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Karin Kandananond
Valaya Alongkorn Rajabhat University

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Journal article
Published: 01 January 2021 in International Journal of Mechanical and Production Engineering Research and Development
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ACS Style

Karin Kandananond Karin Kandananond; Tjprc. Implementing Kaizen Blitz to Promote the Energy Efficiency Scheme in an Organization. International Journal of Mechanical and Production Engineering Research and Development 2021, 11, 15 -20.

AMA Style

Karin Kandananond Karin Kandananond, Tjprc. Implementing Kaizen Blitz to Promote the Energy Efficiency Scheme in an Organization. International Journal of Mechanical and Production Engineering Research and Development. 2021; 11 (2):15-20.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Karin Kandananond Karin Kandananond; Tjprc. 2021. "Implementing Kaizen Blitz to Promote the Energy Efficiency Scheme in an Organization." International Journal of Mechanical and Production Engineering Research and Development 11, no. 2: 15-20.

Journal article
Published: 20 March 2020 in International Journal of Metrology and Quality Engineering
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Fused filament fabrication (FFF) is a 3D printing or additive manufacturing method used for rapid prototyping and manufacturing. The characterization and optimization of process parameters in FFF is of critical importance because the quality of the specimens produced by this method substantially depends on the appropriate setting of various significant factors. In this study, the FFF printing process using acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) as the filament material was investigated for the optimization of significant factors in the process. Three potential factors, namely nozzle temperature, bed temperature, and printing speed, were included in this study as the inputs, while surface roughness of the specimens was considered as the output. Roughness measurements were made on the flat surfaces at the top and bottom of the specimens. As the ranges for optimal factor settings were recommended by the manufacturer, the Box-Behnken design, which is a response surface method (RSM), was utilized in this study. In each treatment, two replicas of the test specimens were used for the confirmation test. The results of the statistical analyses indicated that the bed temperature and the printing speed had a significant impact on the surface roughness. Another finding was that there was a non-linear relationship between the bed temperature and the surface roughness. The optimal settings for the factors arrived at in this study can serve as guidelines for the practitioners to achieve the highest performance when they use FFF with ABS filaments.

ACS Style

Karin Kandananond. Optimization of fused filament fabrication system by response surface method. International Journal of Metrology and Quality Engineering 2020, 11, 4 .

AMA Style

Karin Kandananond. Optimization of fused filament fabrication system by response surface method. International Journal of Metrology and Quality Engineering. 2020; 11 ():4.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Karin Kandananond. 2020. "Optimization of fused filament fabrication system by response surface method." International Journal of Metrology and Quality Engineering 11, no. : 4.

Journal article
Published: 01 September 2019 in International Journal of GEOMATE
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Karin Kandananond. THE APPLICATION OF WATER FOOTPRINT AND SIX-SIGMA METHOD TO REDUCE THE WATER CONSUMPTION IN AN ORGANIZATION. International Journal of GEOMATE 2019, 17, 1 .

AMA Style

Karin Kandananond. THE APPLICATION OF WATER FOOTPRINT AND SIX-SIGMA METHOD TO REDUCE THE WATER CONSUMPTION IN AN ORGANIZATION. International Journal of GEOMATE. 2019; 17 (61):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Karin Kandananond. 2019. "THE APPLICATION OF WATER FOOTPRINT AND SIX-SIGMA METHOD TO REDUCE THE WATER CONSUMPTION IN AN ORGANIZATION." International Journal of GEOMATE 17, no. 61: 1.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2019 in Energy Procedia
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Karin Kandananond. The Energy Related Water Footprint Accounting of A Public Organization: The Case of A Public University in Thailand. Energy Procedia 2019, 156, 149 -153.

AMA Style

Karin Kandananond. The Energy Related Water Footprint Accounting of A Public Organization: The Case of A Public University in Thailand. Energy Procedia. 2019; 156 ():149-153.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Karin Kandananond. 2019. "The Energy Related Water Footprint Accounting of A Public Organization: The Case of A Public University in Thailand." Energy Procedia 156, no. : 149-153.

Conference paper
Published: 01 January 2019 in Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Informatics, Environment, Energy and Applications - IEEA '19
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Karin Kandananond. Electricity demand forecasting in buildings based on ARIMA and ARX models. Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Informatics, Environment, Energy and Applications - IEEA '19 2019, 268 -271.

AMA Style

Karin Kandananond. Electricity demand forecasting in buildings based on ARIMA and ARX models. Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Informatics, Environment, Energy and Applications - IEEA '19. 2019; ():268-271.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Karin Kandananond. 2019. "Electricity demand forecasting in buildings based on ARIMA and ARX models." Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Informatics, Environment, Energy and Applications - IEEA '19 , no. : 268-271.

Journal article
Published: 20 November 2018 in International Journal of Metrology and Quality Engineering
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Proper manual material handling (MMH) is the important step leading to the occupational safety of the workers on the shop floor as well as the productivity improvement of the manufacturing process. The objectives of this study are the application of different risk assessment methods, the redesign of the workstation to reduce the occupational risk and the utilization of software package to validate the proposed interventions. As a result, an assembly line of a product is selected as the case study to validate the proposed agenda. Afterwards, four lifting assessment methods, i.e. NIOSH lift equation, Snook Psychophysical Table, OSU Lift guidelines and ACGIH/TLV, are used to assess the hazard risk in the assembly line. After these methods are performed, the results are introduced to recommend the newly designed working conditions, i.e. postures, movements and the barriers. To validate the improved design, new configurations are simulated by the virtual ergonomic program and the ergonomic analysis is performed. The important results, e.g. low back compression and percent of population capable, are calculated by the software to determine the appropriate values which are used as the guidelines for a safe working condition. Moreover, the manufacturing process is also simulated to improve that the ergonomic redesign of the shop floor environment and another consequence of the implementation leads to the significant increase of the productivity.

ACS Style

Karin Kandananond. The incorporation of virtual ergonomics to improve the occupational safety condition in a factory. International Journal of Metrology and Quality Engineering 2018, 9, 14 .

AMA Style

Karin Kandananond. The incorporation of virtual ergonomics to improve the occupational safety condition in a factory. International Journal of Metrology and Quality Engineering. 2018; 9 ():14.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Karin Kandananond. 2018. "The incorporation of virtual ergonomics to improve the occupational safety condition in a factory." International Journal of Metrology and Quality Engineering 9, no. : 14.

Conference paper
Published: 12 September 2018 in MATEC Web of Conferences
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Nickel-metal hydride (Ni-MH) battery is one of the electric sources which is widely used in hybrid electric vehicles. As a result, it is important to understand the characteristics of Ni-MH battery which is connected to direct current machine in the vehicle. However, the crucial problem is the complexity of the vehicle system which deals with the charging and discharging process of battery in order to maintain the designated speed. The system is considered as a black box and the system identification method is utilized in to characterize the dynamic behavior of the system. The system inputs are battery voltage, armature current and state of charge (SOC) while the output is the speed of DC machine. However, the system identification method will not work properly if the available data available has played an importable role on the determination of the model. As a result, the data regarding all parameters were collected and transmitted to the data logger and used to construct different models. The results from the system identification method indicate that the autoregressive model with exogenous input (ARX) is the most appropriate model to explain the relationship between inputs and output. Therefore, the performance of hybrid vehicle related to the characteristics of Ni-MH batteries is elaborately characterized and this study leads to the effective maneuver.

ACS Style

Karin Kandananond. The Application of System identification method to characterize the performance of NiMH batteries in hybrid vehicles. MATEC Web of Conferences 2018, 198, 04006 .

AMA Style

Karin Kandananond. The Application of System identification method to characterize the performance of NiMH batteries in hybrid vehicles. MATEC Web of Conferences. 2018; 198 ():04006.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Karin Kandananond. 2018. "The Application of System identification method to characterize the performance of NiMH batteries in hybrid vehicles." MATEC Web of Conferences 198, no. : 04006.

Conference paper
Published: 04 September 2018 in Sustainable Development and Planning X
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Welcome to the WIT Press eLibrary - the home of the Transactions of the Wessex Institute collection, providing on-line access to papers presented at the Institute's prestigious international conferences and from its State-of-the-Art in Science & Engineering publications.

ACS Style

Karin Kandananond. THE IMPLEMENTATION OF LIFE CYCLE ANALYSIS AND SIX SIGMA METHOD TO ACHIEVE SUSTAINABLE WATER CONSUMPTION IN THE AGRICULTURAL SECTOR. Sustainable Development and Planning X 2018, 1 .

AMA Style

Karin Kandananond. THE IMPLEMENTATION OF LIFE CYCLE ANALYSIS AND SIX SIGMA METHOD TO ACHIEVE SUSTAINABLE WATER CONSUMPTION IN THE AGRICULTURAL SECTOR. Sustainable Development and Planning X. 2018; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Karin Kandananond. 2018. "THE IMPLEMENTATION OF LIFE CYCLE ANALYSIS AND SIX SIGMA METHOD TO ACHIEVE SUSTAINABLE WATER CONSUMPTION IN THE AGRICULTURAL SECTOR." Sustainable Development and Planning X , no. : 1.

Conference paper
Published: 29 August 2018 in Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing
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The capability of forecasting techniques is based on the historical data and the autocorrelation is one of the structures used to construct a predicting model. However, a special cause, which cannot be explained by the model, always randomly occurs in the process and can significantly downgrade the performance of the forecasting model. Therefore, the statistical process control (SPC) technique widely used in the quality control area is applied to detect the outlier so that it will be removed and not be a part of the historical observation. However, since the time series data is mostly autocorrelated, the basic assumption of the SPC methodology is violated. In this research, the Box-Jenkins’ autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) models were used to filter the autocorrelation so there is only the pure residual to be monitored by the SPC. To illustrate the implementation, the actual data from the Singapore mercantile exchange, the daily price of the black pepper and the West Texas immediate crude oil future contracts, were used to represent two categories of autocorrelated data, stationary and non-stationary. As the first step, the historical data were modeled by the ARIMA models. Afterwards, the residuals from the models were monitored by the X-MR chart and the outliers were specified and removed. The study shows that the forecasting errors for both stationary and non-stationary cases are significantly improved after the outliers were systematically removed.

ACS Style

Karin Kandananond. The Implementation of an SPC Chart to Improve the Forecasting Accuracy of the ARIMA Models. Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing 2018, 78 -85.

AMA Style

Karin Kandananond. The Implementation of an SPC Chart to Improve the Forecasting Accuracy of the ARIMA Models. Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing. 2018; ():78-85.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Karin Kandananond. 2018. "The Implementation of an SPC Chart to Improve the Forecasting Accuracy of the ARIMA Models." Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing , no. : 78-85.

Journal article
Published: 01 June 2018 in International Journal of GEOMATE
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Karin Kandananond. THE UTILIZATION OF WATER FOOTPRINT TO ENHANCE THE WATER SAVING AWARENESS: CASE STUDY OF A CERAMIC PRODUCT. International Journal of GEOMATE 2018, 14, 1 .

AMA Style

Karin Kandananond. THE UTILIZATION OF WATER FOOTPRINT TO ENHANCE THE WATER SAVING AWARENESS: CASE STUDY OF A CERAMIC PRODUCT. International Journal of GEOMATE. 2018; 14 (46):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Karin Kandananond. 2018. "THE UTILIZATION OF WATER FOOTPRINT TO ENHANCE THE WATER SAVING AWARENESS: CASE STUDY OF A CERAMIC PRODUCT." International Journal of GEOMATE 14, no. 46: 1.

Journal article
Published: 01 December 2017 in Energy Procedia
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The Greenhouse Gas Emissions (GHG) accounting of the organizations is on the public focus in recent years since it reflects the contribution of the organization to the climate change. In this study, the emissions due to the energy related activities of a University in Thailand is assessed and reported as the performance measurement of the organization in term of the GHG emissions. The study covers two categories of emissions, scope 1 and 2, which are related to the energy use. For scope 1 source, the emission is mainly from the direct emissions of the fuel combustion by the University car fleet. On the other hand, scope 2 emissions are caused by the electricity consumption which is considered the indirect emissions. According to the study, the assessment results show that the emission due to the electricity use is significantly higher than that from the transportation. The time frame of study period covers the second semester of the academic year 2016 (January to May 2017) and the functional unit is the number of student, both full-time and part-time, who enrolled in the semester. The Carbon footprint of the University is illustrated as the total amount of GHG emission divided by the number of student and it is equal to 64.02 kgCO2/student.

ACS Style

Karin Kandananond. The Greenhouse Gas Accounting of A Public Organization: The Case of A Public University in Thailand. Energy Procedia 2017, 141, 672 -676.

AMA Style

Karin Kandananond. The Greenhouse Gas Accounting of A Public Organization: The Case of A Public University in Thailand. Energy Procedia. 2017; 141 ():672-676.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Karin Kandananond. 2017. "The Greenhouse Gas Accounting of A Public Organization: The Case of A Public University in Thailand." Energy Procedia 141, no. : 672-676.

Journal article
Published: 01 July 2017 in International Journal of GEOMATE
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Karin Kandananond. THE EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN AND CARBON FOOTPRINT ASSESSMENT OF NON-GLAZED FLOOR TILES. International Journal of GEOMATE 2017, 1 .

AMA Style

Karin Kandananond. THE EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN AND CARBON FOOTPRINT ASSESSMENT OF NON-GLAZED FLOOR TILES. International Journal of GEOMATE. 2017; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Karin Kandananond. 2017. "THE EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN AND CARBON FOOTPRINT ASSESSMENT OF NON-GLAZED FLOOR TILES." International Journal of GEOMATE , no. : 1.

Conference paper
Published: 01 January 2017 in Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Intelligent Information Processing
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This study focuses on the utilization of non-parametric to assess the distribution of repair times of a machine part as well as the prediction of the future values. There are two folds of objectives, namely, the distribution assessment of the repair times. The diagnostic graph, i.e., histogram and normal probability plot, as well as a non-parametric test, Kolmogorov-Smirnov (KS) method, is utilized to assess the distribution of data. According to the KS test, it can be used effectively to test the distribution of the repair times of a machine which are selected as a case study. Another objective is the prediction of the future repair time required to fix a designated part. The time series analysis based on autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) model is deployed in order to forecast the repair times. It turned out that one of the simplest models of ARIMA, ARIMA (0, 1, 0) or random walk, is the most appropriate model for the prediction and this indicates that the pattern of repair times is non-stationary.

ACS Style

Karin Kandananond. The Application of Non-parametric Method and Time Series Analysis to Predict the Machine Repair Times. Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Intelligent Information Processing 2017, 130 -133.

AMA Style

Karin Kandananond. The Application of Non-parametric Method and Time Series Analysis to Predict the Machine Repair Times. Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Intelligent Information Processing. 2017; ():130-133.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Karin Kandananond. 2017. "The Application of Non-parametric Method and Time Series Analysis to Predict the Machine Repair Times." Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Intelligent Information Processing , no. : 130-133.

Conference paper
Published: 14 July 2016 in Transactions on Petri Nets and Other Models of Concurrency XV
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The capability to optimize the surface roughness is critical to the surface quality of manufactured work pieces. If the performance of the available CNC machine is correctly characterized or the relationship between inputs and output is clearly identified, the operators on the shop floor will be able to operate their machine at the highest efficiency. In order to achieve the desired objective, this research is based on the empirical study which is conducted in such a way that the optimization method is utilized to analyze the empirical data. The focused process in this study is the lathing process with three input factors, spindle speed, feed rate and depth of cut while the corresponding output is surface roughness. Two methods, namely artificial neural network (ANN) and 2k factorial design, are used to construct mathematical models exploring the relationship between inputs and output. The performance of each method is compared by considering the forecasting errors after fitting the model to the empirical data. The results according to this study signify that there is no significant difference between the performance of these two optimization methods.

ACS Style

Karin Kandananond. The Optimization of a Lathing Process Based on Neural Network and Factorial Design Method. Transactions on Petri Nets and Other Models of Concurrency XV 2016, 609 -619.

AMA Style

Karin Kandananond. The Optimization of a Lathing Process Based on Neural Network and Factorial Design Method. Transactions on Petri Nets and Other Models of Concurrency XV. 2016; ():609-619.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Karin Kandananond. 2016. "The Optimization of a Lathing Process Based on Neural Network and Factorial Design Method." Transactions on Petri Nets and Other Models of Concurrency XV , no. : 609-619.

Conference paper
Published: 01 May 2015 in Computer Vision
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The dynamic characteristic of a drum boiler is complex and this complication leads to the difficulty in controlling the output of the system, i.e., steam pressure. Therefore, this study attempts to investigate the application of two model predictive methods, artificial neural network (ANN) and system identification, in order to assess the performance of each method. According to the system, the inputs are feed water flow rate and applied heat while the output is the steam pressure. The ANN method used is based on a training algorithm, Levenberg-Marquardt back propagation. On the other hand, the optimal model of system identification method is the output error (OE). The performance measurement is compared by considering the mean squared error (MSE) after fitting the simulated prediction from each model to the observation. The results show that ANN slightly outperforms the system identification technique. Moreover, another finding is that ANN method is capable of identifying the outlier among the observations so it is robust to the disturbances.

ACS Style

Karin Kandananond. The Regulation of Steam Pressure in A Drum Boiler by Neural Network and System Identification Technique. Computer Vision 2015, 425 -434.

AMA Style

Karin Kandananond. The Regulation of Steam Pressure in A Drum Boiler by Neural Network and System Identification Technique. Computer Vision. 2015; ():425-434.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Karin Kandananond. 2015. "The Regulation of Steam Pressure in A Drum Boiler by Neural Network and System Identification Technique." Computer Vision , no. : 425-434.

Book chapter
Published: 18 February 2015 in Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering
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The modeling of an industrial process is always a challenging issue and has a significant effect on the performance of the industry. In this study, one of the most important industrial processes, a turning process, is considered as a black box system. Since it is also a dynamic system, i.e., its characteristics changing over time, the system identification method has been applied on the measurement data in order to obtain an empirical model for explaining a system output, surface roughness. The inputs of the system are feed rate, cutting speed and tool nose radius. According to the study, three non-parametric models, Box-Jenkins, autoregressive moving average with exogenous inputs (ARMAX) and output error (OE), are recommended to be used to construct mathematical models based on data mining available from the manufacturing process. These system identification models are appropriate to model the dynamic turning process since they have the capability to construct both dynamic and noise parameters separately.

ACS Style

Karin Kandananond. Data Mining for Industrial System Identification: A Turning Process. Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering 2015, 339, 583 -590.

AMA Style

Karin Kandananond. Data Mining for Industrial System Identification: A Turning Process. Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering. 2015; 339 ():583-590.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Karin Kandananond. 2015. "Data Mining for Industrial System Identification: A Turning Process." Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering 339, no. : 583-590.

Journal article
Published: 01 August 2014 in Applied Mechanics and Materials
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Product demands are known to be serially correlated. In this research, a first order autoregressive model, AR (1), is utilized to simulate product demand processes whose behavior are stationary. Since demand forecasting is important to the efficiency improvement of product supply chain system, different forecasting techniques are utilized to predict product demand. In this research, Kalman filter is deployed to forecast demand simulated by AR (1) model. Product demands are simulated at the different degrees of autoregressive coefficients. After the application of Kalman filter to the designated data, the forecasting errors are calculated and the results indicate that Kalman filter is an efficient technique to predict demands in the future.

ACS Style

Karin Kandananond. Applying Kalman Filter for Correlated Demand Forecasting. Applied Mechanics and Materials 2014, 619, 381 -384.

AMA Style

Karin Kandananond. Applying Kalman Filter for Correlated Demand Forecasting. Applied Mechanics and Materials. 2014; 619 ():381-384.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Karin Kandananond. 2014. "Applying Kalman Filter for Correlated Demand Forecasting." Applied Mechanics and Materials 619, no. : 381-384.

Journal article
Published: 01 April 2014 in Key Engineering Materials
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Although the manufacturing businesses have played an important role in generating the highest GDP for Thailand, they also emit more greenhouse gas (GHG) than other sectors. Due to the cap and trade scheme by European Union (EU), the carbon footprint is the GHG emitted by products, organization or persons and it has to be tracked and recorded. Since the ceramic production process also has a major contribution on the emission, its carbon footprint is a piece of product information which cannot be ignored. In this research, the carbon footprint for the whole life cycle of a local ceramic product was recorded and calculated. It is interesting to note that the resource extraction stage has contributed to the highest emission followed by the product use, manufacturing, disposal and distribution. The results from this research are useful for local ceramic manufacturers who want to export their products to the EU countries and it is also important for the customers who are concerned about the environment.

ACS Style

Karin Kandananond. Development of Carbon Emission Label for Local Ceramic Product. Key Engineering Materials 2014, 608, 62 -67.

AMA Style

Karin Kandananond. Development of Carbon Emission Label for Local Ceramic Product. Key Engineering Materials. 2014; 608 ():62-67.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Karin Kandananond. 2014. "Development of Carbon Emission Label for Local Ceramic Product." Key Engineering Materials 608, no. : 62-67.

Journal article
Published: 01 February 2014 in Applied Mechanics and Materials
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The life cycle of a polypropylene stacking chair is assessed in order to represent the environmental impact of a plastic product. The analysis is categorized into two phases, manufacturing and disposing. The manufacturing process of a chair concerns a prime material, polypropylene (PP) granulate, an injection molding process and a resource, electricity. According to the assessment, the PP granulate seems to contribute the highest impact on the environment in term of the fossil fuel used. Afterwards, the landfill method is used in the disposal scenario of waste, and the analysis shows that the highest impact comes in the form of carcinogens followed by ecotoxicity.

ACS Style

Karin Kandananond. The Life Cycle Assessment of a Polypropylene Product, Part A: Raw Materials, Manufacturing and Disposal Scenario. Applied Mechanics and Materials 2014, 535, 515 -518.

AMA Style

Karin Kandananond. The Life Cycle Assessment of a Polypropylene Product, Part A: Raw Materials, Manufacturing and Disposal Scenario. Applied Mechanics and Materials. 2014; 535 ():515-518.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Karin Kandananond. 2014. "The Life Cycle Assessment of a Polypropylene Product, Part A: Raw Materials, Manufacturing and Disposal Scenario." Applied Mechanics and Materials 535, no. : 515-518.

Journal article
Published: 01 February 2014 in Applied Mechanics and Materials
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Electricity is one of the most important resources in the manufacturing process. This research has demonstrated the environmental impact caused from two fuel options for generating electricity, coal and mixed (oil/ petroleum gas/ hydro power), in Thailand. The case study is conducted on a sample plastic product, a polypropylene (PP) stacking chair. Moreover, the effect from different disposal scenarios, landfill and incineration, is also analyzed as well. Due to the results, the electricity generated from coal has caused more impact than the one from mixed fuels. For coal option, respiratory inorganics seem to be the most crucial problem while the use of fossil fuels is the major impact from mixed fuels option. When the disposal methods are considered, the incineration is a better choice for disposing PP waste since it causes the least impact on the environment. By the categories of impacts, carcinogens are highly contributed to the landfill method while the climate change is the result from the incineration.

ACS Style

Karin Kandananond. The Life Cycle Assessment of a Polypropylene Product, Part B: Comparison of Fuel Options for Generating Electricity and Disposal Methods. Applied Mechanics and Materials 2014, 535, 519 -522.

AMA Style

Karin Kandananond. The Life Cycle Assessment of a Polypropylene Product, Part B: Comparison of Fuel Options for Generating Electricity and Disposal Methods. Applied Mechanics and Materials. 2014; 535 ():519-522.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Karin Kandananond. 2014. "The Life Cycle Assessment of a Polypropylene Product, Part B: Comparison of Fuel Options for Generating Electricity and Disposal Methods." Applied Mechanics and Materials 535, no. : 519-522.