This page has only limited features, please log in for full access.
In the last two decades, the analysis of tactical knowledge has become a research channel of increasing interest, contributing to the development of ad-hoc tools to carry out this task. The aim of this study is to collect evaluation tools which allow to measure the declarative tactical knowledge (DTK) in soccer. Five databases (Web of Sciences, Pub Med, SportDiscus, Psycinfo and Eric) were used for the literature search based on PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses) guidelines, according to five inclusion/exclusion criteria: (i) tools that determinate DTK in soccer players, (ii) come from primary sources, that is, published for the first time, (iii) show game-play scenarios in video sequences or static images via questionnaires, (iv) have been submitted to a process of validity and reliability, (v) and avoid the use of verbal language. Nine tools were selected and analyzed in this systematic review: Soccer decision-making tests (McMorris, in Percept Mot Ski 85(2):467, 1997), Protocol for the evaluation of declarative tactical knowledge (Mangas, in Conhecimento declarativo no futebol: Estudo comparativo em praticantes federados e não-federados, do escalão de sub-14, Dissertação de Mestrado, Faculdade de Desporto da Universidade do Porto, 1999), Questionnaire for the evaluation of tactical comprehension applied to football—CECTAF—(De la Vega, in Cultura, Ciencia y Deporte, 2002. https://repositorio.uam.es/bitstream/handle/10486/1723/11535_vega_marcos_ricardodela.pdf?sequence=1), Decision making instrument for Soccer (Fontana, in The development of a decision making instrument for soccer, Master’s degree dissertation, University of Pittsburgh, 2004. http://d-scholarship.pitt.edu/10124/), Game Understanding Test (Blomqvist et al., in Phys Educ Sport Pedagogy 10(2):107–119, 2005), Offensive Football Tactical Knowledge Test—TCTOF—(Serra-Olivares and García-López, in Revista Internacional De Medicina y Ciencias De La Actividad Física y Del Deporte 16(63):521–536, 2016. https://doi.org/10.15366/rimcafd2016.63.008), Video-based decision-making test (Keller et al., in Int J Sports Sci Coach 13(6):1057–1066, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1177/1747954118760778), Decision-Making form IOS application (Bennett et al., in J Sci Med Sport 22(6):729–734, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2018.12.011) and TacticUP video test for soccer (Machado and Teoldo, in Front Psychol, 2020. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01690). Most of the tools did not pass many of the criteria proposed to assess their quality. Fundamentally, it can be concluded that few tools show specific tactical scores based on game principles or subroles that allow identifying possible points of improvement in the knowledge that players have on specific aspects of the game. For this reason, and based on the other findings found in this review, future studies should consider: (i) the importance of designing tools that reflect scores based on tactical principles and game subroles; (ii) the advantages and disadvantages of designing tools based on static images or video sequences; (iii) the need to design tools that can access the DTK of young children; (iv) the requirement to design tools that present game-play scenarios in the first person; (v) the essentiality of facing the tools designed to rigorous processes of validity and reliability.
Rubén Sánchez-López; Ibon Echeazarra; Julen Castellano. Systematic review of declarative tactical knowledge evaluation tools based on game-play scenarios in soccer. Quality & Quantity 2021, 1 -20.
AMA StyleRubén Sánchez-López, Ibon Echeazarra, Julen Castellano. Systematic review of declarative tactical knowledge evaluation tools based on game-play scenarios in soccer. Quality & Quantity. 2021; ():1-20.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRubén Sánchez-López; Ibon Echeazarra; Julen Castellano. 2021. "Systematic review of declarative tactical knowledge evaluation tools based on game-play scenarios in soccer." Quality & Quantity , no. : 1-20.
The use of instruments for the evaluation of a player’s procedural tactical knowledge (PTK) in sociomotor sports, such as football, is a line of research of growing interest since it allows a pertinent description of the player’s football competence. The aim of this study is to configure and validate an ad-hoc observational tool that allows evaluating the player’s PTK, understood as football competence, from the observation, coding and recording of the roles, the actions of the acquired subroles and the operational and specific principles of football in the attack and defense phases. Based on the Delphi method, a field format coding instrument was designed and validated where each criterion is a system of categories, exhaustive and mutually exclusive. The results showed excellent content validity (9.02 out of 10), and high values of intra-observer stability (k = 0.747) and inter-observer agreement (k = 0.665). Generalizability analysis showed an excellent reliability (G = 0.99). Additionally, the construct validity of the tool was calculated through a small-sided game Gk + 4v4 + Gk, using two independent samples: semi-professional and amateur players. The results reflected significant differences (α < 0.05) between both samples in the variables total score, offensive score and defensive score. Therefore, this study provides a valid and reliable instrument that allows data collection in a rigorous and pertinent way, as well as their analysis and evaluation in attack and defense according to the roles of the players and based on the motor behaviors that they perform using the subroles that they acquired, associated with the technical dimension, along with the principles that they develop in parallel, in support of the tactical dimension.
Rubén Sánchez-López; Ibon Echeazarra; Julen Castellano. Validation of a Football Competence Observation System (FOCOS), Linked to Procedural Tactical Knowledge. Sustainability 2021, 13, 6780 .
AMA StyleRubén Sánchez-López, Ibon Echeazarra, Julen Castellano. Validation of a Football Competence Observation System (FOCOS), Linked to Procedural Tactical Knowledge. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (12):6780.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRubén Sánchez-López; Ibon Echeazarra; Julen Castellano. 2021. "Validation of a Football Competence Observation System (FOCOS), Linked to Procedural Tactical Knowledge." Sustainability 13, no. 12: 6780.
This study aimed to compare four standard deviational ellipse models to assess directional behavior and player activity area in four small-sided games (SSG) of soccer played on pitches with the same width (40 m) and different lengths (30, 40, 50, and 60 m). Fourteen participants played four 7-a-side SSGs on each of the four pitch sizes. Based on GPS data, four ellipse models were calculated for each outfield player and pitch size: major ranges (MR) measuring standard deviation in fixed length and width directions, linear regression assuming length (LR LvsW) or width (LR WvsL) as the independent variable, and principal component analysis (PCA) assuming both length and width as independent variables. Slope, area, semi-major and semi-minor axes, and eccentricity were calculated for each ellipse model. The PCA and LR LvsW models showed similar and valid results for each variable, especially for larger pitch sizes. LR WvsL showed unreliable results. The length axis should be considered as the independent axis when assessing the main direction of players’ movements and playing area through a standard deviational ellipse in soccer. This methodology could also be applied to evaluate a team’s labor distribution and spatial distribution of its players.
Eneko Fernández-Peña; Julen Castellano; Stefano Amatori; Marco Bl Rocchi; Davide Sisti. A directional ellipse to describe directional behavior and player activity area in soccer. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part P: Journal of Sports Engineering and Technology 2021, 1 .
AMA StyleEneko Fernández-Peña, Julen Castellano, Stefano Amatori, Marco Bl Rocchi, Davide Sisti. A directional ellipse to describe directional behavior and player activity area in soccer. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part P: Journal of Sports Engineering and Technology. 2021; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleEneko Fernández-Peña; Julen Castellano; Stefano Amatori; Marco Bl Rocchi; Davide Sisti. 2021. "A directional ellipse to describe directional behavior and player activity area in soccer." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part P: Journal of Sports Engineering and Technology , no. : 1.
The aim of this study was to analyze the variations of acute load (AL), acute: chronic workload ratio (ACWR), training monotony (TM), and training strain (TS) of accelerometry-based GPS measures in players who started in three matches (S3M), two matches (S2M), and one match (S1M) during congested weeks. Nineteen elite professional male players from a Portuguese team (age: 26.5 ± 4.3 years) were monitored daily using global positioning systems (GPSs) over a full season (45 weeks). Accelerometry-derived measures of high metabolic load distance (HMLD), high accelerations (HA), and high decelerations (HD) were collected during each training session and match. Seven congested weeks were classified throughout the season, and the participation of each player in matches played during these weeks was codified. The workload indices of AL (classified as ACWR, TM, and TS) were calculated weekly for each player. The AL of HMLD was significantly greater for S2M than S1M (difference = 42%; p = 0.002; d = 0.977) and for S3M than S1M (difference = 44%; p = 0.001; d = 1.231). Similarly, the AL of HA was significantly greater for S2M than S1M (difference = 25%; p = 0.023; d = 0.735). The TM of HD was significantly greater for S2M than S3M (difference = 25%; p = 0.002; d = 0.774). Accelerometry-based measures were dependent on congested fixtures. S2M had the greatest TS values, while S3M had the greatest TM.
Filipe Clemente; Rui Silva; Yung-Sheng Chen; Rodrigo Aquino; Gibson Praça; Julen Paulis; Hadi Nobari; Bruno Mendes; Thomas Rosemann; Beat Knechtle. Accelerometry-Workload Indices Concerning Different Levels of Participation during Congested Fixture Periods in Professional Soccer: A Pilot Study Conducted over a Full Season. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2021, 18, 1137 .
AMA StyleFilipe Clemente, Rui Silva, Yung-Sheng Chen, Rodrigo Aquino, Gibson Praça, Julen Paulis, Hadi Nobari, Bruno Mendes, Thomas Rosemann, Beat Knechtle. Accelerometry-Workload Indices Concerning Different Levels of Participation during Congested Fixture Periods in Professional Soccer: A Pilot Study Conducted over a Full Season. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18 (3):1137.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFilipe Clemente; Rui Silva; Yung-Sheng Chen; Rodrigo Aquino; Gibson Praça; Julen Paulis; Hadi Nobari; Bruno Mendes; Thomas Rosemann; Beat Knechtle. 2021. "Accelerometry-Workload Indices Concerning Different Levels of Participation during Congested Fixture Periods in Professional Soccer: A Pilot Study Conducted over a Full Season." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 3: 1137.
The main purpose of the present study was to assess if the intervention of the Video Assistant Referee (VAR) had effects in the playing time and in the technical-tactical and physical performances of the teams in the Spanish LaLiga during 2018-19 season. A total of 375 matches were grouped according the number of VAR interventions: none (VAR0), one (VAR1) and two or three (VAR2). The variables recorded were: total (TPT) and effective (EPT) playing time, passes, dribbles, crosses, shots, goals, corners, fouls, width, length, height, distance from the goalkeeper to their defence, and total (TD) and above 21 km/h distance covered. The results were: I) there was a slight increase in the TPT in VAR2 compared to VAR1 and VAR0 (99.1 vs. 96.0 vs. 95.1, respectively); II) there was a decrease in the EPT between VAR0 and VAR1 (52.5 vs. 51.5); III) there was an increase in the number of goals (1.2 vs. 1.5 vs. 1.7, in VAR0, VAR1 and VAR2); and, IV) there was a slight decrease in the TD (108,916 vs. 107,916 vs. 106,977, in VAR0, VAR1 and VAR2). In conclusion, the findings of the study suggest that the VAR hardly changes the game in elite soccer.
Ibai Errekagorri; Julen Castellano; Ibon Echeazarra; Carlos Lago-Peñas. The effects of the Video Assistant Referee system (VAR) on the playing time, technical-tactical and physical performance in elite soccer. International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport 2020, 20, 808 -817.
AMA StyleIbai Errekagorri, Julen Castellano, Ibon Echeazarra, Carlos Lago-Peñas. The effects of the Video Assistant Referee system (VAR) on the playing time, technical-tactical and physical performance in elite soccer. International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport. 2020; 20 (5):808-817.
Chicago/Turabian StyleIbai Errekagorri; Julen Castellano; Ibon Echeazarra; Carlos Lago-Peñas. 2020. "The effects of the Video Assistant Referee system (VAR) on the playing time, technical-tactical and physical performance in elite soccer." International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport 20, no. 5: 808-817.
The aim of this study was to investigate the relationships among physical demands of two friendly matches (FMs) and three task training sessions (TS1,2,3) combining in a different way: a Small-Sided Game (SSG), Mini-Goals (MG), a ball Circuit Training (CT) and a Large-Sided Game (LSG): SSG+MG+LSG (TS1), SSG+CT+LSG (TS2) and MG+CT+LSG (TS3). The TS and match demands in running intensities were monitored in fourteen professional soccer players (age = 23.2 ± 2.7 years, height = 178 ± 6 cm, body mass = 73.2 ± 6.9 kg, mean and SD, respectively) using 10-Hz global positioning system devices, and players’ perception of exertion was recorded after each session or match using a visual analogue scale. A one-way repeated measures ANOVA with a Bonferroni correction coupled with magnitude-based inferences were used. A principal component (PC) analysis was conducted on all variables to account for covariance. Three PCs were retained, explaining 76% of the variance: Component 1 explained 46.9% with the associated variables: Total Distance (TD) and distance covered in ranges of speed from >2.2 to 5 m/s and maximal running speed (MRS); and component 3 explained 9.5% and was represented by TD < 2.2 m/s, decelerations and accelerations. The ANOVA results showed significant differences (p < 0.05) among TS vs. FM in TD3, TD4, TD5, and TD > 5, TD, deceleration rate, acceleration rate, maximal running speed, exertion index, work rest ratio, and self-reported exertion. Therefore, the training routines did not replicate the main set of high intensity efforts experienced in competitive conditions. Additionally, PC analysis could be applied in order to select the most representative training and competitive conditions.
Jesus Vicente Giménez; Julen Castellano; Patrycja Lipinska; Mariusz Zasada; Miguel-Ángel Gómez. Comparison of the Physical Demands of Friendly Matches and Different Types On-Field Integrated Training Sessions in Professional Soccer Players. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020, 17, 2904 .
AMA StyleJesus Vicente Giménez, Julen Castellano, Patrycja Lipinska, Mariusz Zasada, Miguel-Ángel Gómez. Comparison of the Physical Demands of Friendly Matches and Different Types On-Field Integrated Training Sessions in Professional Soccer Players. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17 (8):2904.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJesus Vicente Giménez; Julen Castellano; Patrycja Lipinska; Mariusz Zasada; Miguel-Ángel Gómez. 2020. "Comparison of the Physical Demands of Friendly Matches and Different Types On-Field Integrated Training Sessions in Professional Soccer Players." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 8: 2904.
The weekly training management and competition loads are important aspects to optimize the performance of professional basketball players. The objectives of the study were (a) to describe the weekly external load (EL), as well as the internal response (IR), of elite basketball players over two consecutive seasons with a different head coach and (b) to compare weekly loads of different competitive densities. The data were collected from 27 elite players from the same team competing in the Spanish first division league (ACB) and EuroLeague during 2017–2018 and 2018–2019 seasons. EL was measured using microsensor technology to determine PlayerLoad values, expressed in arbitrary units (AU). Session rating of perceived exertion (sRPE) was used for IR quantification. Comparisons between the two seasons and of weeks with different competitive densities were made. The inter-week load variability was moderate-high for both seasons. The highest EL values were measured during the weeks with three games (W3) (W3 > W0 > W2 > W1), while the most demanding week for players’ IR was observed during weeks with no competition (W0). Additionally, higher EL (d = 0.31) and IR (d = 0.37) values were observed in season 2018–2019 compared to 2017–2018. The results obtained in this study contributed new data on the internal and external load required by professional basketball players in weeks with different number of games and showed that different coaching strategies may demand a different external and internal workload in consecutive seasons. Furthermore, the results highlighted the need to carry out an adequate load management program.
Hugo Salazar; Luka Svilar; Ane Aldalur-Soto; Julen Castellano. Differences in Weekly Load Distribution Over Two Euroleague Seasons with a Different Head Coach. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020, 17, 2812 .
AMA StyleHugo Salazar, Luka Svilar, Ane Aldalur-Soto, Julen Castellano. Differences in Weekly Load Distribution Over Two Euroleague Seasons with a Different Head Coach. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17 (8):2812.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHugo Salazar; Luka Svilar; Ane Aldalur-Soto; Julen Castellano. 2020. "Differences in Weekly Load Distribution Over Two Euroleague Seasons with a Different Head Coach." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 8: 2812.
El objetivo del presente estudio fue estudiar cómo afectaron en la posesión del balón de un equipo de fútbol perteneciente a la categoría División de Honor Juvenil de España durante una temporada competitiva las siguientes variables de situación: entrenador (entrenador 1, entrenador 2 y entrenador 3), nivel del oponente (alto, medio y bajo), ubicación del partido (local y visitante) y resultado final (ganar, empatar y perder). Se analizaron los 30 partidos disputados por el equipo de referencia. Para valorar el rendimiento del equipo se emplearon diferentes indicadores de rendimiento de posesión. Primero se realizó la prueba de Kruskal-Wallis para todas las variables y condiciones. Posteriormente solo en las variables estadísticamente significativas (p The aim of the present study was to study how the following situational variables affected the ball possession of a youth soccer team from Spain during a competitive season: coach (coach 1, coach 2 and coach 3), quality of opposition (high, medium and low), venue (home and away) and final outcome (win, draw and lose). The 30 league matches played by the reference team were analysed. Different possession performance indicators were used. First, the Kruskal-Wallis test was performed for all variables and conditions. Subsequently, only the Mann-Whitney U test was applied in the statistically significant variables (p O objetivo do presente estudo foi estudar como as seguintes variáveis de situação afetaram a posse de um time de futebol juvenil na Espanha durante uma temporada competitiva: treinador (treinador 1, treinador 2 e treinador 3), nível do oponente (alto, médio e baixo), localização do jogo (casa e fora) e resultado final (vitória, empate e derrota). Os 30 jogos disputados pela time de referência foram analisadas. Para avaliar o desempenho da time, foram utilizados diferentes indicadores de desempenho. Primeiro, o teste de Kruskal-Wallis foi realizado para todas as variáveis e condições. Posteriormente, apenas o teste U de Mann-Whitney foi aplicado nas variáveis estatisticamente significantes (p
Ibai Errekagorri Elezkano; Ibon Echeazarra Escudero; Julen Castellano Paulis. Análisis de la Posesión de Balón en el Fútbol Juvenil en Relación a Variables de Situación: Estudio de Caso. Cuadernos de Psicología del Deporte 2020, 20, 128 -138.
AMA StyleIbai Errekagorri Elezkano, Ibon Echeazarra Escudero, Julen Castellano Paulis. Análisis de la Posesión de Balón en el Fútbol Juvenil en Relación a Variables de Situación: Estudio de Caso. Cuadernos de Psicología del Deporte. 2020; 20 (2):128-138.
Chicago/Turabian StyleIbai Errekagorri Elezkano; Ibon Echeazarra Escudero; Julen Castellano Paulis. 2020. "Análisis de la Posesión de Balón en el Fútbol Juvenil en Relación a Variables de Situación: Estudio de Caso." Cuadernos de Psicología del Deporte 20, no. 2: 128-138.
The purpose of this study was to investigate the structure of interrelationships among external (eT) and internal (iT) training intensity metrics and how these vary depending on game format in soccer. The variables were collected from 16 semi-professional players in seven types of small, medium, large-sided, and simulated games (SG). The eT variables were (per min): peak velocity (Vmax), total distance (DTmin), distance covered at velocities less than 60% (D < 60%min), between 60 and 80% (D > 60%min), and more than 80% (D > 80%min) of the maximal velocity, player load (PLmin), and distance covered accelerating at more than 2 m⋅s-2 (Daccmin) and decelerating at less than −2 m⋅s-2 (Ddecmin). The iT variables were: Edwards arbitrary units (EDWmin) and time spent at more than 80% of the maximal heart rate (T > 80% HRmin). All game formats were represented by three principal components (PC), explaining from 66.9 to 76.0% of the variance. The structure of the interrelationships among variables involved similar distributions in the PCs that are related to energetic production systems, such as the strength/neuromuscular dimension (PLmin and/or Daccmin and Ddecmin, complemented by DTmin and D < 60%min), the endurance/cardiovascular dimension (EDWmin), and the velocity/locomotion dimension (Vmax, D > 60%min, or D > 80%min). A particular combination of external and internal intensity measures is required to describe the training load of game formats.
Unai Zurutuza; Julen Castellano; Ibon Echeazarra; Ibai Guridi; David Casamichana. Selecting Training-Load Measures to Explain Variability in Football Training Games. Frontiers in Psychology 2020, 10, 1 .
AMA StyleUnai Zurutuza, Julen Castellano, Ibon Echeazarra, Ibai Guridi, David Casamichana. Selecting Training-Load Measures to Explain Variability in Football Training Games. Frontiers in Psychology. 2020; 10 ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleUnai Zurutuza; Julen Castellano; Ibon Echeazarra; Ibai Guridi; David Casamichana. 2020. "Selecting Training-Load Measures to Explain Variability in Football Training Games." Frontiers in Psychology 10, no. : 1.
El objetivo fue estudiar las demandas externas absolutas y relativas respecto a la competición de diferentes formatos de juego en el fútbol teniendo en cuenta las diferentes demarcaciones de los jugadores. Se registraron cuatro variables externas en 20 jugadores semiprofesionales en cuatro tipos de tareas jugadas (4vs4 o JRP, 6vs6 o JRM y 8vs8 o JRL) y partidos de entrenamiento (10vs10 o PE) para un total de 467 registros. Las variables externas fueron: la distancia total (DTmin y %DT) y carga del jugador (PLmin y %PL), en valores absolutos por minuto de práctica y en valores relativos al perfil de las demandas en competición. Los resultados fueron que: en formatos más pequeños (JRP y JRM) con pocos jugadores la demanda en términos absolutos (en m por min-1) fue similar entre las diferentes demarcaciones, pero no así en términos relativos a las demandas de la competición. Por el contrario, las diferencias entre las diferentes posiciones de juego se minimizan en los formatos más grandes JRL y PE cuando se expresaron en términos relativos a la competición, pero no así en términos absolutos, donde existen diferencias. La conclusión del estudio es que las diferencias en las demandas entre las demarcaciones varían entre los formatos de juego, y, además, estas diferencias se incrementan o se equiparan según se consideren los valores en términos absolutos o relativos al perfil de competición individual. Los resultados sugieren que los entrenadores deberían considerar todo el espectro de tareas (e.g., desde 1vs1 a 10vs10) para atender a las necesidades particulares de cada demarcación y contextualizado a los objetivos técnico-tácticos y condicionales deseados con el propósito de optimizar su rendimiento. The objective was to study the physical response to conditional performance in competition of different game formats in football taking into account the demarcation of players. Four external load variables were recorded in 16 semi-professional players in four types of tasks played (4vs4 [JRP], 6vs6 [JRM] and 8vs8 [JRL]) and training matches (10vs10 [PE]) for a total of 467 records. The physical variables analyzed were the following: (a) DTmin, total distance in absolute values per minute of activity, (b) %DT, total distance per minute in values relative to the profile of demands in competition, (c) PLmin, player load in absolute values per minute of activity, and (d) %PL, player load per minute in values relative to the profile of demands in competition. The results were that in the JRP and JRM formats for the variables DTmin and PLmin the values were similar between demarcations, but not being the same for the variables %DT and %PL. On the contrary, the differences between the different game positions were minimized in the large formats (JRL and PE) when the %DT and %PL variables were analyzed, as opposed to DTmin and PLmin, where there were more differences between demarcations. The conclusion was that, depending on whether the physical variables are considered in absolute terms or in relation to the competition, the differences between demarcations are not uniform: small formats equal the conditional response in absolute terms, while large formats equal the conditional response between players in terms of the individual profile in competition. O objetivo era estudar a resposta física ao desempenho condicional na competição de diferentes formatos de jogo no futebol, levando em conta a demarcação dos jogadores. Quatro variáveis de carga externa foram registradas em 16 jogadores semi-profissionais em quatro tipos de tarefas jogadas (4vs4 [JRP], 6vs6 [JRM] e 8vs8 [JRL]) e partidas de treinamento (10vs10 [PE]) para um total de 467 registros. As variáveis físicas analisadas foram as seguintes: (a) DTmin, distância total em valores absolutos por minuto de atividade, (b) %DT, distância total por minuto em valores relativos ao perfil de exigências na competição, (c) PLmin, carga de jogadores em valores absolutos por minuto de atividade, e (d) %PL, carga de jogadores por minuto em valores relativos ao perfil de exigências na competição. Os resultados foram que nos formatos JRP e JRM para as variáveis DTmin e PLmin os valores foram semelhantes entre as demarcações, mas não sendo os mesmos para as variáveis %DT e %PL. Pelo contrário, as diferenças entre as diferentes posições de jogo foram minimizadas nos grandes formatos (JRL e PE) quando as variáveis %DT e %PL foram analisadas, ao contrário do DTmin e PLmin, onde houve mais diferenças entre as demarcações. A conclusão foi que, dependendo se as variáveis físicas são consideradas em termos absolutos ou em relação à competição, as diferenças entre demarcações não são uniformes: formatos pequenos igualam a resposta condicional em termos absolutos, enquanto formatos grandes igualam a resposta condicional entre jogadores em termos do perfil individual em competição.
Unai Zurutuza; Julen Castellano. Comparación de la respuesta física, en términos absolutos y relativos a la competición, de diferentes demarcaciones en tareas jugadas de fútbol. Cuadernos de Psicología del Deporte 2019, 20, 190 -200.
AMA StyleUnai Zurutuza, Julen Castellano. Comparación de la respuesta física, en términos absolutos y relativos a la competición, de diferentes demarcaciones en tareas jugadas de fútbol. Cuadernos de Psicología del Deporte. 2019; 20 (1):190-200.
Chicago/Turabian StyleUnai Zurutuza; Julen Castellano. 2019. "Comparación de la respuesta física, en términos absolutos y relativos a la competición, de diferentes demarcaciones en tareas jugadas de fútbol." Cuadernos de Psicología del Deporte 20, no. 1: 190-200.
The objective was to model the teams’ styles of play (SoPs) in elite football and relate them to the match result. For this, the twenty Spanish first division teams in the 2016–2017 season were analysed, using nine interaction performance indicators (IRi). A principal component (PC) analysis was applied. From two PCs four SoPs were established: deep or high-pressure defending, and elaborate or direct attack. The SoPs were distributed according to average performance obtained throughout the championship. The connection between the preferred SoP and the final result was estimated. Teams with elaborate offensive styles and teams defensively minded got better results. In addition, most of the teams showed variability in their SoP. The applications of the study are (1) the IRi have served to identify SoP and can be used as a reference to optimize team performance; (2) teams should have a varied SoP repertoire, as well as being prepared to deal with different SoPs; (3) particular player profiles should be connected with the desired SoP when creating the squad and (4) clubs should develop a varied range of SoPs at their academies.
Julen Castellano; Miguel Pic. Identification and Preference of Game Styles in LaLiga Associated with Match Outcomes. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2019, 16, 5090 .
AMA StyleJulen Castellano, Miguel Pic. Identification and Preference of Game Styles in LaLiga Associated with Match Outcomes. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16 (24):5090.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJulen Castellano; Miguel Pic. 2019. "Identification and Preference of Game Styles in LaLiga Associated with Match Outcomes." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 24: 5090.
This study’s main objective is to analyse the relationship between network-based centrality measures and physical demands in elite football players. Thirty-six matches from La Liga, the Spanish league, were analysed in the 2017/18 season. The analysis of networks formed by team players passing the ball included: degree-prestige (DP), degree-centrality (DC), betweenness-centrality (BC), page-rank (PRP) and closeness-centrality (IRCC). A video-based system was used for analysing total distance (TDpos) and distance run >21Km/h (TD21pos) when the team was in possession of the ball. A magnitude-based inference and correlation analysis were applied. There were different styles of play, team-A was characterized by greater ball circulation (e.g. higher values of DP, DC, BC and IRCC) while team-B used a more direct game (lower values in centrality-metrics except with PRP). Furthermore, TDpos was higher in team-A than in team-B, but those differences disappeared for TD21pos between teams with the exception of the forwards. Finally, the correlation among centrality measures and physical performance were higher in team-B. Coaches could identify the key opponents and players who are linked to them, allowing to adjust performance strategies. Furthermore, interaction patterns between teammates can be used to identify preferential paths of cooperation and to take decisions regarding these relations in order to optimize team performance.
J. Castellano; Ibon Echeazarra. Network-based centrality measures and physical demands in football regarding player position: Is there a connection? A preliminary study. Journal of Sports Sciences 2019, 37, 2631 -2638.
AMA StyleJ. Castellano, Ibon Echeazarra. Network-based centrality measures and physical demands in football regarding player position: Is there a connection? A preliminary study. Journal of Sports Sciences. 2019; 37 (23):2631-2638.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJ. Castellano; Ibon Echeazarra. 2019. "Network-based centrality measures and physical demands in football regarding player position: Is there a connection? A preliminary study." Journal of Sports Sciences 37, no. 23: 2631-2638.
Pedro Gomez-Piqueras; Sixto González-Víllora; Julen Castellano; Israel Teoldo. Relation between the physical demands and success in professional soccer players. Journal of Human Sport and Exercise 2019, 14, 1 .
AMA StylePedro Gomez-Piqueras, Sixto González-Víllora, Julen Castellano, Israel Teoldo. Relation between the physical demands and success in professional soccer players. Journal of Human Sport and Exercise. 2019; 14 (1):1.
Chicago/Turabian StylePedro Gomez-Piqueras; Sixto González-Víllora; Julen Castellano; Israel Teoldo. 2019. "Relation between the physical demands and success in professional soccer players." Journal of Human Sport and Exercise 14, no. 1: 1.
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of pitch shape modifications on heart rate responses and time-motion characteristics in soccer players during 5-a-side small-sided games (SSGs). Players completed four different SSG dimensions: (1) short narrow pitch (SN; 40 × 25 m), (2) short wide pitch (SW; 66 × 25 m), (3) long narrow pitch (LN; 40 × 50 m), and (4) long wide pitch (LW; 66 × 50 m). Twenty amateur soccer players (age: 21 ± 5 yr; stature: 176.8 ± 1.9 cm; body mass: 72.7 ± 3.7 kg) were monitored using a heart rate monitor and a 10 Hz GPS device. Mean maximum heart rate (%HRmax), rating of perceived exertion (RPE), peak running speed, total distance covered (TD), distance covered in four speed categories, number of moderate and high accelerations (Ac), decelerations (Dc), changes of direction (COD) and player load were recorded. Increasing the pitch length had a greater effect compared to increasing the pitch width especially on RPE (3.8, 6.3, 4.9 and 6.6 AU to SN, LN, SW and LW, respectively) and time-motion characteristics such as TD (101, 127, 108 and 131 m·min-1 to SN, LN, SW and LW, respectively), peak speed (4.8, 6.1, 5.2 and 6.2 m·s-1 to SN, LN, SW and LW, respectively), and the number of accelerations, decelerations, and changes of direction. The data demonstrates that increasing the length rather than the width of 5-a-side SSG has a greater impact on players’ responses in terms of increasing workloads.
David Casamichana; Paul S Bradley; Julen Castellano. Influence of the Varied Pitch Shape on Soccer Players Physiological Responses and Time-Motion Characteristics During Small-Sided Games. Journal of Human Kinetics 2018, 64, 171 -180.
AMA StyleDavid Casamichana, Paul S Bradley, Julen Castellano. Influence of the Varied Pitch Shape on Soccer Players Physiological Responses and Time-Motion Characteristics During Small-Sided Games. Journal of Human Kinetics. 2018; 64 (1):171-180.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDavid Casamichana; Paul S Bradley; Julen Castellano. 2018. "Influence of the Varied Pitch Shape on Soccer Players Physiological Responses and Time-Motion Characteristics During Small-Sided Games." Journal of Human Kinetics 64, no. 1: 171-180.
Carlos Galé-Ansodi; Julen Castellano; Oidui Usabiaga. Differences between running activity in tennis training and match-play. International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport 2018, 18, 855 -867.
AMA StyleCarlos Galé-Ansodi, Julen Castellano, Oidui Usabiaga. Differences between running activity in tennis training and match-play. International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport. 2018; 18 (5):855-867.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCarlos Galé-Ansodi; Julen Castellano; Oidui Usabiaga. 2018. "Differences between running activity in tennis training and match-play." International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport 18, no. 5: 855-867.
Purpose: To study the structure of interrelationships among external-training-load measures and how these vary among different positions in elite basketball. Methods: Eight external variables of jumping (JUMP), acceleration (ACC), deceleration (DEC), and change of direction (COD) and 2 internal-load variables (rating of perceived exertion [RPE] and session RPE) were collected from 13 professional players with 300 session records. Three playing positions were considered: guards (n = 4), forwards (n = 4), and centers (n = 5). High and total external variables (hJUMP and tJUMP, hACC and tACC, hDEC and tDEC, and hCOD and tCOD) were used for the principal-component analysis. Extraction criteria were set at an eigenvalue of greater than 1. Varimax rotation mode was used to extract multiple principal components. Results: The analysis showed that all positions had 2 or 3 principal components (explaining almost all of the variance), but the configuration of each factor was different: tACC, tDEC, tCOD, and hJUMP for centers; hACC, tACC, tCOD, and hJUMP for guards; and tACC, hDEC, tDEC, hCOD, and tCOD for forwards are specifically demanded in training sessions, and therefore these variables must be prioritized in load monitoring. Furthermore, for all playing positions, RPE and session RPE have high correlation with the total amount of ACC, DEC, and COD. This would suggest that although players perform the same training tasks, the demands of each position can vary. Conclusion: A particular combination of external-load measures is required to describe the training load of each playing position, especially to better understand internal responses among players.
Luka Svilar; Julen Castellano; Igor Jukic; David Casamichana. Positional Differences in Elite Basketball: Selecting Appropriate Training-Load Measures. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 2018, 13, 947 -952.
AMA StyleLuka Svilar, Julen Castellano, Igor Jukic, David Casamichana. Positional Differences in Elite Basketball: Selecting Appropriate Training-Load Measures. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance. 2018; 13 (7):947-952.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLuka Svilar; Julen Castellano; Igor Jukic; David Casamichana. 2018. "Positional Differences in Elite Basketball: Selecting Appropriate Training-Load Measures." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 13, no. 7: 947-952.
The aim of this study was to describe the physical demands in match of female young tennis players, focusing on velocity and acceleration using microtechnology. Twenty-six female high-level young tennis players participated in the current study. Match-play played in official Tournament was codified using a global positioning system (10 Hz) that includes accelerometry (100 Hz). The results showed that: (1) the Estimation Distance (59.1 ± 24.8 m min−1) was overcome in 33% to the Real Distance (44.4 ± 7.7 m min−1); (2) the Acceleration Distance was around 89% of the Real Distance; (3) the 97.0 ± 6.1% of time and 90.9 ± 8.2% of distance covered by players were obtained in low speed zones (Positioning: 0–0.5 m s−1 and Jogging: 0.6–1.9 m s−1, respectively). The main conclusion of this study was that the two dimensions, velocity and acceleration, allowed to obtain complementary values of physical demands of tennis players. Nevertheless, acceleration dimension could give us more information about the intermittent profile of tennis players who are not able to reach high speeds. Therefore, tennis coaches should take into account the demands in both dimensions, specifically in acceleration/deceleration variables to design specific training tasks.
Carlos Galé-Ansodi; Julen Castellano; Oidui Usabiaga. More acceleration and less speed to assess physical demands in female young tennis players. International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport 2017, 17, 872 -884.
AMA StyleCarlos Galé-Ansodi, Julen Castellano, Oidui Usabiaga. More acceleration and less speed to assess physical demands in female young tennis players. International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport. 2017; 17 (6):872-884.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCarlos Galé-Ansodi; Julen Castellano; Oidui Usabiaga. 2017. "More acceleration and less speed to assess physical demands in female young tennis players." International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport 17, no. 6: 872-884.
La metodología de entrenamiento en fútbol ha evolucionado en gran medida en los últimos años, incluyendo tareas cada vez más específicas, y adquiriendo los juegos reducidos (JR) un protagonismo destacado. El objetivo del presente estudio fue analizar los efectos sobre la condición física de jóvenes futbolistas de un programa de seis semanas basado en JR. Participaron 22 futbolistas de dos grupos de edad diferente: U16 (n= 11, edad: 15,8±0,3 años) y U18 (n= 11, edad: 18,5±0,5 años). Los jugadores fueron evaluados tanto al principio como al final de la intervención con las siguientes pruebas: salto con contramovimiento (CMJ), test de velocidad en 40m (V40m) y test de resistencia University of Montreal Track Test (UMTT). Los resultados mostraron mejoras significativas del pre- al post- test en el CMJ (ES=1,05±0,13, 100%,0%,0%), V40m(ES=-0,29±0,15,0%,16%,84%) y UMTT (ES=0,30±0,20,79%,21%,0%) p<0,05). Con dichos resultados podemos concluir que un programa basado en JR, con una secuencia progresiva y con variedad en los formatos de juego en cuanto a dimensiones y número de jugadores por equipo, puede mantener y/o mejorar la condición física de los futbolistas. Una de las aplicaciones prácticas derivada del estudio es que los entrenadores pueden implementar JR para entrenar mediante tareas jugadas sin descuidar el aspecto condicional de los jugadores.\ud \ud Abstract\ud \ud Football training methodology has evolved greatly in recent years, including more increasingly specialized drills, with small-side games (SSG) taking on a prominent role. The objective of the current study was to analyze the effects that SSGs have on the physical condition of young football players during a six-week program. The study included 22 football players of two different age groups: U16 (n= 11, age: 15.8±0.3 years) and U18 (n= 11, age: 18.5±0.5 years). The participants were evaluated at the beginning and at the end of the intervention with the following tests: counter-movement jump (CMJ), 40 m sprint speed test (V40m) and endurance test “University of Montreal Track Test (UMTT)”. The results showed significant improvements of the pre- to post- test on the CMJ (ES=1.05±0.13,100%,0%,0%), V40m (ES=-0.29±0.15,0%,16%,84%) and UMTT (ES=0.30±0.20,79%,21%,0%) p<0.05). With these results we can conclude that a program based on SSG, as well as progressive sequence and variety in the game formats in terms of the size and number of players on a team, can maintain and/or improve the physical condition of the players. One of the practical applications derived from the study is that the coaches can implement SSG to develop game tasks without neglecting the players’ physical condition
Pedro Arrieta; Julen Castellano; Ibai Guridi; Ibon Echeazarra. Efectos de un programa basado en juegos reducidos sobre la condición física de jóvenes jugadores de fútbol. [Effects of a program based on small-sided games on the physical condition in young football players]. RICYDE. Revista internacional de ciencias del deporte 2017, 13, 370 -380.
AMA StylePedro Arrieta, Julen Castellano, Ibai Guridi, Ibon Echeazarra. Efectos de un programa basado en juegos reducidos sobre la condición física de jóvenes jugadores de fútbol. [Effects of a program based on small-sided games on the physical condition in young football players]. RICYDE. Revista internacional de ciencias del deporte. 2017; 13 (50):370-380.
Chicago/Turabian StylePedro Arrieta; Julen Castellano; Ibai Guridi; Ibon Echeazarra. 2017. "Efectos de un programa basado en juegos reducidos sobre la condición física de jóvenes jugadores de fútbol. [Effects of a program based on small-sided games on the physical condition in young football players]." RICYDE. Revista internacional de ciencias del deporte 13, no. 50: 370-380.
El objetivo del presente estudio ha sido analizar la influencia de las variables situacionales tamaño del campo y horario del partido sobre la distancia total recorrida por partido y los metros completados en diferentes rangos de velocidad de equipos de la Liga de Fútbol Profesional Española. Los 22 equipos de la 2ª División ‘A’ tomaron parte del estudio durante la temporada 2013/2014, dando como resultado 634 registros. Se estudió el comportamiento físico de los equipos por medio del registro de la distancia total recorrida y la completada en cinco rangos de velocidad: distancia recorrida a velocidad parado (DPa) < 2 km/h; distancia recorrida a velocidad caminando (DCa) 2-7.3 km/h; distancia recorrida a velocidad trotando (DTr) 7.3-14 km/h; distancia recorrida a velocidad corriendo (DCo) 14-21 km/h; distancia recorrida a velocidad esprintando (DEs) ³ 21 km/h. Para ello se utilizó el sistema de seguimiento multicámara computarizado TRACAB (Chyronhego®, Estados Unidos). Los resultados mostraron que los equipos recorrieron más distancia (p
Jaime Gutierrez; Julen Castellano; David Casamichana; Javier Sánchez-Sanchez. Influencia del tamaño del campo y horario del partido en la respuesta física de equipos de la Segunda División Española de Fútbol (Effect of pitch size and time of the match in the physical performance of teams the Spanish Second Division). Retos 2017, 213 -216.
AMA StyleJaime Gutierrez, Julen Castellano, David Casamichana, Javier Sánchez-Sanchez. Influencia del tamaño del campo y horario del partido en la respuesta física de equipos de la Segunda División Española de Fútbol (Effect of pitch size and time of the match in the physical performance of teams the Spanish Second Division). Retos. 2017; (33):213-216.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJaime Gutierrez; Julen Castellano; David Casamichana; Javier Sánchez-Sanchez. 2017. "Influencia del tamaño del campo y horario del partido en la respuesta física de equipos de la Segunda División Española de Fútbol (Effect of pitch size and time of the match in the physical performance of teams the Spanish Second Division)." Retos , no. 33: 213-216.
The aim of the study was to assess the relationship of external and internal training load (TL) indicators with the objective and subjective fatigue experienced by fifteen semi-professional football players, over 8 complete weeks of the competition period in the 2015-2016 season, which covered microcycles from 34th to 41st. The maximum heart rate (HRmax) and maximum speed (Vmax) of all the players were previously measured in specific tests. The TL was monitored via questionnaires on perceived exertion (RPE), pulsometers and GPS devices, registering the variables: total distance (TD), player load 2D (PL2D), TD at >80% of the Vmax (TD80), TD in deceleration at 2 m·seg-2 (TDA>2), Edwards (ED), time spent at between 50-80% (50-80%HRmax), 80-90% (80-90%HRmax) and >90% of the HRmax (>90%HRmax), and RPE both respiratory/thoracic (RPEres) and leg/muscular (RPEmus). All the variables were analysed taking into account both the absolute values accumulated over the week and the normalised values in relation to individual mean competition values. Neuromuscular fatigue was measured objectively using the countermovement jump test (CMJ) and subjectively via the Total Quality Recovery (TQR) scale questionnaire. Analytical correlation techniques were later applied within the general linear model. There is a correlation between the fatigue experienced by the player, assessed objectively and subjectively, and the load accumulated over the week, this being assessed in absolute and relative terms. Specifically, the load relative to competition correlated with the physical variables TD (-0.279), PL2D (-0.272), TDD2 (-0.309) and sRPEmus (-0.287). The variables related to heart rate produced a higher correlation with TQR. There is a correlation between objectively and subjectively assessed fatigue and the accumulated TL of a player over the week, with a higher sensitivity being shown when compared to the values related to the demands of competition. Monitoring load and assessing fatigue, we are closer to knowing what the prescription of an adequate dose of training should be in order for a player to be as fresh as possible and in top condition for a match. Normalizing training demands with respect to competition could be an appropriate strategy for individualizing playerTL.
Unai Zurutuza; Julen Castellano; Ibon Echeazarra; David Casamichana. Absolute and Relative Training Load and Its Relation to Fatigue in Football. Frontiers in Psychology 2017, 8, 878 -878.
AMA StyleUnai Zurutuza, Julen Castellano, Ibon Echeazarra, David Casamichana. Absolute and Relative Training Load and Its Relation to Fatigue in Football. Frontiers in Psychology. 2017; 8 ():878-878.
Chicago/Turabian StyleUnai Zurutuza; Julen Castellano; Ibon Echeazarra; David Casamichana. 2017. "Absolute and Relative Training Load and Its Relation to Fatigue in Football." Frontiers in Psychology 8, no. : 878-878.