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The family milpa system (FMS) is of great importance to food security and the livelihoods of rural families in Mexico. However, the performance of the system can be compromised due to inappropriate agricultural practices. Therefore, a suitable evaluation strategy is required to identify the best management of resources. Nonetheless, at present, there is no holistic understanding around the nature–society interface that allows us to predict the global behavior of the FMS. Thus, this study assesses the global performance of a Poblano FMS through emergy-based indices. The emergy evaluation was carried out by accounting for the available energy of different qualities used in the system, which were subsequently converted to one kind of energy (solar emjoules). The percentage of renewable emergy (%Ren) used in the system was 72.16%. The emergy self-support ratio (ESR) showed that 74% of the emergy used came from free local resources. The emergy investment ratio (EIR) of 0.36 indicated that the emergy use was efficient. The emergy yield ratio (EYR) was 3.78, which in terms of net emergy (NE), was equivalent to a gain of 1.35 × 1016 sej ha−1 y−1. The environmental loading ratio (ELR) was 0.39, which indicated a low potential environmental impact. The emergy sustainability index (ESI) was high (9.80) compared to other agricultural systems. The performance of the FMS is superior compared to other agricultural systems, including ecologic and recycling systems. However, the use of resources is not optimum and needs to be improved to reach maximum empower.
Miguel Angel Avalos-Rangel; Daniel E. Campbell; Delfino Reyes-López; Rolando Rueda-Luna; Ricardo Munguía-Pérez; Manuel Huerta-Lara. The Environmental-Economic Performance of a Poblano Family Milpa System: An Emergy Evaluation. Sustainability 2021, 13, 9425 .
AMA StyleMiguel Angel Avalos-Rangel, Daniel E. Campbell, Delfino Reyes-López, Rolando Rueda-Luna, Ricardo Munguía-Pérez, Manuel Huerta-Lara. The Environmental-Economic Performance of a Poblano Family Milpa System: An Emergy Evaluation. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (16):9425.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMiguel Angel Avalos-Rangel; Daniel E. Campbell; Delfino Reyes-López; Rolando Rueda-Luna; Ricardo Munguía-Pérez; Manuel Huerta-Lara. 2021. "The Environmental-Economic Performance of a Poblano Family Milpa System: An Emergy Evaluation." Sustainability 13, no. 16: 9425.
The aim of this work was to evaluate the in vitro and in vivo effectiveness of thymol and carvacrol added to edible starch films and coatings against Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. In vitro evaluation consisted of determining minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of carvacrol and thymol was determined at different pH values against Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. With MIC values, binary mixtures were developed. From these results, two coatings formulations were in vivo evaluated on mango and papaya. Physicochemical analysis, color change, fruit lesions and C. gloeosporioides growth were determined during storage. In vitro assay indicated that the MIC value of carvacrol and thymol against C. gloeosporioides was 1500 mg/L at pH 5. An additive effect was determined with 750/750 and 1125/375 mg/L mixtures of carvacrol and thymol, respectively. Coated fruits with selected mixtures of carvacrol and thymol presented a delay in firmness, maturity index and color change. Moreover, a fungistatic effect was observed due to a reduction of lesions in coated fruits. These results were corroborated by the increase in the lag phase value and the reduction of the growth rate. Carvacrol and thymol incorporated into edible films and coatings are able to reduce the incidence of anthracnose symptoms on mango and papaya.
Carlos Ochoa-Velasco; Julio Pérez-Pérez; José Varillas-Torres; Addí Navarro-Cruz; Paola Hernández-Carranza; Ricardo Munguía-Pérez; Teresa Cid-Pérez; Raúl Avila-Sosa. Starch Edible Films/Coatings Added with Carvacrol and Thymol: In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation against Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. Foods 2021, 10, 175 .
AMA StyleCarlos Ochoa-Velasco, Julio Pérez-Pérez, José Varillas-Torres, Addí Navarro-Cruz, Paola Hernández-Carranza, Ricardo Munguía-Pérez, Teresa Cid-Pérez, Raúl Avila-Sosa. Starch Edible Films/Coatings Added with Carvacrol and Thymol: In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation against Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. Foods. 2021; 10 (1):175.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCarlos Ochoa-Velasco; Julio Pérez-Pérez; José Varillas-Torres; Addí Navarro-Cruz; Paola Hernández-Carranza; Ricardo Munguía-Pérez; Teresa Cid-Pérez; Raúl Avila-Sosa. 2021. "Starch Edible Films/Coatings Added with Carvacrol and Thymol: In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation against Colletotrichum gloeosporioides." Foods 10, no. 1: 175.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the structural, physical, and antifungal characteristics of starch edible films added with nanocomposites and Mexican oregano (Lippia berlandieri Schauer) essential oil (EO). Starch edible films were formulated with Mexican oregano EO (0%, 1%, or 2% v/v) and bentonite or halloysite (2%). Physical properties such as L* (luminosity), hue, film thickness, and O2 and CO2 permeability were determined. Structural analysis was carried out via atomic force microscopy (AFM). Antifungal activity against Aspergillus niger, Fusarium spp., and Rhizopus spp. was evaluated. The addition of EO and nanocomposites reduced luminosity, providing color to the edible films. Film thickness increased through the addition of EO concentration. O2 and CO2 permeability was increased by bentonite/EO films, and for halloysite films, CO2 permeability decreased as EO concentration increased. The addition of EO with both nanocomposites shows an evident morphological change in film structure, decreasing pore density and increasing pore size. In general, Mexican oregano EO added to edible starch films has an adequate fungicidal effect. The most sensitive microorganism tested was A. niger. Edible films added with Mexican oregano EO and nanocomposites show better physical and antifungal properties due to an adequate structural change in the biopolymer matrix.
Rocio Aguilar-Sánchez; Ricardo Munguía-Pérez; Fatima Reyes-Jurado; Addí Rhode Navarro-Cruz; Teresa Soledad Cid-Pérez; Paola Hernández-Carranza; Silvia Del Carmen Beristain-Bauza; Carlos Enrique Ochoa-Velasco; Raúl Avila-Sosa. Structural, Physical, and Antifungal Characterization of Starch Edible Films Added with Nanocomposites and Mexican Oregano (Lippia berlandieri Schauer) Essential Oil. Molecules 2019, 24, 2340 .
AMA StyleRocio Aguilar-Sánchez, Ricardo Munguía-Pérez, Fatima Reyes-Jurado, Addí Rhode Navarro-Cruz, Teresa Soledad Cid-Pérez, Paola Hernández-Carranza, Silvia Del Carmen Beristain-Bauza, Carlos Enrique Ochoa-Velasco, Raúl Avila-Sosa. Structural, Physical, and Antifungal Characterization of Starch Edible Films Added with Nanocomposites and Mexican Oregano (Lippia berlandieri Schauer) Essential Oil. Molecules. 2019; 24 (12):2340.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRocio Aguilar-Sánchez; Ricardo Munguía-Pérez; Fatima Reyes-Jurado; Addí Rhode Navarro-Cruz; Teresa Soledad Cid-Pérez; Paola Hernández-Carranza; Silvia Del Carmen Beristain-Bauza; Carlos Enrique Ochoa-Velasco; Raúl Avila-Sosa. 2019. "Structural, Physical, and Antifungal Characterization of Starch Edible Films Added with Nanocomposites and Mexican Oregano (Lippia berlandieri Schauer) Essential Oil." Molecules 24, no. 12: 2340.