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Alison Connolly (PhD, NUI Galway) is an Irish Research Council Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions (MSCA) postdoctoral research fellow conducting the IMAGE project: ‘Ireland’s bioMonitoring Assessment of Glyphosate Exposures with the National University of Ireland Galway and the Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine (IPA) of the German Social Accident Insurance Bochum, Germany. Alison’s PhD research project involved investigating occupational pesticide exposures among amenity horticulturists. Alison has a keen interest in exposure science and occupational hygiene and is a member of the British Occupational Hygiene Society (BOHS), a committee member of the Occupational Hygiene Society of Ireland (OHSI) and a member of the International Society of Exposure Science (ISES) and the student representative and webmaster of the European Chapter of the International Society of Exposure Science (ISES Europe). Research topics include research in the area of exposure science, occupational hygiene and health and safety of the workforce, as well as environmental exposures to current and emerging hazards.
Project Goal: Ireland’s bioMonitoring Assessment of Glyphosate Exposures project is investigating environmental exposures to glyphosate among Irish families, both farm and non-farm families, by collecting and analysing urine samples from parents and children.
Current Stage: The study has developed an analytical technique for analysing urine samples for glyphosate and its main metabolite AMPA and sample collection will be complete by September 2020.
Glyphosate is the highest volume herbicide used worldwide, and its main biodegradation product is aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA), both are listed as priority substances in the Human Biomonitoring for Europe (HBM4EU) initiative which aims at improving policy by filling knowledge gaps by targeted research. The objective of the current study was to advance the sensitivity of an existing gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analytical method to measure environmental population exposures. A 50% lower limit of quantification of 0.05 µg/L was achieved for both analytes by slight modifications in sample work-up, and use of another isotope labelled internal standard. In a pilot study, 41 urine samples from the general German population were analysed, of which glyphosate and AMPA could be quantified in 66% and 90% of the samples respectively, which is sufficient to reliably describe distributions of urinary concentrations in the non-occupationally exposed population.
Alison Connolly; Stephan Koslitz; Daniel Bury; Thomas Brüning; André Conrad; Marike Kolossa-Gehring; Marie A. Coggins; Holger Martin Koch. Sensitive and selective quantification of glyphosate and aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) in urine of the general population by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography B 2020, 1158, 122348 .
AMA StyleAlison Connolly, Stephan Koslitz, Daniel Bury, Thomas Brüning, André Conrad, Marike Kolossa-Gehring, Marie A. Coggins, Holger Martin Koch. Sensitive and selective quantification of glyphosate and aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) in urine of the general population by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography B. 2020; 1158 ():122348.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlison Connolly; Stephan Koslitz; Daniel Bury; Thomas Brüning; André Conrad; Marike Kolossa-Gehring; Marie A. Coggins; Holger Martin Koch. 2020. "Sensitive and selective quantification of glyphosate and aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) in urine of the general population by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry." Journal of Chromatography B 1158, no. : 122348.
Glyphosate continues to attract controversial debate following the International Agency for Research on Cancer carcinogenicity classification in 2015. Despite its ubiquitous presence in our environment, there remains a dearth of data on human exposure to both glyphosate and its main biodegradation product aminomethylphosphonic (AMPA). Herein, we reviewed and compared results from 21 studies that use human biomonitoring (HBM) to measure urinary glyphosate and AMPA. Elucidation of the level and range of exposure was complicated by differences in sampling strategy, analytical methods, and data presentation. Exposure data is required to enable a more robust regulatory risk assessment, and these studies included higher occupational exposures, environmental exposures, and vulnerable groups such as children. There was also considerable uncertainty regarding the absorption and excretion pattern of glyphosate and AMPA in humans. This information is required to back-calculate exposure doses from urinary levels and thus, compared with health-based guidance values. Back-calculations based on animal-derived excretion rates suggested that there were no health concerns in relation to glyphosate exposure (when compared with EFSA acceptable daily intake (ADI)). However, recent human metabolism data has reported as low as a 1% urinary excretion rate of glyphosate. Human exposures extrapolated from urinary glyphosate concentrations found that upper-bound levels may be much closer to the ADI than previously reported.
Alison Connolly; Marie A. Coggins; Holger M. Koch. Human Biomonitoring of Glyphosate Exposures: State-of-the-Art and Future Research Challenges. Toxics 2020, 8, 60 .
AMA StyleAlison Connolly, Marie A. Coggins, Holger M. Koch. Human Biomonitoring of Glyphosate Exposures: State-of-the-Art and Future Research Challenges. Toxics. 2020; 8 (3):60.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlison Connolly; Marie A. Coggins; Holger M. Koch. 2020. "Human Biomonitoring of Glyphosate Exposures: State-of-the-Art and Future Research Challenges." Toxics 8, no. 3: 60.
Exposure information is a critical element in various regulatory and non-regulatory frameworks in Europe and elsewhere. Exposure science supports to ensure safe environments, reduce human health risks, and foster a sustainable future. However, increasing diversity in regulations and the lack of a professional identity as exposure scientists currently hamper developing the field and uptake into European policy. In response, we discuss trends, and identify three key needs for advancing and harmonizing exposure science and its application in Europe. We provide overarching building blocks and define six long-term activities to address the identified key needs, and to iteratively improve guidelines, tools, data, and education. More specifically, we propose creating European networks to maximize synergies with adjacent fields and identify funding opportunities, building common exposure assessment approaches across regulations, providing tiered education and training programmes, developing an aligned and integrated exposure assessment framework, offering best practices guidance, and launching an exposure information exchange platform. Dedicated working groups will further specify these activities in a consistent action plan. Together, these elements form the foundation for establishing goals and an action roadmap for successfully developing and implementing a ‘European Exposure Science Strategy’ 2020–2030, which is aligned with advances in science and technology.
Peter Fantke; Natalie Von Goetz; Urs Schlüter; Jos Bessems; Alison Connolly; Tatsiana Dudzina; Andreas Ahrens; Jim Bridges; Marie A. Coggins; André Conrad; Otto Hänninen; Gerhard Heinemeyer; Stylianos Kephalopoulos; Michael McLachlan; Tim Meijster; Veronique Poulsen; Dag Rother; Theo Vermeire; Susana Viegas; Jelle Vlaanderen; Maryam Zare Jeddi; Yuri Bruinen De Bruin. Building a European exposure science strategy. Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology 2019, 30, 917 -924.
AMA StylePeter Fantke, Natalie Von Goetz, Urs Schlüter, Jos Bessems, Alison Connolly, Tatsiana Dudzina, Andreas Ahrens, Jim Bridges, Marie A. Coggins, André Conrad, Otto Hänninen, Gerhard Heinemeyer, Stylianos Kephalopoulos, Michael McLachlan, Tim Meijster, Veronique Poulsen, Dag Rother, Theo Vermeire, Susana Viegas, Jelle Vlaanderen, Maryam Zare Jeddi, Yuri Bruinen De Bruin. Building a European exposure science strategy. Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology. 2019; 30 (6):917-924.
Chicago/Turabian StylePeter Fantke; Natalie Von Goetz; Urs Schlüter; Jos Bessems; Alison Connolly; Tatsiana Dudzina; Andreas Ahrens; Jim Bridges; Marie A. Coggins; André Conrad; Otto Hänninen; Gerhard Heinemeyer; Stylianos Kephalopoulos; Michael McLachlan; Tim Meijster; Veronique Poulsen; Dag Rother; Theo Vermeire; Susana Viegas; Jelle Vlaanderen; Maryam Zare Jeddi; Yuri Bruinen De Bruin. 2019. "Building a European exposure science strategy." Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology 30, no. 6: 917-924.
Sand-based products are regularly used as footing material on indoor equestrian arenas, creating a potential occupational exposure risk for respirable crystalline silica (RCS) for equestrian workers training and exercising horses in these environments. The objective of this study was to evaluate an equestrian worker’s personal RCS and respirable dust (RD) exposure. Sixteen personal full-shift RD measurements were collected from an equestrian worker and analysed for RD, quartz and cristobalite. Geometric mean exposures of 0.12 mg m−3 and 0.02 mg m−3 were calculated for RD and RCS concentrations, respectively. RCS exposures of between 0.01 to 0.09 mg m−3 were measured on days when the indoor arena surface was not watered, compared to lower exposures (
Kathleen Bulfin; Hilary Cowie; Karen S. Galea; Alison Connolly; Marie Ann Coggins. Occupational Exposures in an Equestrian Centre to Respirable Dust and Respirable Crystalline Silica. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2019, 16, 3226 .
AMA StyleKathleen Bulfin, Hilary Cowie, Karen S. Galea, Alison Connolly, Marie Ann Coggins. Occupational Exposures in an Equestrian Centre to Respirable Dust and Respirable Crystalline Silica. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16 (17):3226.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKathleen Bulfin; Hilary Cowie; Karen S. Galea; Alison Connolly; Marie Ann Coggins. 2019. "Occupational Exposures in an Equestrian Centre to Respirable Dust and Respirable Crystalline Silica." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 17: 3226.
To the author's knowledge, this is the first study to have investigated both dermal and inadvertent exposure to glyphosate and their contribution to total body burden. Data show the dermal exposure is the prominent route of exposure in comparison to inadvertent ingestion but inadvertent ingestion may contribute to overall body burden. The study also identified potential exposure to non-pesticide users in the workplace and para-occupational exposures.
Alison Connolly; Marie A Coggins; Karen S Galea; Kate Jones; Laura Kenny; Padraic McGowan; Ioannis Basinas. Evaluating Glyphosate Exposure Routes and Their Contribution to Total Body Burden: A Study Among Amenity Horticulturalists. Annals of Work Exposures and Health 2019, 63, 133 -147.
AMA StyleAlison Connolly, Marie A Coggins, Karen S Galea, Kate Jones, Laura Kenny, Padraic McGowan, Ioannis Basinas. Evaluating Glyphosate Exposure Routes and Their Contribution to Total Body Burden: A Study Among Amenity Horticulturalists. Annals of Work Exposures and Health. 2019; 63 (2):133-147.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlison Connolly; Marie A Coggins; Karen S Galea; Kate Jones; Laura Kenny; Padraic McGowan; Ioannis Basinas. 2019. "Evaluating Glyphosate Exposure Routes and Their Contribution to Total Body Burden: A Study Among Amenity Horticulturalists." Annals of Work Exposures and Health 63, no. 2: 133-147.
The impact of this chapter is to inform the reader of this book about current activities of international bodies to improve the methods used in exposure assessment and the knowledge and information database. In addition the reader shall be given insight into the regulatory work and decision procedures.
Andreas Ahrens; Jos Bessems; Yuri Bruinen De Bruin; Alison Connolly; Peter Fantke; Mary Gilsenan; Gerhard Heinemeyer; Matti Jantunen; Majlinda Lahaniatis; Demosthenes Papameletiou; Artur Radomyski; Vittorio Reina; Urs Schlüter; Yasmin Sommer; Anne Theobald; Natalie Von Goetz; Alexandre Zenié. Activities Encountered by European and Other International Authorities. The Practice of Consumer Exposure Assessment 2019, 511 -565.
AMA StyleAndreas Ahrens, Jos Bessems, Yuri Bruinen De Bruin, Alison Connolly, Peter Fantke, Mary Gilsenan, Gerhard Heinemeyer, Matti Jantunen, Majlinda Lahaniatis, Demosthenes Papameletiou, Artur Radomyski, Vittorio Reina, Urs Schlüter, Yasmin Sommer, Anne Theobald, Natalie Von Goetz, Alexandre Zenié. Activities Encountered by European and Other International Authorities. The Practice of Consumer Exposure Assessment. 2019; ():511-565.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAndreas Ahrens; Jos Bessems; Yuri Bruinen De Bruin; Alison Connolly; Peter Fantke; Mary Gilsenan; Gerhard Heinemeyer; Matti Jantunen; Majlinda Lahaniatis; Demosthenes Papameletiou; Artur Radomyski; Vittorio Reina; Urs Schlüter; Yasmin Sommer; Anne Theobald; Natalie Von Goetz; Alexandre Zenié. 2019. "Activities Encountered by European and Other International Authorities." The Practice of Consumer Exposure Assessment , no. : 511-565.
The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has recently classified glyphosate as a Group 2A ‘probably carcinogenic to humans’. Due to this carcinogenic classification and resulting international debate, there is an increased demand for studies evaluating human health effects from glyphosate exposures. There is currently limited information on human exposures to glyphosate and a paucity of data regarding glyphosate's biological half-life in humans. This study aims to estimate the human half-life of glyphosate from human urine samples collected from amenity horticulture workers using glyphosate based pesticide products. Full void urine spot samples were collected over a period of approximately 24 h for eight work tasks involving seven workers. The elimination time and estimation of the half-life of glyphosate using three different measurement metrics: the unadjusted glyphosate concentrations, creatinine corrected concentrations and by using Urinary Excretion Rates (UER) (μg L−1, μmol/mol creatinine and UER μg L−1) was calculated by summary and linear interpolation using regression analysis. This study estimates the human biological half-life of glyphosate as approximately 5 ½, 10 and 7 ¼ hours for unadjusted samples, creatinine corrected concentrations and by using UER (μg L−1, μmol/mol creatinine, UER μg L−1), respectively. The approximated glyphosate half-life calculations seem to have less variability when using the UER compared to the other measuring metrics. This study provides new information on the elimination rate of glyphosate and an approximate biological half-life range for humans. This information can help optimise the design of sampling strategies, as well as assisting in the interpretation of results for human biomonitoring studies involving this active ingredient. The data could also contribute to the development or refinement of Physiologically Based PharmacoKinetic (PBPK) models for glyphosate.
Alison Connolly; Kate Jones; Ioannis Basinas; Karen S. Galea; Laura Kenny; Padraic McGowan; Ann Marie Coggins. Exploring the half-life of glyphosate in human urine samples. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health 2018, 222, 205 -210.
AMA StyleAlison Connolly, Kate Jones, Ioannis Basinas, Karen S. Galea, Laura Kenny, Padraic McGowan, Ann Marie Coggins. Exploring the half-life of glyphosate in human urine samples. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health. 2018; 222 (2):205-210.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlison Connolly; Kate Jones; Ioannis Basinas; Karen S. Galea; Laura Kenny; Padraic McGowan; Ann Marie Coggins. 2018. "Exploring the half-life of glyphosate in human urine samples." International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health 222, no. 2: 205-210.
Glyphosate has recently received much public attention following its ‘Group 2A – probably carcinogenic to humans’ classification from the International Agency for Research on Cancer. Despite the widespread use of glyphosate, there is limited data on potential exposures during common occupational uses. The study aimed to characterise occupational exposures to glyphosate among amenity horticulturists through the collection and analysis of urine samples following pesticide application. The impact of work practices on personal exposure, as well as suitability of collecting multiple spot urine samples as a sampling strategy for the assessment of occupational exposure for glyphosate were also examined. A minimum of three spot urine samples were collected per work task; before the work task began, after the work task completion and the following first morning void. All samples were analysed separately for glyphosate using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry and for creatinine. Differences in urinary glyphosate concentrations between the pre-task samples versus the post-task and the peak urinary samples were both analysed using paired Student t-tests. Determinants of exposure on glyphosate urine concentrations were evaluated using Pearson's correlation coefficients and linear regression. A multivariate mixed effect model were elaborated to compare the glyphosate concentrations between post-task and following first morning void samples. In these models, worker identity was entered as a random effect to account for the presence of correlations between repeated measurements from the same individuals. Peak urine glyphosate concentrations measured for work tasks were 2.5, 1.9, 1.9 and 7.4 μg L−1 (arithmetic mean, geometric mean, median and maximum value, respectively). Concentrations were highest in samples taken up to 3 h after completing the work task. Regression analysis showed that workers who sprayed the day before the sampling task had higher glyphosate concentrations in pre-task samples than those who did not spray the day before (p < 0.01). Similarly, workers who took breaks during the work task had higher peak urinary glyphosate concentrations (p < 0.01). The multivariate mixed effect model showed that the following first morning void samples were approximately a factor 0.7 lower than post-task values. Occupational exposures to glyphosate among amenity horticulturalists are greater than those reported in environmental studies and comparable with previously reported agricultural studies. A suitable sampling strategy for occupational exposures to glyphosate is the collection of a spot urine sample up to 3 h after completing the application of a glyphosate based pesticide product, which provides a reliable marker of peak exposure.
Alison Connolly; Ioannis Basinas; Kate Jones; Karen S. Galea; Laura Kenny; Padraic McGowan; Ann Marie Coggins. Characterising glyphosate exposures among amenity horticulturists using multiple spot urine samples. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health 2018, 221, 1012 -1022.
AMA StyleAlison Connolly, Ioannis Basinas, Kate Jones, Karen S. Galea, Laura Kenny, Padraic McGowan, Ann Marie Coggins. Characterising glyphosate exposures among amenity horticulturists using multiple spot urine samples. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health. 2018; 221 (7):1012-1022.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlison Connolly; Ioannis Basinas; Kate Jones; Karen S. Galea; Laura Kenny; Padraic McGowan; Ann Marie Coggins. 2018. "Characterising glyphosate exposures among amenity horticulturists using multiple spot urine samples." International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health 221, no. 7: 1012-1022.
Glyphosate is the highest volume herbicide used globally and has recently been classified as a 2 A 'probably carcinogenic to humans' by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). There is limited data to evaluate the public health impacts from glyphosate exposure. The objective of this study is to conduct an exploratory glyphosate exposure assessment study among Irish adults, who were non-occupational users of glyphosate. A convenient sampling method was used, collecting one first morning void spot urine sample from each participant. A biomonitoring survey involving the collection and analysis of 20 ml spot urine samples from 50 Irish adults was conducted in June 2017. Participants completed a short questionnaire to collect information on demographics, dietary habits and lifestyle. Glyphosate was extracted using solid phase extraction (SPE) and analysed by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MC/MS). Of the 50 urine samples analysed, 10 (20%) contained detectable levels of glyphosate (0.80–1.35 µg L−1). Exposure concentrations are higher than those reported in comparable studies of European and American adults. Glyphosate was detectable in 20% of the samples collected from Irish adults. The low proportion of detectable glyphosate levels could be due to lower localised use of pesticides, having a small sample size or the higher analytical detection limit used in this study (0.5 µg L−1), which could underestimate the true exposure and warrants further investigation. Given the widespread use of glyphosate, further information on population exposure is required to advance our understanding of the relationship between chronic low dose exposure to glyphosate and human health risk.
Alison Connolly; Michelle Leahy; Kate Jones; Laura Kenny; Ann Marie Coggins. Glyphosate in Irish adults – A pilot study in 2017. Environmental Research 2018, 165, 235 -236.
AMA StyleAlison Connolly, Michelle Leahy, Kate Jones, Laura Kenny, Ann Marie Coggins. Glyphosate in Irish adults – A pilot study in 2017. Environmental Research. 2018; 165 ():235-236.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlison Connolly; Michelle Leahy; Kate Jones; Laura Kenny; Ann Marie Coggins. 2018. "Glyphosate in Irish adults – A pilot study in 2017." Environmental Research 165, no. : 235-236.
Introduction A pilot exposure assessment study using biomonitoring was conducted in Ireland to determine the likelihood of exposure to pesticides among amenity horticulturalists. A spot sampling approach was employed of workers using pesticides, had urinary pesticide concentrations in post-work samples with a geometric mean (geometric standard deviation) of 0.66 (1.11) µg L-1 for glyphosate and 0.29 (1.69) µg L-1 for fluroxypyr. The study showed a potential for pesticide exposure during horticulture amenity work, higher than average environmental exposure levels and warranted further investigation. Methods In 2017, an exposure assessment study involving 24 hour biomonitoring will take place to evaluate pesticide exposure among these workers. Workers will be grouped into four similar exposure groups based on application method and active ingredient used, glyphosate or fluroxypyr. Three urine samples will be collected for each task, a sample before the task begins, a sample within one hour of the task completion and a following morning void. The potential routes of exposure, will be examined through the collection of additional dermal, glove and potentially contaminated object wipe samples. Dermal wipes of the hands and the perioral region will be taken before and after the task and glove analysis will be conducted. Detailed contextual information will be collected by the researcher to support all samples collected. Results The biomonitoring results will indicate the extent of pesticide uptake for each task. Correlation between the dermal and biomonitoring samples will be investigated to explore the contribution of dermal exposure. The perioral and the contaminated object wipes alongside the contextual information will be used to determine the potential exposure from inadvertent ingestion. Discussion This study will provide a comprehensive biomonitoring dataset describing amenity horticultural user’s exposure to glyphosate and fluroxypyr and the contribution of dermal and inadvertent ingestion routes on total body burden of pesticides.
Alison Connolly; Kate Jones; Karen S Galea; Ioannis Basinas; Laura Kenny; Padraic McGowan; Marie Coggins. 452 A pesticide exposure study using 24-hour biomonitoring and dermal sampling to determine total uptake and the routes of exposure. Rural Health: Agriculture, Pesticides and Organic Dusts 2018, 75, A467 -A467.
AMA StyleAlison Connolly, Kate Jones, Karen S Galea, Ioannis Basinas, Laura Kenny, Padraic McGowan, Marie Coggins. 452 A pesticide exposure study using 24-hour biomonitoring and dermal sampling to determine total uptake and the routes of exposure. Rural Health: Agriculture, Pesticides and Organic Dusts. 2018; 75 ():A467-A467.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlison Connolly; Kate Jones; Karen S Galea; Ioannis Basinas; Laura Kenny; Padraic McGowan; Marie Coggins. 2018. "452 A pesticide exposure study using 24-hour biomonitoring and dermal sampling to determine total uptake and the routes of exposure." Rural Health: Agriculture, Pesticides and Organic Dusts 75, no. : A467-A467.
Pesticides and their potential adverse health effects are of great concern and there is a dearth of knowledge regarding occupational exposure to pesticides among amenity horticulturalists.This study aims to measure occupational exposures to amenity horticuturalists using pesticides containing the active ingredients, glyphosate and fluroxypyr by urinary biomonitoring.A total of 40 work tasks involving glyphosate and fluroxypyr were surveyed over the period of June - October 2015. Workers used a variety of pesticide application methods; manual knapsack sprayers, controlled droplet applicators, pressurised lance applicators and boom sprayers. Pesticide concentrations were measured in urine samples collected pre and post work tasks using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Differences in pesticide urinary concentrations pre and post work task, and across applications methods were analysed using paired t-tests and linear regression.Pesticide urinary concentrations were higher than those reported for environmental exposures and comparable to those reported in some agricultural studies. Log-transformed pesticide concentrations were statistically significantly higher in post-work samples compared to those in pre-work samples (paired t-test, p<0.001; for both μgL(-1) and μmol/mol creatinine). Urinary pesticide concentrations in post-work samples had a geometric mean (geometric standard deviation) of 0.66 (1.11) μgL(-1) for glyphosate and 0.29 (1.69) μgL(-1) for fluroxypyr. Linear regression revealed a statistically significant positive association to exist between the time-interval between samples and the log-transformed adjusted (i.e. post- minus pre-task) pesticide urinary concentrations (β=0.0039; p<0.0001).Amenity horticulturists can be exposed to pesticides during tasks involving these products. Further research is required to evaluate routes of exposure among this occupational group.
Alison Connolly; Kate Jones; Karen S. Galea; Ioannis Basinas; Laura Kenny; Padraic McGowan; Marie Coggins. Exposure assessment using human biomonitoring for glyphosate and fluroxypyr users in amenity horticulture. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health 2017, 220, 1064 -1073.
AMA StyleAlison Connolly, Kate Jones, Karen S. Galea, Ioannis Basinas, Laura Kenny, Padraic McGowan, Marie Coggins. Exposure assessment using human biomonitoring for glyphosate and fluroxypyr users in amenity horticulture. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health. 2017; 220 (6):1064-1073.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlison Connolly; Kate Jones; Karen S. Galea; Ioannis Basinas; Laura Kenny; Padraic McGowan; Marie Coggins. 2017. "Exposure assessment using human biomonitoring for glyphosate and fluroxypyr users in amenity horticulture." International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health 220, no. 6: 1064-1073.