOM-1 did not affect bovine PBMCs, but reduced the proliferation of chicken and porcine PBMCs at the highest tested concentration (357 µM). Results confirm the necessity of feed additives containing DON-to-DOM-1-transforming bacteria and highlights species-specific differences in the DON sensitivity of immune cells.

ACS Style

Barbara Novak; Eleni Vatzia; Alexandra Springler; Alix Pierron; Wilhelm Gerner; Nicole Reisinger; Sabine Hessenberger; Gerd Schatzmayr; Elisabeth Mayer. Bovine Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells Are More Sensitive to Deoxynivalenol Than Those Derived from Poultry and Swine. Toxins 2018, 10, 152 .

AMA Style

Barbara Novak, Eleni Vatzia, Alexandra Springler, Alix Pierron, Wilhelm Gerner, Nicole Reisinger, Sabine Hessenberger, Gerd Schatzmayr, Elisabeth Mayer. Bovine Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells Are More Sensitive to Deoxynivalenol Than Those Derived from Poultry and Swine. Toxins. 2018; 10 (4):152.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Barbara Novak; Eleni Vatzia; Alexandra Springler; Alix Pierron; Wilhelm Gerner; Nicole Reisinger; Sabine Hessenberger; Gerd Schatzmayr; Elisabeth Mayer. 2018. "Bovine Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells Are More Sensitive to Deoxynivalenol Than Those Derived from Poultry and Swine." Toxins 10, no. 4: 152.

Journal article
Published: 01 March 2018 in Journal of Dairy Science
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The feeding of concentrate-rich diets may lead to microbial imbalances and dysfermentation in the rumen. The main objective of this study was to determine the effects of supplementing phytogenic compounds (PHY) or autolyzed yeast (AY) on rumen fermentation and microbial abundance in cows intermittently fed concentrate-rich diets. The experiment was carried out as an incomplete 3 × 4 Latin square design, with 8 nonlactating rumen-fistulated Holstein-Friesian cows. The cows were randomly assigned to a concentrate diet that was either not supplemented (CON), or supplemented with PHY or AY. Each of the 4 consecutive experimental periods was composed of a 1-wk roughage-only diet (RD), 6-d gradual concentrate increase, followed by 1 wk of 65% concentrate (dry matter basis; Conc I), and 1 wk of RD and a final 2-wk 65% concentrate (dry matter basis; Conc II) phase. Digesta samples were collected from the rumen mat for bacterial 16S rRNA gene Illumina MiSeq (Illumina, Balgach, Switzerland) sequencing, and samples of particle-associated rumen liquid were obtained for measuring short-chain fatty acids, lactate, ammonia, and pH during RD (d 6), Conc I (d 19), and Conc II (d 39). The concentrate feeding caused a decrease of overall bacterial diversity indices, especially during Conc I. The genera Ruminococcus, Butyrivibrio, and Coprococcus were decreased, whereas Prevotella, Megasphaera, Lachnospira, and Bacteroides were increased in abundance. Supplementation of both feed additives increased the abundance of gram-positive and decreased that of gram-negative bacteria. Supplementation of AY enhanced cellulolytic bacteria such as Ruminococcus spp., whereas PHY decreased starch and sugar fermenters including Bacteroides spp., Shuttleworthia spp., and Syntrophococcus spp. Moreover, PHY supplementation increased butyrate percentage in the rumen in both concentrate phases. In conclusion, intermittent high-concentrate feeding altered the digesta-associated rumen bacterial community and rumen fermentation with more significant alterations found in Conc I than in Conc II. The data also showed that both feed additives had the most significant modulatory effects on the bacterial community, and their subsequent fermentation, during periods of low pH.

ACS Style

V. Neubauer; R. Petri; E. Humer; I. Kröger; E. Mann; N. Reisinger; M. Wagner; Q. Zebeli. High-grain diets supplemented with phytogenic compounds or autolyzed yeast modulate ruminal bacterial community and fermentation in dry cows. Journal of Dairy Science 2018, 101, 2335 -2349.

AMA Style

V. Neubauer, R. Petri, E. Humer, I. Kröger, E. Mann, N. Reisinger, M. Wagner, Q. Zebeli. High-grain diets supplemented with phytogenic compounds or autolyzed yeast modulate ruminal bacterial community and fermentation in dry cows. Journal of Dairy Science. 2018; 101 (3):2335-2349.

Chicago/Turabian Style

V. Neubauer; R. Petri; E. Humer; I. Kröger; E. Mann; N. Reisinger; M. Wagner; Q. Zebeli. 2018. "High-grain diets supplemented with phytogenic compounds or autolyzed yeast modulate ruminal bacterial community and fermentation in dry cows." Journal of Dairy Science 101, no. 3: 2335-2349.

Evaluation study
Published: 01 March 2018 in Journal of Dairy Science
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Feeding high-grain diets leads to the release and accumulation of short-chain fatty acids in the rumen. The subsequent prolonged decline in ruminal pH can lead to subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA). Accumulation of short-chain fatty acids can cause proliferation of rumen papillae to increase absorption surface, subsequently leading to a thickening of the rumen mucosa. The aim of this study was to evaluate the appropriateness of continuous measurements of the rumen mucosa thickness (RMT) as a diagnostic tool for SARA in dairy cows compared with continuous measurements of ruminal pH. The study used 6 lactating Simmental cows switched from a moderate-grain (MG) diet with 40% concentrate (dry matter basis) for 1 wk to a high-grain (HG) diet with 60% concentrate (dry matter basis) for 4 wk. Reticuloruminal pH was recorded with indwelling sensors throughout the trial. Rumen mucosa thickness was measured by transabdominal ultrasound at 4 d during the MG diet and 23 d during the HG diet. Mean RMT increased from 4.7 ± 0.19 mm in the MG diet to 5.3 ± 0.17 mm in the HG diet, whereas daily mean reticular pH decreased from 6.8 ± 0.01 in the MG diet to 6.5 ± 0.01 in the HG diet. Older cows (>3 lactations) had increased RMT, associated with higher reticular pH throughout the experiment. The higher RMT and pH level in older cows underlines their lesser susceptibility to SARA during high-grain feeding. In conclusion, RMT can successfully be measured using linear ultrasound probes, commonly used by veterinary practitioners as rectal probes. By combining noninvasive RMT measurements with the lactation number of the individual cows in a herd, this study suggests that RMT is a viable option for diagnosing SARA. Further research, using a larger number of cows with different lactations numbers, is needed to establish a cut-off RMT indicating the risk of SARA.

ACS Style

V. Neubauer; Elke Humer; I. Kröger; A. Meißl; Nicole Reisinger; Q. Zebeli. Technical note: Changes in rumen mucosa thickness measured by transabdominal ultrasound as a noninvasive method to diagnose subacute rumen acidosis in dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 2018, 101, 2650 -2654.

AMA Style

V. Neubauer, Elke Humer, I. Kröger, A. Meißl, Nicole Reisinger, Q. Zebeli. Technical note: Changes in rumen mucosa thickness measured by transabdominal ultrasound as a noninvasive method to diagnose subacute rumen acidosis in dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science. 2018; 101 (3):2650-2654.

Chicago/Turabian Style

V. Neubauer; Elke Humer; I. Kröger; A. Meißl; Nicole Reisinger; Q. Zebeli. 2018. "Technical note: Changes in rumen mucosa thickness measured by transabdominal ultrasound as a noninvasive method to diagnose subacute rumen acidosis in dairy cows." Journal of Dairy Science 101, no. 3: 2650-2654.

Journal article
Published: 25 January 2018 in Translational Animal Science
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Heat stress negatively affects performance and intestinal integrity of pigs. The objective of this study was to characterize the effects of diurnal heat stress (dHS) on nursery-grower pig performance, intestinal integrity, and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) translocation. Forty-eight nursery-grower gilts, individually penned, were randomly assigned to two treatments. Twenty-four pigs were then exposed to dHS for 3 d, 6 h at 38°C and 18 h at 32°C, at 40–60% humidity. The remaining pigs were maintained under thermal neutral (TN) conditions. Changes in pig rectal temperatures (Tr), respiration rates (RR), performance, and blood parameters were evaluated. Additionally, ex vivo ileum integrity was assessed with the Ussing chamber by measuring transepithelial resistance (TER), and 4 kDa fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)–dextran (FD4) and FITC–LPS mucosal to serosal flux. As expected, dHS increased pig Tr and RR (P < 0.05) and reduced pig performance (P < 0.05) on the 3-d period. Compared with TN, ileum TER (P = 0.04), FITC–LPS (P < 0.001), and FD4 (P = 0.011) permeability were significantly increased due to dHS. Compared with TN pigs, dHS increased serum endotoxin by 150% (P = 0.031). Altogether, 3-d dHS significantly reduced pig performance and intestinal integrity and increased blood endotoxin concentrations.

ACS Style

Nicholas K Gabler; Dawn Koltes; Simone Schaumberger; G Raj Murugesan; Nicole Reisinger. Diurnal heat stress reduces pig intestinal integrity and increases endotoxin translocation. Translational Animal Science 2018, 2, 1 -10.

AMA Style

Nicholas K Gabler, Dawn Koltes, Simone Schaumberger, G Raj Murugesan, Nicole Reisinger. Diurnal heat stress reduces pig intestinal integrity and increases endotoxin translocation. Translational Animal Science. 2018; 2 (1):1-10.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nicholas K Gabler; Dawn Koltes; Simone Schaumberger; G Raj Murugesan; Nicole Reisinger. 2018. "Diurnal heat stress reduces pig intestinal integrity and increases endotoxin translocation." Translational Animal Science 2, no. 1: 1-10.

Journal article
Published: 01 December 2017 in Journal of Dairy Science
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Feeding of concentrate-rich diets impairs chewing behavior and leads to rumen acidosis in cattle. Because of their modulatory effects on ruminal fermentation, phytogenic compounds (PHY) and autolyzed yeast derivatives (AY) may alleviate the negative consequences of high-concentrate diets. Therefore, this research investigated if chewing behavior and the reticular pH dynamics are modulated by AY and PHY supplementation during repeated concentrate-rich challenges used to simulate intermittent rumen acidotic insults. Eight rumen-cannulated, dry, and nonpregnant Holstein cows were assigned to an incomplete double 4 × 3 Latin square design with 3 treatments and 4 experimental runs (n = 8/treatment). Cows were fed concentrates either not supplemented (CON) or supplemented with PHY or AY. Initially, cows were fed a pure forage diet (FD) and switched to a 65% concentrate diet on DM basis for 1 (CONC 1) and 2 (CONC 2) wk. Between CONC 1 and CONC 2, the cows were fed the FD for 1 wk. Chewing activity was measured using noseband sensors and reticular pH by wireless pH sensors. Data showed that cows spent less time ruminating in CONC 1 than in CONC 2. In agreement, reticular pH drop was more pronounced during CONC 1 than during CONC 2. Cows fed with PHY spent 4 h less with reticular pH <6.0 during CONC 1 and 3 h less with pH <6.0 h in CONC 2 as compared with CON cows. Similarly, PHY supplementation extended rumination time with 88 min/d compared with CON cows during CONC 1. The AY supplementation increased DMI by 20% resulting in a longer eating time compared with CON diet during CONC 1. Enhancement of ruminating by PHY and eating time by AY supplementation resulted in longer total chewing time for PHY (474 min/d) and AY (466 min/d) as compared with CON (356 min/d) in CONC 1. In conclusion, cows experiencing 2 intermittent concentrate-rich challenges increased their ruminating behavior during the second challenge, and this effect was associated with higher reticular pH readings. The PHY supplementation enhanced rumination as well as reticular pH during CONC 1. However, the enhanced pH of cows fed with PHY during CONC 2 was not related to greater rumination, suggesting that influencing factors beyond rumination seemed to play a role in modulating reticular pH in PHY cows during CONC 2. The AY supplementation increased DMI without depressing rumination or reticular pH. Effects of both feed additives were more pronounced during CONC 1 challenge when reticular pH was lower.

ACS Style

I. Kröger; Elke Humer; V. Neubauer; Nicole Reisinger; S. Aditya; Q. Zebeli. Modulation of chewing behavior and reticular pH in nonlactating cows challenged with concentrate-rich diets supplemented with phytogenic compounds and autolyzed yeast. Journal of Dairy Science 2017, 100, 9702 -9714.

AMA Style

I. Kröger, Elke Humer, V. Neubauer, Nicole Reisinger, S. Aditya, Q. Zebeli. Modulation of chewing behavior and reticular pH in nonlactating cows challenged with concentrate-rich diets supplemented with phytogenic compounds and autolyzed yeast. Journal of Dairy Science. 2017; 100 (12):9702-9714.

Chicago/Turabian Style

I. Kröger; Elke Humer; V. Neubauer; Nicole Reisinger; S. Aditya; Q. Zebeli. 2017. "Modulation of chewing behavior and reticular pH in nonlactating cows challenged with concentrate-rich diets supplemented with phytogenic compounds and autolyzed yeast." Journal of Dairy Science 100, no. 12: 9702-9714.