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Rutger Hoekstra
Institute of Environmental Sciences (CML), Leiden University, 2333 CC Leiden, the Netherlands

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Journal article
Published: 14 November 2019 in Sustainability
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The desire to include environmental information in national accounts has resulted in the construction of a system of environmental-economic accounting (SEEA). As the international statistical standard for environmental-economic accounting, the SEEA can provide valuable support for monitoring Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). This study assesses the potential use of the SEEA for monitoring SDGs. This paper shows that, in theory, the potential for this system is significant. However, based on a literature review and survey of SEEA experts, practical problems in implementing the SEEA are significant, especially in developing countries. Such issues include data availability and quality, as well as the availability of funding and human resources. Capacity development is key to establishing successful implementation of the SEEA in developing countries. For example, the World Bank’s WAVES program (Wealth Accounting and Valuation of Ecosystem Services) has been instrumental in capacity building in developing countries, which, however, still show great variation in how they implement SEEA.

ACS Style

Viktor Pirmana; Armida Salsiah Alisjahbana; Rutger Hoekstra; Arnold Tukker. Implementation Barriers for a System of Environmental-Economic Accounting in Developing Countries and Its Implications for Monitoring Sustainable Development Goals. Sustainability 2019, 11, 6417 .

AMA Style

Viktor Pirmana, Armida Salsiah Alisjahbana, Rutger Hoekstra, Arnold Tukker. Implementation Barriers for a System of Environmental-Economic Accounting in Developing Countries and Its Implications for Monitoring Sustainable Development Goals. Sustainability. 2019; 11 (22):6417.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Viktor Pirmana; Armida Salsiah Alisjahbana; Rutger Hoekstra; Arnold Tukker. 2019. "Implementation Barriers for a System of Environmental-Economic Accounting in Developing Countries and Its Implications for Monitoring Sustainable Development Goals." Sustainability 11, no. 22: 6417.

Journal article
Published: 26 February 2019 in Journal of Economic Structures
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Firm size is increasingly acknowledged as an important factor for (macro-)economic policy. It is known that the overall importance of small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) is different relative to large multinationals in terms of their impact on economic growth, exports and innovation. Yet empirical evidence to substantiate the role of firms of different sizes is rare. To tackle this problem, we develop a novel approach by extending the Dutch supply–use framework to firm size. We utilize firm-level data to construct a purpose-built supply–use table distinguishing between SMEs and large enterprises and derive an extended input–output table. In doing so, we adopt a more evolved definition of SMEs, accounting for the fact that small firms may be subsidiaries of large (multinational) enterprise groups. The analysis shows that due to their function as suppliers, SMEs benefit much more from Dutch exports to foreign markets than the traditional export figures show. SMEs are less dependent on imports than large enterprises. This might be detrimental to the competitiveness of SMEs if they do not fully appreciate the benefits of sourcing internationally in terms of cheaper or higher quality inputs. The paper shows the policy relevance of macroeconomic statistics which distinguish firm size.

ACS Style

Stephen Chong; Rutger Hoekstra; Oscar Lemmers; Ilke Van Beveren; Marcel Van Den Berg; Ron Van Der Wal; Piet Verbiest. The role of small- and medium-sized enterprises in the Dutch economy: an analysis using an extended supply and use table. Journal of Economic Structures 2019, 8, 8 .

AMA Style

Stephen Chong, Rutger Hoekstra, Oscar Lemmers, Ilke Van Beveren, Marcel Van Den Berg, Ron Van Der Wal, Piet Verbiest. The role of small- and medium-sized enterprises in the Dutch economy: an analysis using an extended supply and use table. Journal of Economic Structures. 2019; 8 (1):8.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Stephen Chong; Rutger Hoekstra; Oscar Lemmers; Ilke Van Beveren; Marcel Van Den Berg; Ron Van Der Wal; Piet Verbiest. 2019. "The role of small- and medium-sized enterprises in the Dutch economy: an analysis using an extended supply and use table." Journal of Economic Structures 8, no. 1: 8.

Journal article
Published: 19 February 2018 in Journal of Industrial Ecology
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Global multiregional input-output databases (GMRIOs) became the standard tool for tracking environmental impacts through global supply chains. To date, several GMRIOs are available, but the numerical results differ. This paper considers how GMRIOs can be made more robust and authoritative. We show that GMRIOs need detail in environmentally relevant sectors. On the basis of a review of earlier work, we conclude that the highest uncertainty in footprint analyses is caused by the environmental data used in a GMRIO, followed by the size of country measured in gross domestic product (GDP) as fraction of the global total, the structure of the national table, and only at the end the structure of trade. We suggest the following to enhance robustness of results. In the short term, we recommend using the Single country National Accounts Consistent footprint approach, that uses official data for extensions and the national table for the country in question, combined with embodiments in imports calculated using a GMRIO. In a time period of 2 to 3 years, we propose work on harmonized environmental data for water, carbon, materials, and land, and use the aggregated Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) Inter-Country Input-Output GMRIO as default in combination with detailing procedures developed in, for example, the EXIOBASE and Eora projects. In the long term, solutions should be coordinated by the international organizations such as the United Nations (UN) Statistical Division, OECD, and Eurostat. This could ensure that when input-output tables and trade data of individual countries are combined, that the global totals are consistent and that bilateral trade asymmetries are resolved.

ACS Style

Arnold Tukker; Arjan De Koning; Anne Owen; Stephan Lutter; Martin Bruckner; Stefan Giljum; Konstantin Stadler; Richard Wood; Rutger Hoekstra. Towards Robust, Authoritative Assessments of Environmental Impacts Embodied in Trade: Current State and Recommendations. Journal of Industrial Ecology 2018, 22, 585 -598.

AMA Style

Arnold Tukker, Arjan De Koning, Anne Owen, Stephan Lutter, Martin Bruckner, Stefan Giljum, Konstantin Stadler, Richard Wood, Rutger Hoekstra. Towards Robust, Authoritative Assessments of Environmental Impacts Embodied in Trade: Current State and Recommendations. Journal of Industrial Ecology. 2018; 22 (3):585-598.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Arnold Tukker; Arjan De Koning; Anne Owen; Stephan Lutter; Martin Bruckner; Stefan Giljum; Konstantin Stadler; Richard Wood; Rutger Hoekstra. 2018. "Towards Robust, Authoritative Assessments of Environmental Impacts Embodied in Trade: Current State and Recommendations." Journal of Industrial Ecology 22, no. 3: 585-598.

Original articles
Published: 02 April 2016 in Economic Systems Research
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The effect of changes in trade patterns, particularly increasing international sourcing, on global CO2-emissions growth has yet to be clearly understood. In this paper, we estimate the emission cost of sourcing (ECS), which originates from replacing domestic products by imports from countries with more CO2-intensive technologies. Using a structural decomposition analysis, we find that changes in sourcing patterns between 1995 and 2007 contribute (1) to reducing territorial emissions in high-wage countries (70% of their territorial emissions growth) and (2) to increasing territorial emissions in low-wage countries (30% of their territorial emissions increase). The net global effect, the ECS, amounts to 18% of total global CO2-emissions growth. Our results call the climate change policies based on territorial principles into question given that they disregard that differences in emission intensities between countries contribute to raising global emissions. In contrast, policies fostering the transfer of cleaner technologies to low-wage countries decrease the ECS.

ACS Style

Rutger Hoekstra; Bernhard Michel; Sangwon Suh. The emission cost of international sourcing: using structural decomposition analysis to calculate the contribution of international sourcing to CO2-emission growth. Economic Systems Research 2016, 28, 151 -167.

AMA Style

Rutger Hoekstra, Bernhard Michel, Sangwon Suh. The emission cost of international sourcing: using structural decomposition analysis to calculate the contribution of international sourcing to CO2-emission growth. Economic Systems Research. 2016; 28 (2):151-167.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Rutger Hoekstra; Bernhard Michel; Sangwon Suh. 2016. "The emission cost of international sourcing: using structural decomposition analysis to calculate the contribution of international sourcing to CO2-emission growth." Economic Systems Research 28, no. 2: 151-167.

Original articles
Published: 18 June 2015 in Economic Systems Research
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Although multiregional input–output (MRIO) databases use data from national statistical offices, the reconciliation of various data sources results in significantly altered country data. This makes it problematic to use MRIO-based footprints for national policy-making. This paper develops a potential solution using the Netherlands as case study. The method ensures that the footprint is derived from an MRIO dataset (in our case the World Input–Output Database (WIOD)) that is made consistent with Dutch National accounts data. Furthermore, usage of microdata allows us to separate re-exports at the company level. The adjustment results in a foreign footprint in 2009 that is 22% lower than the original WIOD estimates and a significantly altered country allocation. We demonstrate that already in the data preparation phase due to the treatment of re-exports and margins, large differences arise with Dutch national statistics, which may help explain the variation in footprint estimates across MRIO databases.

ACS Style

Bram Edens; Rutger Hoekstra; Daan Zult; Oscar Lemmers; Harry Wilting; Ronghao Wu. A METHOD TO CREATE CARBON FOOTPRINT ESTIMATES CONSISTENT WITH NATIONAL ACCOUNTS. Economic Systems Research 2015, 27, 1 -18.

AMA Style

Bram Edens, Rutger Hoekstra, Daan Zult, Oscar Lemmers, Harry Wilting, Ronghao Wu. A METHOD TO CREATE CARBON FOOTPRINT ESTIMATES CONSISTENT WITH NATIONAL ACCOUNTS. Economic Systems Research. 2015; 27 (4):1-18.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Bram Edens; Rutger Hoekstra; Daan Zult; Oscar Lemmers; Harry Wilting; Ronghao Wu. 2015. "A METHOD TO CREATE CARBON FOOTPRINT ESTIMATES CONSISTENT WITH NATIONAL ACCOUNTS." Economic Systems Research 27, no. 4: 1-18.

Journal article
Published: 21 May 2015 in Sustainable Development
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Economic indicators, such as GDP, do not measure all dimensions of society's progress. Hundreds of alternative measurement systems have been proposed to measure sustainable development. This paper argues for harmonization of these methods, and facilitates this discussion by providing a detailed comparison of country‐level measures. The analysis includes 55 systems (12 composite indicators and 43 sustainable development indicator (SDI) sets). The analysis shows that SDI sets are more common than composite indicators. This paper also shows that composite indicators generally focus on environmental themes, while SDI sets are broader in scope through inclusion of more social themes. Overall, we find a great degree of agreement on the most popular indicators and themes in SDI sets. However, we do find that certain indicators are more prevalent in higher and lower income countries. The article emphasizes the need for harmonization of measurement systems, but also shows the importance of flexibility at the country level. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment

ACS Style

Niels Schoenaker; Rutger Hoekstra; Jan Pieter Smits. Comparison of Measurement Systems for Sustainable Development at the National Level. Sustainable Development 2015, 23, 285 -300.

AMA Style

Niels Schoenaker, Rutger Hoekstra, Jan Pieter Smits. Comparison of Measurement Systems for Sustainable Development at the National Level. Sustainable Development. 2015; 23 (5):285-300.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Niels Schoenaker; Rutger Hoekstra; Jan Pieter Smits. 2015. "Comparison of Measurement Systems for Sustainable Development at the National Level." Sustainable Development 23, no. 5: 285-300.

Journal article
Published: 05 August 2014 in Sustainability Accounting, Management and Policy Journal
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ACS Style

Rutger Hoekstra; Bram Edens; Daan Zult; Harry Wilting. Reducing the variation of environmental footprint estimates based on multiregional input–output databases. Sustainability Accounting, Management and Policy Journal 2014, 5, 325 -345.

AMA Style

Rutger Hoekstra, Bram Edens, Daan Zult, Harry Wilting. Reducing the variation of environmental footprint estimates based on multiregional input–output databases. Sustainability Accounting, Management and Policy Journal. 2014; 5 (3):325-345.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Rutger Hoekstra; Bram Edens; Daan Zult; Harry Wilting. 2014. "Reducing the variation of environmental footprint estimates based on multiregional input–output databases." Sustainability Accounting, Management and Policy Journal 5, no. 3: 325-345.

Journal article
Published: 06 September 2010 in Waste Management & Research: The Journal for a Sustainable Circular Economy
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Our knowledge of the relationship between the economy and the environment has increased significantly over recent decades. One of the areas in which this is most apparent is the area of environmental accounting, where environmental data is presented according to national accounting principles. These accounts provide consistent, complete and detailed information for understanding environmental-economic interdependencies. One of the modules of these accounts is the waste accounts which record the origin and destination of waste materials. The first part of this paper discusses the Dutch waste accounts and their relation with economic indicators. In the second part a number of applications, which are based on the input—output model, are applied to these accounts. This section includes a novel structural decomposition analysis which quantifies the underlying driving forces of changes in total waste and landfilled waste between 1995 and 2004. The results show that the total amount of waste is mainly driven by economic growth (positive effect) and the direct export of waste (negative effect). The models also show that the construction sector has played a very important part in the reduction of waste. Furthermore, the decrease in the amount of landfilled waste, which is caused by Dutch regulations, has led to a large shift towards recycling and to a lesser degree incineration. Finally, the calculations for the ‘environmental trade balance’ for waste show that the waste-contents of exports exceed that of imports. This paper shows that the waste accounts have many analytical and policy-relevant applications.

ACS Style

Roel Delahaye; Rutger Hoekstra; Leslie Nootenboom. Analysing the production and treatment of solid waste using a national accounting framework. Waste Management & Research: The Journal for a Sustainable Circular Economy 2010, 29, 751 -762.

AMA Style

Roel Delahaye, Rutger Hoekstra, Leslie Nootenboom. Analysing the production and treatment of solid waste using a national accounting framework. Waste Management & Research: The Journal for a Sustainable Circular Economy. 2010; 29 (7):751-762.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Roel Delahaye; Rutger Hoekstra; Leslie Nootenboom. 2010. "Analysing the production and treatment of solid waste using a national accounting framework." Waste Management & Research: The Journal for a Sustainable Circular Economy 29, no. 7: 751-762.

Review article
Published: 31 March 2010 in Ecological Indicators
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This paper provides an overview of the plethora of approaches that are available to measure welfare and sustainable development. Many methods exist but there is no consensus on the ‘correct’ approach. Furthermore, we also show that the wide variety of sustainable development indictor (SDI) sets which have been adopted also show significant differences. We argue that this is mostly because many of these studies do not use a theoretical approach. We argue that the ‘capital approach’, which is used in the sustainability debate, is the most promising method to enhance international harmonization. Support is mounting in the scientific, policy and statistical communities for this approach in which economic capital, human capital, natural capital and social capital are distinguished. Many applications of this method express these capital stocks in monetary units (the ‘monetary capital approach’). This paper argues that the ‘hybrid capital approach’, in which the capital stocks can also be measured in non-monetary units, is probably more likely to achieve consensus over a large number of countries and institutes. Also a number of challenges remain for the capital approach. We argue that ideally the indicators should be based on satellite accounts of the national accounting framework. Also the capital approach could be further expanded to current welfare, progress of societies, inequality, and the international dimension of sustainability. We conclude that if the hybrid capital approach is adopted it may become easier to make consistent, theoretically sound and policy relevant comparisons between countries.

ACS Style

Anna Kulig; Hans Kolfoort; Rutger Hoekstra. The case for the hybrid capital approach for the measurement of the welfare and sustainability. Ecological Indicators 2010, 10, 118 -128.

AMA Style

Anna Kulig, Hans Kolfoort, Rutger Hoekstra. The case for the hybrid capital approach for the measurement of the welfare and sustainability. Ecological Indicators. 2010; 10 (2):118-128.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Anna Kulig; Hans Kolfoort; Rutger Hoekstra. 2010. "The case for the hybrid capital approach for the measurement of the welfare and sustainability." Ecological Indicators 10, no. 2: 118-128.

Journal article
Published: 01 November 2006 in Land Economics
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Structural decomposition analysis (SDA) is employed to examine physical flows other than energy and energy-related emissions. A unique set of hybrid-unit I/O tables, including both physical and monetary data, was constructed for this purpose. The decomposition results are used to perform forecasting and backcasting (target) analyses. The approach is applied to the use of iron and steel, and plastics in the Nether-lands over the period 1990 to 1997. The analysis shows that export-driven “rematerialization” has occurred during this period, and that the physical volume of the materials considered will continue to grow until 2030 under a wide range of scenarios. (JEL N5, Q3)

ACS Style

R. Hoekstra; J. C. J. M. Van Den Bergh. The Impact of Structural Change on Physical Flows in the Economy: Forecasting and Backcasting Using Structural Decomposition Analysis. Land Economics 2006, 82, 582 -601.

AMA Style

R. Hoekstra, J. C. J. M. Van Den Bergh. The Impact of Structural Change on Physical Flows in the Economy: Forecasting and Backcasting Using Structural Decomposition Analysis. Land Economics. 2006; 82 (4):582-601.

Chicago/Turabian Style

R. Hoekstra; J. C. J. M. Van Den Bergh. 2006. "The Impact of Structural Change on Physical Flows in the Economy: Forecasting and Backcasting Using Structural Decomposition Analysis." Land Economics 82, no. 4: 582-601.

Journal article
Published: 20 September 2006 in Ecological Economics
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A physical input–output table (PIOT) provides a framework in which all the physical flows associated with an economy can be recorded. This makes it a valuable tool for environmental–economic modeling and accounting. During the 1990's PIOTs were constructed for a number of countries. Subsequently, the PIOT and related physical supply and use tables have been taken up in the System of Environmental and Economic Accounting [UN (United Nations), 2003. System of Environmental and Economic Accounting. United Nations, New York]. This paper reviews PIOTs for the Netherlands, Germany, Denmark, Italy, Finland and the European Union. These studies applied the ‘basic’ and ‘extended’ PIOT frameworks. This paper elaborates these frameworks with packaging, residuals (wastes and emissions), recycling and stock changes, in order to create a ‘full’ PIOT. The production process of the extended and full PIOT is split into structural and auxiliary production processes. Modeling applications and ways of deriving environmentally relevant information from the full PIOT are illustrated using a numerical example.

ACS Style

Rutger Hoekstra; Jeroen C.J.M. Van Den Bergh. Constructing physical input–output tables for environmental modeling and accounting: Framework and illustrations. Ecological Economics 2006, 59, 375 -393.

AMA Style

Rutger Hoekstra, Jeroen C.J.M. Van Den Bergh. Constructing physical input–output tables for environmental modeling and accounting: Framework and illustrations. Ecological Economics. 2006; 59 (3):375-393.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Rutger Hoekstra; Jeroen C.J.M. Van Den Bergh. 2006. "Constructing physical input–output tables for environmental modeling and accounting: Framework and illustrations." Ecological Economics 59, no. 3: 375-393.

Journal article
Published: 01 March 2006 in Economic Systems Research
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Increased spatial dependency of economic activities, as well as spatial differentiation of production and consumption, has implications for environmental policy. One of the issues that has gained importance is the responsibility for the emissions from products that cross national boundaries during the environmental policy's lifetime. This paper discusses the different ethical views of environmental responsibility. Furthermore, the policy measures that are associated with the different viewpoints are analyzed in a novel dynamic two-country two-sector dynamic input-output model. A numerical example is modeled to assess taxing schemes that are based on these ethical viewpoints. The results show that a tax on the 'embodied' environmental pressure, which is generally viewed as ethically preferable, is less effective that the current policy of taxing consumers of products. Our discussion however shows that these results are very dependent on the model structure and initial parameters that are used. Nevertheless, the model illustrates that policies that are based on ethically superior standpoints may have detrimental distortionary effects in the dynamic setting.Dynamic input-output model, international trade, technological change, environmental responsibility,

ACS Style

Rutger Hoekstra; Marco A. Janssen. Environmental responsibility and policy in a two-country dynamic input–output model. Economic Systems Research 2006, 18, 61 -84.

AMA Style

Rutger Hoekstra, Marco A. Janssen. Environmental responsibility and policy in a two-country dynamic input–output model. Economic Systems Research. 2006; 18 (1):61-84.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Rutger Hoekstra; Marco A. Janssen. 2006. "Environmental responsibility and policy in a two-country dynamic input–output model." Economic Systems Research 18, no. 1: 61-84.

Research article
Published: 15 September 2005 in Tourism Economics
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During 2002–03 Statistics Netherlands (CBS) conducted the pilot project ‘Tourism Satellite Accounts for the Netherlands’. This article describes the main results of this project. A Tourism Satellite Account (TSA) provides a systematic and consistent description of the economic effects of tourism based on an internationally recommended method in accordance with the system of National Accounts (UN et al, 1993). Roughly, tourism accounted for 2.5% of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of the Netherlands in 1999. In total, visitors spent about ₠21 billion in the Netherlands that year, which generated some 330,000 jobs, almost 4% of the total number of jobs in the country.

ACS Style

Nicolaes Heerschap; Bart De Boer; Rutger Hoekstra; Arjan Van Loon; Leon Tromp. A Tourism Satellite Account for the Netherlands: Approach and Results. Tourism Economics 2005, 11, 393 -409.

AMA Style

Nicolaes Heerschap, Bart De Boer, Rutger Hoekstra, Arjan Van Loon, Leon Tromp. A Tourism Satellite Account for the Netherlands: Approach and Results. Tourism Economics. 2005; 11 (3):393-409.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nicolaes Heerschap; Bart De Boer; Rutger Hoekstra; Arjan Van Loon; Leon Tromp. 2005. "A Tourism Satellite Account for the Netherlands: Approach and Results." Tourism Economics 11, no. 3: 393-409.

Journal article
Published: 31 January 2003 in Energy Economics
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To analyze and understand historical changes in economic, environmental, employment or other socio-economic indicators, it is useful to assess the driving forces or determinants that underlie these changes. Two techniques for decomposing indicator changes at the sector level are structural decomposition analysis (SDA) and index decomposition analysis (IDA). For example, SDA and IDA have been used to analyze changes in indicators such as energy use, CO 2 -emissions, labor demand and value added. The changes in these variables are decomposed into determinants such as technological, demand, and structural effects. SDA uses information from input–output tables while IDA uses aggregate data at the sector-level. The two methods have developed quite independently, which has resulted in each method being characterized by specific, unique techniques and approaches. This paper has three aims. First, the similarities and differences between the two approaches are summarized. Second, the possibility of transferring specific techniques and indices is explored. Finally, a numerical example is used to illustrate differences between the two approaches.

ACS Style

Rutger Hoekstra; Jeroen C.J.M. Van Den Bergh. Comparing structural decomposition analysis and index. Energy Economics 2003, 25, 39 -64.

AMA Style

Rutger Hoekstra, Jeroen C.J.M. Van Den Bergh. Comparing structural decomposition analysis and index. Energy Economics. 2003; 25 (1):39-64.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Rutger Hoekstra; Jeroen C.J.M. Van Den Bergh. 2003. "Comparing structural decomposition analysis and index." Energy Economics 25, no. 1: 39-64.

Preprint
Published: 01 January 2003 in SSRN Electronic Journal
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Increased spatial dependency of economic activities, as well as spatial differentiation of production and consumption, has implication for environmental policy.

ACS Style

Rutger Hoekstra; Marco A. Janssen. Environmental Responsibility and Policy in a Two Country Dynamic Input-output Model. SSRN Electronic Journal 2003, 1 .

AMA Style

Rutger Hoekstra, Marco A. Janssen. Environmental Responsibility and Policy in a Two Country Dynamic Input-output Model. SSRN Electronic Journal. 2003; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Rutger Hoekstra; Marco A. Janssen. 2003. "Environmental Responsibility and Policy in a Two Country Dynamic Input-output Model." SSRN Electronic Journal , no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2002 in Environmental and Resource Economics
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Many environmental problems can be attributedto the extraction and emissions of physicalsubstances. Increasing our understanding of theeconomic and technological driving forcesbehind these physical flows can contribute tosolving the environmental problems related tothem. The input-output framework is a usefulsetting in which to integrate detailedinformation about economic structure andphysical flows. In this article a specificmethod in input-output analysis is reviewed,namely Structural Decomposition Analysis (SDA).It is based on comparative static analysis,which decomposes historical changes of a policyvariable into determinant effects. SDA has beenapplied, for example, to analyze the demand andtechnological driving forces of energy use,CO2-emissions and various other pollutantsand resources. This article examines thetheoretical aspects of structuraldecomposition, in particular those concerningphysical flows and environmental issues.Furthermore, the article includes an extensivesurvey of empirical studies.

ACS Style

Rutger Hoekstra; Jeroen Van Den Bergh. Structural Decomposition Analysis of Physical Flows in the Economy. Environmental and Resource Economics 2002, 23, 357 -378.

AMA Style

Rutger Hoekstra, Jeroen Van Den Bergh. Structural Decomposition Analysis of Physical Flows in the Economy. Environmental and Resource Economics. 2002; 23 (3):357-378.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Rutger Hoekstra; Jeroen Van Den Bergh. 2002. "Structural Decomposition Analysis of Physical Flows in the Economy." Environmental and Resource Economics 23, no. 3: 357-378.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2001 in Population and Environment
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Research in the field of “industrial metabolism” traditionally has been focused on measuring and describing physical flows of economic systems. The “metabolism” of economic systems, however, changes over time, and measuring material flows is insufficient to understand this process. Understanding the relation between economic activities and material flows can help to unravel the socio-economic causes of these physical flows. Three issues are addressed: The importance of spatial scales and trade flows, empirical analysis of relations between economic development and material flows, and treatment of behaviour of and interactions between stakeholders. For each of these issues, methods for analysis are suggested.

ACS Style

Marco A. Janssen; Jeroen C. J. M. Van Den Bergh; Pieter J. H. Van Beukering; Rutger Hoekstra. Changing Industrial Metabolism: Methods for Analysis. Population and Environment 2001, 23, 139 -156.

AMA Style

Marco A. Janssen, Jeroen C. J. M. Van Den Bergh, Pieter J. H. Van Beukering, Rutger Hoekstra. Changing Industrial Metabolism: Methods for Analysis. Population and Environment. 2001; 23 (2):139-156.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Marco A. Janssen; Jeroen C. J. M. Van Den Bergh; Pieter J. H. Van Beukering; Rutger Hoekstra. 2001. "Changing Industrial Metabolism: Methods for Analysis." Population and Environment 23, no. 2: 139-156.