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Prof. Jukka Heinonen
University of Iceland

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0 Carbon Footprinting
0 life cycle assessment (LCA)
0 sustainable urban development
0 Greenhouse Gas Mitigation
0 Sustainable Built Environment

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life cycle assessment (LCA)
Carbon Footprinting
Sustainable Built Environment
Greenhouse Gas Mitigation

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Chapter
Published: 25 June 2021 in Future City
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The carbon budget for limiting global warming to the targeted 1.5 ° is running out. Cities have a central role in climate change mitigation, as the vast majority of all greenhouse gas emissions occur to satisfy the energy and material needs of cities and their residents. However, cities typically only account for their direct local emissions from transportation, industry, and energy production. This may lead to the so-called low-carbon illusion of cities following from producing little and reporting low emissions, while extensively relying on imported material and energy flows. Consumption-based accounting, or carbon footprinting, enables overcoming this problem by assigning the emissions to the end user regardless of the place of production. However, currently the carbon footprinting methods only capture the harm side, and not the potential positive effects, the restorative or regenerative impacts, caused by green infrastructure, reforestation, and carbon capture and storage, for example. These positive impacts are sometimes called “carbon handprint”. In this chapter, we create a handprint-extended carbon footprinting method to illustrate how restorative and regenerative impacts can be incorporated consistently in the carbon accounting of cities and carbon footprints of consumers. We also link the discussion on regenerative cities with the remaining carbon budgets.

ACS Style

Jukka Heinonen; Juudit Ottelin. Carbon Accounting for Regenerative Cities. Future City 2021, 115 -129.

AMA Style

Jukka Heinonen, Juudit Ottelin. Carbon Accounting for Regenerative Cities. Future City. 2021; ():115-129.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jukka Heinonen; Juudit Ottelin. 2021. "Carbon Accounting for Regenerative Cities." Future City , no. : 115-129.

Journal article
Published: 13 June 2021 in Sustainability
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This article presents findings from a mixed-methods study on residential location and travel in the Reykjavik capital region, Iceland, drawing on a combination of a tailor-made questionnaire survey and in-depth qualitative interviews, including cross-sectional and before–after analyses. A residential location close to the main city center of Reykjavik contributes to shorter travel distances and lower shares of car travel. The effect of proximity to the city center is particularly strong for commuting but exists for non-work travel and overall car-driving distances too. There are also effects of proximity to a main second-order center and local centers and of local-area population density, but these effects apply to fewer aspects of travel. The rationales for location of activities and travel mode choice identified in the qualitative interviews explain why travel distances and modes tend to depend more on proximity to the main city center than on neighborhood-scale built environment characteristics. The main patterns found in the Reykjavik area are in line with findings in several earlier studies in the Nordic countries and elsewhere. However, through its methodological approach, the investigation adds to the few studies on the topic where results are underpinned by combined qualitative and quantitative methods and inclusion of before–after analyses.

ACS Style

Petter Næss; Harpa Stefansdottir; Sebastian Peters; Michał Czepkiewicz; Jukka Heinonen. Residential Location and Travel in the Reykjavik Capital Region. Sustainability 2021, 13, 6714 .

AMA Style

Petter Næss, Harpa Stefansdottir, Sebastian Peters, Michał Czepkiewicz, Jukka Heinonen. Residential Location and Travel in the Reykjavik Capital Region. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (12):6714.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Petter Næss; Harpa Stefansdottir; Sebastian Peters; Michał Czepkiewicz; Jukka Heinonen. 2021. "Residential Location and Travel in the Reykjavik Capital Region." Sustainability 13, no. 12: 6714.

Journal article
Published: 09 June 2021 in Urban Planning
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This thematic issue focuses on important but understudied connections between cities and climate impacts of long-distance travel. While urbanization and urban density have climate change mitigation potential in short-distance travel (e.g., by reducing car use and supporting public transportation, walking, and cycling), they have been associated with a higher level of emissions from flights. This highlights the role that city-regions could potentially play in reducing climate impacts of aviation. At the same time, the development of airports and flight connections has been an important driver of economic growth at regional scale and a factor contributing to global competitiveness of city-regions. This thematic issue includes seven interesting articles focusing on different aspects of the theme, all of which are briefly presented in this editorial. We also lay down some suggestions for future research directions based on the findings presented in this thematic issue.

ACS Style

Jukka Heinonen; Michał Czepkiewicz. Cities, Long-Distance Travel, and Climate Impacts. Urban Planning 2021, 6, 228 -231.

AMA Style

Jukka Heinonen, Michał Czepkiewicz. Cities, Long-Distance Travel, and Climate Impacts. Urban Planning. 2021; 6 (2):228-231.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jukka Heinonen; Michał Czepkiewicz. 2021. "Cities, Long-Distance Travel, and Climate Impacts." Urban Planning 6, no. 2: 228-231.

Correction
Published: 06 May 2021 in Sustainability
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The authors would like to make the following corrections about the published paper

ACS Style

Kevin Dillman; Áróra Árnadóttir; Jukka Heinonen; Michał Czepkiewicz; Brynhildur Davíðsdóttir. Correction: Dillman et al. Review and Meta-Analysis of EVs: Embodied Emissions and Environmental Breakeven. Sustainability 2020, 12, 9390. Sustainability 2021, 13, 5195 .

AMA Style

Kevin Dillman, Áróra Árnadóttir, Jukka Heinonen, Michał Czepkiewicz, Brynhildur Davíðsdóttir. Correction: Dillman et al. Review and Meta-Analysis of EVs: Embodied Emissions and Environmental Breakeven. Sustainability 2020, 12, 9390. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (9):5195.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Kevin Dillman; Áróra Árnadóttir; Jukka Heinonen; Michał Czepkiewicz; Brynhildur Davíðsdóttir. 2021. "Correction: Dillman et al. Review and Meta-Analysis of EVs: Embodied Emissions and Environmental Breakeven. Sustainability 2020, 12, 9390." Sustainability 13, no. 9: 5195.

Journal article
Published: 11 January 2021 in Sustainability
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This paper presents a mixed-method analysis of car ownership in Reykjavik, Iceland, a location with a high motorization level and deeply rooted car culture. We utilize qualitative interviews to understand vehicle possession reasons and elaborate the study with statistical analysis using a softGIS survey dataset with characteristics of the respondents and their residential location. We focus on adults aged 25 to 40, who are suggested to be less car-oriented than older generations. We also describe the historic development of Reykjavik’s car culture to give a perspective for the findings. We show that even among the studied age group, car ownership is still seen as a social norm, with few even seeing it possible to live without a car, and the public transport system is seen as giving a poverty stigma. However, we still find an increasing share of car-free households towards the city center. Still, the built environment impact is limited to the city center, which has a higher proportion of small adult-only households residing in shared apartments than other areas. Moreover, there seems to be a three-fold connection between having a child, acquiring a car (if not already possessed), and choosing a suburban residential location. Some indications of residential self-selection related to car ownership were found, but pro-car attitudes and residential location independently influenced car ownership. This study helps to understand the reasons for high car dominance and supports designing policies to reduce car-dependency, not just in Reykjavik but also elsewhere.

ACS Style

Jukka Heinonen; Michał Czepkiewicz; Áróra Árnadóttir; Juudit Ottelin. Drivers of Car Ownership in a Car-Oriented City: A Mixed-Method Study. Sustainability 2021, 13, 619 .

AMA Style

Jukka Heinonen, Michał Czepkiewicz, Áróra Árnadóttir, Juudit Ottelin. Drivers of Car Ownership in a Car-Oriented City: A Mixed-Method Study. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (2):619.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jukka Heinonen; Michał Czepkiewicz; Áróra Árnadóttir; Juudit Ottelin. 2021. "Drivers of Car Ownership in a Car-Oriented City: A Mixed-Method Study." Sustainability 13, no. 2: 619.

Conference paper
Published: 03 December 2020 in IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science
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Of the UN SDGs, the role of infrastructure in enabling or compromising the development of future low-carbon settlements falls under the goal #11 "Sustainable cities and communities". However, when it comes to the specific content of the SDG #11, only the subgoals 11.6 and 11.B-C loosely include these development-phase emissions. If it was shown that infrastructure development compromises creation of low-carbon cities, it would also mean that the SDG #11 might fail to guide the development to sustainable cities and communities. In this study the role of infrastructure and capital development emissions are analyzed from different perspectives by synthesizing the suggested emissions levels from previous studies. Iceland is looked at separately as a case country and the capital Reykjavik as a case city. Previous studies on Iceland are utilized to discuss the infrastructure and capital development related emissions and to compare them to the overall carbon footprints suggested for these locations and their residents. The results suggest that climate-sustainable built environment cannot be built with the currently dominant materials of concrete, steel and asphalt. The issue should quickly receive more attention before we run out of the remaining carbon quota.

ACS Style

Jukka Heinonen. Infrastructure development compromises creation of low-carbon cities. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 2020, 588, 042019 .

AMA Style

Jukka Heinonen. Infrastructure development compromises creation of low-carbon cities. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. 2020; 588 (4):042019.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jukka Heinonen. 2020. "Infrastructure development compromises creation of low-carbon cities." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 588, no. 4: 042019.

Journal article
Published: 22 November 2020 in Sustainable Cities and Society
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Transportation plays a defining role in daily life, and this transport activity acts as a major source of global (GHG) emissions. Cities are macro-level actors that can measure and govern the transportation sector and associated GHG emissions with their boundaries. This study thus performed a scenario analysis using the Reykjavik capital area as a case study, developing a business-as-usual case and five additional “What-If” scenarios using the story-and-simulation approach, modelling and decomposing the effects of axis-based technological and behavioural/urban form changes, estimating both direct and indirect emissions for each scenario. Reykjavik provides an interesting case study as a city in which the electrical grid is already highly decarbonized and has a dominant car culture. Studying Reykjavik provides insight regarding the GHG impacts of an e-transition counter-balanced by high levels of car ownership. The results showed that while e-mobility development would lead to less direct emissions, in terms of total GHG emissions, changes to travel behaviour and urban form would lead to less total GHG emissions. However, this research highlights that even with an already decarbonized electrical grid, an integrated approach of the two axes changes would be required within cities to achieve deep levels of decarbonization.

ACS Style

Kevin Dillman; Michał Czepkiewicz; Jukka Heinonen; Reza Fazeli; Áróra Árnadóttir; Brynhildur Davíðsdóttir; Ehsan Shafiei. Decarbonization scenarios for Reykjavik’s passenger transport: The combined effects of behavioural changes and technological developments. Sustainable Cities and Society 2020, 65, 102614 .

AMA Style

Kevin Dillman, Michał Czepkiewicz, Jukka Heinonen, Reza Fazeli, Áróra Árnadóttir, Brynhildur Davíðsdóttir, Ehsan Shafiei. Decarbonization scenarios for Reykjavik’s passenger transport: The combined effects of behavioural changes and technological developments. Sustainable Cities and Society. 2020; 65 ():102614.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Kevin Dillman; Michał Czepkiewicz; Jukka Heinonen; Reza Fazeli; Áróra Árnadóttir; Brynhildur Davíðsdóttir; Ehsan Shafiei. 2020. "Decarbonization scenarios for Reykjavik’s passenger transport: The combined effects of behavioural changes and technological developments." Sustainable Cities and Society 65, no. : 102614.

Review
Published: 11 November 2020 in Sustainability
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Electric vehicles (EVs) are often considered a potential solution to mitigate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions originating from personal transport vehicles, but this has also been questioned due to their high production emissions. In this study, we performed an extensive literature review of existing EV life-cycle assessments (LCAs) and a meta-analysis of the studies in the review, extracting life-cycle GHG emission data combined with a standardized methodology for estimating GHG electrical grid intensities across the European Economic Area (EEA), which were used to estimate a set of environmental breakeven points for each EEA country. A Monte Carlo simulation was performed to provide sensitivity analysis. The results of the review suggest a need for greater methodological and data transparency within EV LCA research. The meta-analysis found a subset of countries across the EEA where there is a potential that EVs could lead to greater life-cycle GHG emissions than a comparable diesel counterpart. A policy discussion highlights how EV policies in countries with contrasting GHG electric grid intensities may not reflect the current techno-environmental reality. This paper emphasizes the importance for researchers to accurately depict life-cycle vehicle emissions and the need for EEA countries to enact policies corresponding to their respective contextual conditions to avoid potentially enacting policies that could lead to greater GHG emissions.

ACS Style

Kevin Joseph Dillman; Áróra Árnadóttir; Jukka Heinonen; Michał Czepkiewicz; Brynhildur Davíðsdóttir. Review and Meta-Analysis of EVs: Embodied Emissions and Environmental Breakeven. Sustainability 2020, 12, 9390 .

AMA Style

Kevin Joseph Dillman, Áróra Árnadóttir, Jukka Heinonen, Michał Czepkiewicz, Brynhildur Davíðsdóttir. Review and Meta-Analysis of EVs: Embodied Emissions and Environmental Breakeven. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (22):9390.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Kevin Joseph Dillman; Áróra Árnadóttir; Jukka Heinonen; Michał Czepkiewicz; Brynhildur Davíðsdóttir. 2020. "Review and Meta-Analysis of EVs: Embodied Emissions and Environmental Breakeven." Sustainability 12, no. 22: 9390.

Journal article
Published: 18 July 2020 in Journal of Cleaner Production
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This study presents a comparison of the life cycle carbon emission (LCCO2) and embodied energy calculation between two kinds of bricks, sun-dried and fired clay, as means of evaluating the energy and climate impact of each brick type and the economics of production. Focus is paid to the differences across the whole production chain between sun-dried clay bricks, which represent the traditional norm, and fired clay bricks, which are the most widely-used walling materials in conventional buildings. A case study was carried out in Dakhla Oasis in the Western Desert of Egypt. The results of this study show that if sun-dried bricks are used instead of fired bricks, a reduction of up to 5907 kg CO₂e (in CO₂ emissions) and 5305 MJ of embodied energy for every1000 bricks produced could be achieved. The paper concludes by offering alternative scenarios for brick-making and suggestions for improving sun-dried brick production. The methodology used in this study contributes to the development of an investigative-comparative way to assess choices between building materials. It also intends to help inform local homeowners and building practitioners not only in Egypt, but also globally, about resource depletion, energy consumption, and harmful emissions from fired industrial bricks as a common building construction material.

ACS Style

Marwa Dabaieh; Jukka Heinonen; Deena El-Mahdy; Dalya M. Hassan. A comparative study of life cycle carbon emissions and embodied energy between sun-dried bricks and fired clay bricks. Journal of Cleaner Production 2020, 275, 122998 .

AMA Style

Marwa Dabaieh, Jukka Heinonen, Deena El-Mahdy, Dalya M. Hassan. A comparative study of life cycle carbon emissions and embodied energy between sun-dried bricks and fired clay bricks. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2020; 275 ():122998.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Marwa Dabaieh; Jukka Heinonen; Deena El-Mahdy; Dalya M. Hassan. 2020. "A comparative study of life cycle carbon emissions and embodied energy between sun-dried bricks and fired clay bricks." Journal of Cleaner Production 275, no. : 122998.

Journal article
Published: 19 June 2020 in Energies
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The European Union (EU) has made climate change mitigation a high priority though a policy framework called “Clean Energy for all Europeans “. The concept of primary energy for energy resources plays a critical role in how different energy technologies appear in the context of this policy. This study shows how the calculation methodologies of primary energy content and primary energy factors pose a possible negative implication on the future development of geothermal energy when comparing against EU’s key energy policy targets for 2030. Following the current definitions of primary energy, geothermal utilization becomes the most inefficient resource in terms of primary energy use, thus contradicting key targets of increased energy efficiency in buildings and in the overall energy use of member states. We use a case study of Hellisheidi, an existing geothermal power plant in Iceland, to demonstrate how the standard primary energy factor for geothermal in EU energy policy is highly overestimated for efficient geothermal power plants. Moreover, we combine life cycle assessment and the commonly utilized combined heat and power production allocation methods to extract the non-renewable primary energy factor for geothermal and show how it is only a minimal fraction of the total primary energy factor for geothermal. The findings of the study apply to other geothermal plants within the coverage of the European Union’s energy policy, whether from high- or low-temperature geothermal resources. Geothermal has substantial potential to aid in achieving the key energy and climate targets. Still, with the current definition of the primary energy of geothermal resources, it may not reach the potential.

ACS Style

Marta Ros Karlsdottir; Jukka Heinonen; Halldor Palsson; Olafur Petur Palsson. High-Temperature Geothermal Utilization in the Context of European Energy Policy—Implications and Limitations. Energies 2020, 13, 1 .

AMA Style

Marta Ros Karlsdottir, Jukka Heinonen, Halldor Palsson, Olafur Petur Palsson. High-Temperature Geothermal Utilization in the Context of European Energy Policy—Implications and Limitations. Energies. 2020; 13 (12):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Marta Ros Karlsdottir; Jukka Heinonen; Halldor Palsson; Olafur Petur Palsson. 2020. "High-Temperature Geothermal Utilization in the Context of European Energy Policy—Implications and Limitations." Energies 13, no. 12: 1.

Correction
Published: 09 May 2020 in Buildings
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We noticed that the Figures 2 and 3 have become the same in the final version of this paper

ACS Style

Nargessadat Emami; Jukka Heinonen; Björn Marteinsson; Antti Säynäjoki; Juha-Matti Junnonen; Jani Laine; Seppo Junnila. Correction: Emami, N., et al. A Life Cycle Assessment of Two Residential Buildings Using Two Different LCA Database-Software Combinations: Recognizing Uniformities and Inconsistencies. Buildings, 2019, 9, 20. Buildings 2020, 10, 90 .

AMA Style

Nargessadat Emami, Jukka Heinonen, Björn Marteinsson, Antti Säynäjoki, Juha-Matti Junnonen, Jani Laine, Seppo Junnila. Correction: Emami, N., et al. A Life Cycle Assessment of Two Residential Buildings Using Two Different LCA Database-Software Combinations: Recognizing Uniformities and Inconsistencies. Buildings, 2019, 9, 20. Buildings. 2020; 10 (5):90.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nargessadat Emami; Jukka Heinonen; Björn Marteinsson; Antti Säynäjoki; Juha-Matti Junnonen; Jani Laine; Seppo Junnila. 2020. "Correction: Emami, N., et al. A Life Cycle Assessment of Two Residential Buildings Using Two Different LCA Database-Software Combinations: Recognizing Uniformities and Inconsistencies. Buildings, 2019, 9, 20." Buildings 10, no. 5: 90.

Journal article
Published: 20 March 2020 in Sustainability
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Some cities have set carbon neutrality targets prior to national or state-wide neutrality targets, which makes the shift to carbon neutrality more difficult, as the surrounding system does not support this. The purpose of this paper was to evaluate different options for a progressive city to reach carbon neutrality in energy prior to the surrounding system. The study followed the C40 Cities definition of a carbon-neutral city and used the City of Vantaa in Finland as a progressive case aiming for carbon neutrality by 2030, five years before the national target for carbon neutrality. The study mapped the carbon neutrality process based on City documents and national statistics, and validated it through process-owner interviews. It was identified that most of the measures in the carbon neutrality process were actually outside the jurisdiction of the City, which outsources the responsibility for the majority of carbon neutrality actions to either private properties or national actors with broader boundaries. The only major measure in the City’s direct control was the removal of carbon emissions from municipal district heat production, which potentially represent 30% of the City’s reported carbon emissions and 58% of its energy-related carbon emissions. Interestingly, the City owns electricity production capacity within and beyond the city borders, but it doesn’t allocate it for itself. Allocation would significantly increase the control over the City’s own actions regarding carbon neutrality. Thus, it is proposed that cities aiming for carbon neutrality should promote and advance allocable carbon-free energy production, regardless of geographical location, as one of the central methods of achieving carbon neutrality.

ACS Style

Jani Laine; Jukka Heinonen; Seppo Junnila. Pathways to Carbon-Neutral Cities Prior to a National Policy. Sustainability 2020, 12, 2445 .

AMA Style

Jani Laine, Jukka Heinonen, Seppo Junnila. Pathways to Carbon-Neutral Cities Prior to a National Policy. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (6):2445.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jani Laine; Jukka Heinonen; Seppo Junnila. 2020. "Pathways to Carbon-Neutral Cities Prior to a National Policy." Sustainability 12, no. 6: 2445.

Review
Published: 25 February 2020 in Journal of Cleaner Production
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Consumption-based carbon footprint (CBCF) assessments have become increasingly important in studying the drivers of climate change from a consumer perspective. A wide range of studies and approaches for CBCF have been presented, yet a systematic and interpretative synopsis of the literature is missing. We present a comprehensive review of more than 100 CBCF studies published in Scopus-indexed journals until 2019. We analyze the methodological and conceptual development of spatially related CBCFs and provide guidance for future research. While the recent emergence of several global multi-region input-output (MRIO) models has meant remarkable development in assessment accuracy, there is space for improvement in hybrid-modeling and increasing sectoral detail. Furthermore, it was recognized that studies published under the same CBCF label actually fall into two categories with different definitions and potentially significantly different outcomes. We suggest labeling these as Areal CF (ACF) and Personal CF (PCF) in the future. ACF encompasses the CBCF of economic activities within selected geographic boundaries, and the global production and delivery chain emissions of the goods and services consumed therein, including those consumed by visitors. PCF covers the consumption of the residents of the area regardless of where the consumption takes place but excludes the consumption of visitors within the area in question. ACF analyses typically include government consumption and investments, whereas PCF analyses normally exclude these. This scope issue is seldom brought up in individual studies, and it currently takes a lot of effort and expertise to classify existing studies, which hinders their usability for policy-making. In addition, we suggest that future studies position themselves among previous studies on the same location, discuss potential reasons for differences in the results, and consider these when drawing policy conclusions.

ACS Style

Jukka Heinonen; Juudit Ottelin; Sanna Ala-Mantila; Thomas Wiedmann; Jack Clarke; Seppo Junnila. Spatial consumption-based carbon footprint assessments - A review of recent developments in the field. Journal of Cleaner Production 2020, 256, 120335 .

AMA Style

Jukka Heinonen, Juudit Ottelin, Sanna Ala-Mantila, Thomas Wiedmann, Jack Clarke, Seppo Junnila. Spatial consumption-based carbon footprint assessments - A review of recent developments in the field. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2020; 256 ():120335.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jukka Heinonen; Juudit Ottelin; Sanna Ala-Mantila; Thomas Wiedmann; Jack Clarke; Seppo Junnila. 2020. "Spatial consumption-based carbon footprint assessments - A review of recent developments in the field." Journal of Cleaner Production 256, no. : 120335.

Journal article
Published: 24 December 2019 in Travel Behaviour and Society
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This study examined domestic and international long-distance travel patterns of Reykjavik residents. We applied a mixed-methods approach with data triangulation to three datasets, two quantitative and one qualitative. Quantitative analyses included bivariate statistics, spatial statistics, and regression, and qualitative analysis included an explanatory interpretation of semi-structured interviews. The study found a higher number of international trips made by people residing close to the main city centre, particularly among younger adults. Following previous literature, we studied five potential groups of explanations of these patterns: 1) socioeconomic and demographic characteristics, 2) monetary rebound effects, 3) compensation or escape hypothesis, 4) lifestyles and other socio-psychological characteristics, and 5) dispersion of social networks. We found that all these aspects explain the travel activity to some extent, but inconsistently across the different datasets except for the well-known impact of socioeconomic and demographic characteristics. However, above all else, a cosmopolitan attitude in travel and language skill level were found to be the most influential predictors of international travel activity, and access to a summer house was an important predictor of domestic travel activity. Broad social networks were also found to play an important role. Despite geographical trends, the study did not find any strong causal relationship between urban form and long-distance travel that would influence the aggregate patterns. Thus, the results do not challenge the urban planning policies of densification on the premise of causing an unintended increase in emissions from long-distance travel.

ACS Style

Michał Czepkiewicz; Jukka Heinonen; Petter Næss; Harpa Stefansdóttir. Who travels more, and why? A mixed-method study of urban dwellers’ leisure travel. Travel Behaviour and Society 2019, 19, 67 -81.

AMA Style

Michał Czepkiewicz, Jukka Heinonen, Petter Næss, Harpa Stefansdóttir. Who travels more, and why? A mixed-method study of urban dwellers’ leisure travel. Travel Behaviour and Society. 2019; 19 ():67-81.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Michał Czepkiewicz; Jukka Heinonen; Petter Næss; Harpa Stefansdóttir. 2019. "Who travels more, and why? A mixed-method study of urban dwellers’ leisure travel." Travel Behaviour and Society 19, no. : 67-81.

Journal article
Published: 16 December 2019 in Ecological Indicators
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Since the UNCED‘s call for the creation of sustainability indicators many such have been put forth in the literature. One of the more successful ones, in terms of popularity, is the Ecological Footprint (EF). Much criticism has been directed at the EF, not least the carbon uptake component (CF). The CF typically makes up around 50% of global EF and is the sole cause for its overshot – i.e. results indicating unsustainable consumption. The aim of this study was to assess the accuracy of the data used for the calculation of CF. The study finds that the data is lacking in accuracy to the point that stating that CF or EF is any given number at any given time is misleading. The reasons for this uncertainty are identified as use of estimates and averages for the calculations as well as discrepancy between data collected locally and data from international databanks. CF or EF results should thus always be prefaced with caveats regarding the uncertainty involved in the estimation. The lack of caveats in EF dissemination is worrying and has led to the most serious criticism of the method to date, that of it fulfilling the criteria for pseudo-science for failing to disclose uncertainties in calculations and results. This study suggests that the reason for this failure may be traced to the Global Footprint Network (GFN) being both a think tank actively promoting the use of EF, and the world’s largest research unit into the methodology. This can lead to uncertainties being down played in dissemination not to confuse current users of the method or dissuade new ones. The study further raises questions about the accuracy of GHG estimates in general since they are often based on the same IPCC default emission factors and activity data as used by the GFN.

ACS Style

Sigurður E. Jóhannesson; Jukka Heinonen; Brynhildur Davíðsdóttir. Data accuracy in Ecological Footprint’s carbon footprint. Ecological Indicators 2019, 111, 105983 .

AMA Style

Sigurður E. Jóhannesson, Jukka Heinonen, Brynhildur Davíðsdóttir. Data accuracy in Ecological Footprint’s carbon footprint. Ecological Indicators. 2019; 111 ():105983.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sigurður E. Jóhannesson; Jukka Heinonen; Brynhildur Davíðsdóttir. 2019. "Data accuracy in Ecological Footprint’s carbon footprint." Ecological Indicators 111, no. : 105983.

Journal article
Published: 14 November 2019 in Geothermics
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This study applies life cycle assessment (LCA) to examine environmental impacts of generating 1 kW h of energy in a geothermal combined heat and power (CHP) plant based on high temperature geothermal utilization. The Hellisheidi geothermal CHP plant located in SW Iceland, producing 303 MWe and 133–267 MWth in a double flash cycle, is used as a case study for the LCA. The CML-IA baseline and Cumulative Energy Demand (CED) methods are used to perform the life cycle impact assessment (LCIA), providing results for common environmental impact categories investigated in most LCA studies. The impacts associated with joint production processes for electricity and heat are allocated to the two products by energy allocation. The result show that the construction phase of the plant, mainly drilling and casing of geothermal wells along with construction of collection system for geothermal fluid, is largely responsible for most of the impact category results. However, the global warming potential (GWP100), acidification (AP) and the renewable cumulative energy demand from wind, solar and geothermal energy (CEDR,w,s,g) are mainly affected by the operational phase of the plant, due to direct emissions of gases (mainly CO2 and H2S) and the extraction of geothermal fluid from ground. To explore the effects of currently installed mitigation methods and operational improvements at the Hellisheidi plant, two operation scenarios are investigated within the study; the first based on a previously published dataset for operating conditions at year 2012 and the second, an updated dataset based on inclusion of implemented mitigation methods until the operating year 2017. Due to carbon capture and storage (CCS) by reinjection of CO2 using the CarbFix method developed at Hellisheidi, the GWP100 reduced from 15.9 g CO2eq/kWh to 11.4 g CO2eq/kWh for electricity and 15.8 g CO2eq/kWh to 11.2 CO2eq/kWh for heat over the 30-year operational time under investigation. Similarly, the SulFix method used for reinjection of H2S at Hellisheidi resulted in decreased AP from 9.7 g SO2eq/kWh to 3.6 and 3.5 g SO2eq/kWh and human toxicity (HTP) from 5.8 and 5.5 g 1,4-DB eq/kWh to 5.1 and 4.8 1,4-DB eq/kWh for electricity and heat respectively. The overall CED resulted in 5.2 kW h (18.7 MJ) of energy demand to produce 1 kW h of either electricity or heat, dominated by the use of geothermal energy as mentioned earlier. Non-renewable energy demand (CEDNR) decreased from 6.8 × 10−3 and 5.9 × 10−3 kWh (0.024 and 0.021 MJ) to 5.8 × 10−3 and 5.0 × 10−3 kWh (0.021 and 0.018 MJ), for electricity and heat respectively, by using electrical drills instead of diesel fueled drills for additional wells during the operational time of the power plant. In conclusion, these results indicate a very high environmental performance of the Hellisheidi plant compared to other energy conversion technologies and emphasizes the potential of geothermal energy as a clean energy source for producing electricity and heat.

ACS Style

Marta R. Karlsdottir; Jukka Heinonen; Halldor Palsson; Olafur P. Palsson. Life cycle assessment of a geothermal combined heat and power plant based on high temperature utilization. Geothermics 2019, 84, 101727 .

AMA Style

Marta R. Karlsdottir, Jukka Heinonen, Halldor Palsson, Olafur P. Palsson. Life cycle assessment of a geothermal combined heat and power plant based on high temperature utilization. Geothermics. 2019; 84 ():101727.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Marta R. Karlsdottir; Jukka Heinonen; Halldor Palsson; Olafur P. Palsson. 2019. "Life cycle assessment of a geothermal combined heat and power plant based on high temperature utilization." Geothermics 84, no. : 101727.

Journal article
Published: 12 November 2019 in Sustainability
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Transport is a key sector in reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. A consensus prevails on a causal relationship between distance to the city center and emissions from private transport, which has led to an emphasis on density in urban planning. However, several studies have reported a reverse association between the level of urbanity and emissions from long-distance leisure travel. Studies have also suggested that pro-environmental attitudes and climate change concerns are unrelated or positively related to emissions from long-distance travel. The goals of this case study were to find out the structure, levels, distribution, and predictors of GHG emissions from the local, domestic, and international travel of young adults of the Reykjavik Capital Region. A life cycle assessment (LCA) approach was utilized to calculate emissions, and the materials were collected with a map-based online survey. International leisure travel dominated the overall GHG emissions from personal travel regardless of residential location, modality style, or income level. A highly unequal distribution of emissions was found. A higher climate change awareness was found to predict higher GHG emissions from trips abroad. Emissions from leisure travel abroad were the highest in the city center, which was related to cosmopolitan attitudes among downtown dwellers.

ACS Style

Michał Czepkiewicz; Áróra Árnadóttir; Jukka Heinonen. Flights Dominate Travel Emissions of Young Urbanites. Sustainability 2019, 11, 6340 .

AMA Style

Michał Czepkiewicz, Áróra Árnadóttir, Jukka Heinonen. Flights Dominate Travel Emissions of Young Urbanites. Sustainability. 2019; 11 (22):6340.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Michał Czepkiewicz; Áróra Árnadóttir; Jukka Heinonen. 2019. "Flights Dominate Travel Emissions of Young Urbanites." Sustainability 11, no. 22: 6340.

Accepted manuscript
Published: 13 September 2019 in Environmental Research Letters
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Urbanisation increases household carbon footprints in developing economies. However, the results from developed countries have varied, particularly in Europe. This study provides a coherent comparison of the impact of the degree of urbanisation on income, expenditure and carbon footprints in Europe. On average, carbon footprints are 7% lower in cities than in rural areas when income and household characteristics are controlled. However, this is compensated by the 6% higher average income in cities. The patterns are not uniform in all countries. In Eastern Europe, the pattern is similar to other developing regions. In some Western European countries, both the income level and the carbon footprints are lower in urban areas than in rural areas. In the rest of Europe, the differences in income level between rural and urban areas are small, but they still largely compensate for the efficiency benefits of urban areas. We call for more systemic emissions accounting and climate strategies.

ACS Style

Juudit Ottelin; Jukka Heinonen; Jonas Nässén; Seppo Junnila. Household carbon footprint patterns by the degree of urbanisation in Europe. Environmental Research Letters 2019, 14, 114016 .

AMA Style

Juudit Ottelin, Jukka Heinonen, Jonas Nässén, Seppo Junnila. Household carbon footprint patterns by the degree of urbanisation in Europe. Environmental Research Letters. 2019; 14 (11):114016.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Juudit Ottelin; Jukka Heinonen; Jonas Nässén; Seppo Junnila. 2019. "Household carbon footprint patterns by the degree of urbanisation in Europe." Environmental Research Letters 14, no. 11: 114016.

Conference paper
Published: 02 September 2019 in IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science
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Without rapid and radical greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation, irreversible damage threatening life on the globe might occur already during the next decades. One of the key sectors in finding solutions to climate change is the built environment, which currently directly or indirectly causes the majority of anthropogenic GHG emissions. The transition towards more sustainable settlements requires massive use of materials and energy, but it is not well known at all how much GHG emissions are "invested" into the development of the future low-carbon built environment. In this study we use input-output analysis to calculate an estimate of the GHGs embodied in the built environment development in Iceland. The input data consists of annual economic turnover data of different construction sectors for the years 2013-2017. The GHG estimates are derived using the EIO-LCA input-output model. We find that the built environment development emissions of Iceland are significant even though the actual emissions largely take place outside the country, being thus outsourced emissions. Surprisingly the development of the capital region did not stand out as the engine of these emissions, but the spread appeared to be relatively equal between the capital region and the rest of the country.

ACS Style

Jukka Heinonen; Áróra Árnadóttir; Nargessadat Emami; Björn Marteinsson. Greenhouse gas emissions from built environment development in Iceland. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 2019, 297, 012022 .

AMA Style

Jukka Heinonen, Áróra Árnadóttir, Nargessadat Emami, Björn Marteinsson. Greenhouse gas emissions from built environment development in Iceland. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. 2019; 297 (1):012022.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jukka Heinonen; Áróra Árnadóttir; Nargessadat Emami; Björn Marteinsson. 2019. "Greenhouse gas emissions from built environment development in Iceland." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 297, no. 1: 012022.

Review
Published: 16 May 2019 in Environmental Research Letters
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Background: Current climate change mitigation policies, including the Paris Agreement, are based on territorial greenhouse gas (GHG) accounting. This neglects the understanding of GHG emissions embodied in trade. As a solution, consumption-based accounting (CBA) that reveals the lifecycle emissions, including transboundary flows, is gaining support as a complementary information tool. CBA is particularly relevant in cities that tend to outsource a large part of their production-based emissions to their hinterlands. While CBA has so far been used relatively little in practical policymaking, it has been used widely by scientists. Methods and Design: The purpose of this systematic review, which covers more than 100 studies, is to reflect the policy implications of consumption-based carbon footprint (CBCF) studies at different spatial scales. The review was conducted by reading through the discussion sections of the reviewed studies and systematically collecting the given policy suggestions for different spatial scales. We used both numerical and qualitative methods to organize and interpret the findings of the review. Review Results and Discussion: The motivation for the review was to investigate whether the unique consumption perspective of CBA leads to similarly unique policy features. We found that various carbon pricing policies are the most widely supported policy instrument in the relevant literature. However, overall, there is a shortage of discussion on policy instruments, since the policy discussions focus on policy outcomes, such as behavioral change or technological solutions. In addition, some policy recommendations are conflicting. Particularly, urban density and compact city policies are supported by some studies and questioned by others. To clarify the issue, we examined how the results regarding the relationship between urban development and the CBCF vary. The review provides a concise starting point for policymakers and future research by summarizing the timely policy implications.

ACS Style

Juudit Ottelin; Sanna Ala-Mantila; Jukka Heinonen; Thomas O (Tommy) Wiedmann; Jack Clarke; Seppo Junnila. What can we learn from consumption-based carbon footprints at different spatial scales? Review of policy implications. Environmental Research Letters 2019, 14, 093001 .

AMA Style

Juudit Ottelin, Sanna Ala-Mantila, Jukka Heinonen, Thomas O (Tommy) Wiedmann, Jack Clarke, Seppo Junnila. What can we learn from consumption-based carbon footprints at different spatial scales? Review of policy implications. Environmental Research Letters. 2019; 14 (9):093001.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Juudit Ottelin; Sanna Ala-Mantila; Jukka Heinonen; Thomas O (Tommy) Wiedmann; Jack Clarke; Seppo Junnila. 2019. "What can we learn from consumption-based carbon footprints at different spatial scales? Review of policy implications." Environmental Research Letters 14, no. 9: 093001.