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Prof. Dr. Xavier Fernando
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Ryerson University, Toronto, Canada

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0 Energy Harvesting
0 Smart Cities
0 Smart Grid
0 Smart Homes
0 wireless networks

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wireless networks
Energy Harvesting
IoT
Smart Cities
Smart Homes
intelligent transportation systems

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Research article
Published: 07 June 2021 in International Journal of Intelligent Systems
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The coordination of modern transportation system depends heavily on intelligent techniques, information assortment, and its analysis. Sensors play a crucial role in information assortment in charging scheduling of electric vehicles (EVs). EVs are destined to become inevitable due to their innate economic contribution, climate improvement, and social attributes as per United Nation's sustainable development goals. Innovation in EV has gained the interest of many researchers since it is one of the novel green transportation sectors. Moreover, EVs are essential to preserve conventional fuels and to maximize the utilization of renewable sources. Nevertheless, EVs have short driving ranges due to their battery limitation, which hinders the reliability. The charging stations (CS) for EVs are also unevenly distributed. This paper presents a novel strategy to schedule the charging points in EV CSs. The goal is to determine the convenient CS for EVs through Vehicular Ad-hoc Network (VANET) model. In this model, the CSs are determined and prioritized using four phases, such as driving, charge planning, charging scheduling, and battery charging. Charging scheduling was designed using a newly developed optimization strategy, exponential Harris Hawks optimization (Exponential HHO) algorithm, which combines two algorithms, Harris Hawks optimization (HHO) and exponential weighted moving average (EWMA). Furthermore, the fitness function was also newly devised by considering parameters such as average waiting time, remaining energy, number of EVs, and distance. The proposed Exponential HHO was validated using VANET simulation and the performance was improved with maximum remaining energy of 52.709 Whr, minimal distance of 27.256 km, and a maximum average waiting time of 0.352 min in comparison with existing methods. To be specific, the proposed Exponential HHO yielded better improvement, especially when considering a large number of vehicles.

ACS Style

Ramkumar Devendiran; Padmanathan Kasinathan; Vigna K. Ramachandaramurthy; Umashankar Subramaniam; Uma Govindarajan; Xavier Fernando. Intelligent optimization for charging scheduling of electric vehicle using exponential Harris Hawks technique. International Journal of Intelligent Systems 2021, 36, 5816 -5844.

AMA Style

Ramkumar Devendiran, Padmanathan Kasinathan, Vigna K. Ramachandaramurthy, Umashankar Subramaniam, Uma Govindarajan, Xavier Fernando. Intelligent optimization for charging scheduling of electric vehicle using exponential Harris Hawks technique. International Journal of Intelligent Systems. 2021; 36 (10):5816-5844.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ramkumar Devendiran; Padmanathan Kasinathan; Vigna K. Ramachandaramurthy; Umashankar Subramaniam; Uma Govindarajan; Xavier Fernando. 2021. "Intelligent optimization for charging scheduling of electric vehicle using exponential Harris Hawks technique." International Journal of Intelligent Systems 36, no. 10: 5816-5844.

Journal article
Published: 19 November 2020 in IEEE Access
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Widespread proliferation of wireless coverage has enabled culmination of number of advanced location-based services (LBS). Continuous tracking of accurate physical location is the foundation of these services, which is a challenging task especially indoors. Multitude of techniques and algorithms have been proposed for indoor positioning systems (IPS’s). However, accuracy, reliability, scalability and, adaptability to the environment still remain as challenges for widespread deployment. Especially, unpredictable radio propagation characteristics in vastly varying indoor environments plus access technology limitations contribute to these challenges. Machine learning (ML) approaches have been widely attempted recently to overcome these challenges with reasonable success. In this paper, we aim to provide a comprehensive survey of ML enabled localization techniques using most common wireless technologies. First, we provide a brief background on indoor localization techniques. Afterwards, we discuss various ML techniques (supervised and unsupervised) that could alleviate different challenges in indoor localization including Non-line-of-sight (NLOS) issue, device heterogeneity and environmental variations with reasonable complexity. The trade-offs among multitude of issues are discussed using numerous published results. We also discuss how the ML algorithms can be effectively used for fusing different technologies and algorithms to achieve a comprehensive IPS. In essence, this survey will serve as a reference material to acquire a detailed knowledge on recent development of machine learning for accurate indoor positioning.

ACS Style

Ahasanun Nessa; Bhagawat Adhikari; Fatima Hussain; Xavier N. Fernando. A Survey of Machine Learning for Indoor Positioning. IEEE Access 2020, 8, 214945 -214965.

AMA Style

Ahasanun Nessa, Bhagawat Adhikari, Fatima Hussain, Xavier N. Fernando. A Survey of Machine Learning for Indoor Positioning. IEEE Access. 2020; 8 (99):214945-214965.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ahasanun Nessa; Bhagawat Adhikari; Fatima Hussain; Xavier N. Fernando. 2020. "A Survey of Machine Learning for Indoor Positioning." IEEE Access 8, no. 99: 214945-214965.

Journal article
Published: 11 September 2020 in Electronics
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Fifth-generation (5G) wireless networks and beyond will be heterogeneous in nature, with a mixture of macro and micro radio cells. In this scenario where high power macro base stations (MBS) coexist with low power micro base stations (mBS), it is challenging to ensure optimal usage of radio resources to serve users with a multitude of quality of service (QoS) requirements. Typical signal to interference and noise ratio (SINR)-based user allocation protocols unfairly assign more users to the high power MBS, starving mBS. There have been many attempts in the literature to forcefully assign users to mBS with limited success. In this paper, we take a different approach using second order statistics of user data, which is a better indicator of traffic fluctuations. We propose a new algorithm for user association to the appropriate base station (BS) by utilizing the standard deviation of the overall network load. This is done through an exhaustive search of the best user equipment (UE)–BS combinations that provide a global minimum to the standard deviation. This would correspond to the optimum number of UEs assigned to every BS, either macro or micro. We have also derived new expressions for coverage probability and network energy efficiency for analytical performance evaluation. Simulation results prove the validity of our proposed methods to balance the network load, improve data rate, average energy efficiency, and coverage probability with superior performance compared with other algorithms.

ACS Style

Noha Hassan; Xavier Fernando. An Optimum User Association Algorithm in Heterogeneous 5G Networks Using Standard Deviation of the Load. Electronics 2020, 9, 1495 .

AMA Style

Noha Hassan, Xavier Fernando. An Optimum User Association Algorithm in Heterogeneous 5G Networks Using Standard Deviation of the Load. Electronics. 2020; 9 (9):1495.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Noha Hassan; Xavier Fernando. 2020. "An Optimum User Association Algorithm in Heterogeneous 5G Networks Using Standard Deviation of the Load." Electronics 9, no. 9: 1495.

Journal article
Published: 04 June 2020 in Procedia Computer Science
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Ambient light noise is a major cause of performance degradation in visible light communication (VLC) systems. It affects outdoor VLC applications in terms of signal to noise ratio (SNR) and bit error rates (BER). Sunlight plays an important role in increasing the effects of ambient noise on VLC signal. VLC is suggested as a promising communication mode between two vehicles, in vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication systems. In this paper, we discuss and propose an efficient method to overcome the effect of sunlight irradiance in VLC links used for V2V communication. We propose K-Nearest Neighbour (KNN), a machine learning-based adaptive filter to combat the effects of solar irradiance. Our smart filter can adapt itself according to varying noise conditions and help to achieve acceptable BER in support of reliable communications.

ACS Style

Hasan Farahneh; Fatima Hussian; Xavier Fernando. De-Noising Scheme for VLC-Based V2V Systems; A Machine Learning Approach. Procedia Computer Science 2020, 171, 2167 -2176.

AMA Style

Hasan Farahneh, Fatima Hussian, Xavier Fernando. De-Noising Scheme for VLC-Based V2V Systems; A Machine Learning Approach. Procedia Computer Science. 2020; 171 ():2167-2176.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hasan Farahneh; Fatima Hussian; Xavier Fernando. 2020. "De-Noising Scheme for VLC-Based V2V Systems; A Machine Learning Approach." Procedia Computer Science 171, no. : 2167-2176.

Journal article
Published: 03 February 2020 in IEEE Consumer Electronics Magazine
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The objective of this work is to describe the design process of a wireless body area network (WBAN) for the remote observation of multiple physiological signals from a patient. Various sensors such as temperature, heart rate monitor utilizing electrocardiography, and accelerometer to detect fall and seizure conditions were integrated in the WBAN. Sensed data is wirelessly transmitted to the central control unit (CCU) that is associated with a remote base station. For benchmarking, medically certified sensors were employed to validate wearable sensors data. The sensor information can be ported in the cloud environment using CCU-based gateway with Global System for Mobile communication (GSM) modem capability. This mechanism is facilitating remote access to sensors information. To connect Radio Frequency (RF) units wirelessly, Zigbee mesh topology was adopted. In this way, they can be remotely overseen, managed and controlled by assigned staff. The presented prototype featuring the desired WBAN system performance was evaluated with different human postures and moving scenarios.

ACS Style

Essa Jafer; Sattar Hussain; Xavier Fernando. A Wireless Body Area Network for Remote Observation of Physiological Signals. IEEE Consumer Electronics Magazine 2020, 9, 103 -106.

AMA Style

Essa Jafer, Sattar Hussain, Xavier Fernando. A Wireless Body Area Network for Remote Observation of Physiological Signals. IEEE Consumer Electronics Magazine. 2020; 9 (2):103-106.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Essa Jafer; Sattar Hussain; Xavier Fernando. 2020. "A Wireless Body Area Network for Remote Observation of Physiological Signals." IEEE Consumer Electronics Magazine 9, no. 2: 103-106.

Conference paper
Published: 01 December 2019 in 2019 IEEE International Conference on Smart Cloud (SmartCloud)
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Access to healthcare services is one of the fundamental pillars of society today. People either have access to healthcare or they are not privileged enough to visit a doctor. In underprivileged societies, access to healthcare is difficult due to various reasons such as fewer number of doctors and healthcare facilities, inefficient communication means, and so on. This may result in exaggeration of the disease or threat to life. On the other hand, those who are privileged, end up paying unnecessary visits to the physician in most of the cases on an average (>71% in USA), and incurring high costs. Often-times, health issues are minor, and it is not necessary to visit a doctor. In such a case, the patient only requires suggestions on quick health fix, or some precautionary measures. Such information can be provided through the combination of a smartphone-based app, fog/edge computing, and mobile communication. Hence, reaching out to the doctors in their available time (off-time, commuting via public transit, so on) when they can answer some quick questions is one of the solutions that fit into smart healthcare definition, and truly pervasive healthcare. In this paper, we propose an innovative healthcare service architecture, called opportunistic healthcare (oHealth), where health log and questions can be opportunistically offloaded to a nearby (such as at public transit) compute entity (such as fog server) capable of processing health logs (up to 234,729 logs daily as per our setup). The fog node communicates the questions to a doctor, who provides the necessary feedback. We provide proof-of-concept evaluation results (in WiFi vs 4G networks, on the basis of delay, cost, and commute time, comparing cloud with fog) to endorse the applicability of our oHealth.

ACS Style

Mohammad Aazam; Xavier Fernando. oHealth: Opportunistic Healthcare in Public Transit through Fog and Edge Computing. 2019 IEEE International Conference on Smart Cloud (SmartCloud) 2019, 59 -64.

AMA Style

Mohammad Aazam, Xavier Fernando. oHealth: Opportunistic Healthcare in Public Transit through Fog and Edge Computing. 2019 IEEE International Conference on Smart Cloud (SmartCloud). 2019; ():59-64.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mohammad Aazam; Xavier Fernando. 2019. "oHealth: Opportunistic Healthcare in Public Transit through Fog and Edge Computing." 2019 IEEE International Conference on Smart Cloud (SmartCloud) , no. : 59-64.

Journal article
Published: 08 November 2019 in Applied System Innovation
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Reliable vehicular communications is fast becoming a necessity. Vehicle to infrastructure (V2I) communication, which is critical for safety, is often interrupted when vehicles travel in tunnels. Leaky Feeder (LF) or radiating cable have been the primary solution to provide wireless access in tunnels and mines, but being overlooked until now. The LF is a natural multi antenna transceiver ideal for broadband short rage access. In this work, we model the LF as a linear antenna array and derive the average bit error rate (BER) in Rayleigh fading channel considering Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) and M-Array Quadrature Amplitude (M-QAM) Modulations. We consider maximal ratio transmission (MRT) at the transmission end and coherent detection and maximal ratio combining (MRC) at the receiving end. Analytical expressions are derived for the BER. The effects of slot spacing and carrier frequency on the BER are also studied. Numerical evaluations show that the LF is a strong candidate for tunnels with much lower BER than a single antenna transmitter with the same SNR.

ACS Style

Hasan Farahneh; Xavier Fernando. The Leaky Feeder, a Reliable Medium for Vehicle to Infrastructure Communications. Applied System Innovation 2019, 2, 36 .

AMA Style

Hasan Farahneh, Xavier Fernando. The Leaky Feeder, a Reliable Medium for Vehicle to Infrastructure Communications. Applied System Innovation. 2019; 2 (4):36.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hasan Farahneh; Xavier Fernando. 2019. "The Leaky Feeder, a Reliable Medium for Vehicle to Infrastructure Communications." Applied System Innovation 2, no. 4: 36.

Conference paper
Published: 01 November 2019 in 2019 53rd Asilomar Conference on Signals, Systems, and Computers
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Image similarity measurement is a common issue in a broad range of applications in image processing, recognition, classification and retrieval. Conventional image similarity measures are often limited to specific applications and cannot be applied in general scenarios. The theory of Kolmogorov complexity provides a universal framework for a generic similarity metric based on information distance between objects. Normalized Information Distance (NID) has been shown to be a valid and universal distance metric applicable in measurement of similarity of any two objects, and has been successfully applied to a wide range of applications in the past. The difficulty of NID lies in the non-computable nature of the Kolmogorov complexity, and thus approximation has to be applied in practice. Here we propose a perceptually-inspired Normalized Conditional Compression Distance (NCCD) measure by using the Divisive Normalization Transform (DNT) as a means to model the non-linear behavior of the Human Visual System (HVS) in reducing statistical dependencies of visual signals for efficient representation, and show that this perceptual extension of NID can be used in a wide range of image processing applications, including texture classification and face recognition.

ACS Style

Nima Nikvand; Zhou Wang; Wisam Farjow; Xavier Fernando; S. Younes Sadat-Nejad. Perceptually Inspired Normalized Conditional Compression Distance. 2019 53rd Asilomar Conference on Signals, Systems, and Computers 2019, 1788 -1795.

AMA Style

Nima Nikvand, Zhou Wang, Wisam Farjow, Xavier Fernando, S. Younes Sadat-Nejad. Perceptually Inspired Normalized Conditional Compression Distance. 2019 53rd Asilomar Conference on Signals, Systems, and Computers. 2019; ():1788-1795.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nima Nikvand; Zhou Wang; Wisam Farjow; Xavier Fernando; S. Younes Sadat-Nejad. 2019. "Perceptually Inspired Normalized Conditional Compression Distance." 2019 53rd Asilomar Conference on Signals, Systems, and Computers , no. : 1788-1795.

Conference paper
Published: 01 September 2019 in 2019 International Conference on Innovation and Intelligence for Informatics, Computing, and Technologies (3ICT)
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It has become a challenge to effectively maintain higher levels of safety and productivity in mining operations due to the present-day smart IoT technology advancements in mining equipment and gadgets. Regardless of the complexity of IoT schemes, all the systems rely on one common factor - an effective and reliable transportation mechanism for data and control information from/to the smart devices. Therefore, the communication infrastructure in confined spaces is the most critical element in the smart system operation. This is especially true due to the limitations and complications of physical phenomena affecting the wireless system and networks in the mines and tunnels. Strong multipath nature of the wireless channel affects the smart wireless communication significantly in underground mine. In this paper, we use LoRa technology to provide better connectivity in harsh environment such as in mines. With its long range, deep penetration, and ultralow power consumption and single hop wireless communication technology; LoRa provides reliable connectivity to previously infeasible underground mining environment. This paper presents simulation study that provide LoRa performance in mining area with strong multipath conditions for different spread factors (SF).

ACS Style

Lloyed Emmanuel; Wisam Farjow; Xavier Fernando. LoRa Wireless Link Performance in Multipath Underground Mines. 2019 International Conference on Innovation and Intelligence for Informatics, Computing, and Technologies (3ICT) 2019, 1 -4.

AMA Style

Lloyed Emmanuel, Wisam Farjow, Xavier Fernando. LoRa Wireless Link Performance in Multipath Underground Mines. 2019 International Conference on Innovation and Intelligence for Informatics, Computing, and Technologies (3ICT). 2019; ():1-4.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lloyed Emmanuel; Wisam Farjow; Xavier Fernando. 2019. "LoRa Wireless Link Performance in Multipath Underground Mines." 2019 International Conference on Innovation and Intelligence for Informatics, Computing, and Technologies (3ICT) , no. : 1-4.

Journal article
Published: 01 July 2019 in AEU - International Journal of Electronics and Communications
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ACS Style

Salam Al-Juboori; Xavier Fernando. Characterizing a Decorrelator for Selection Combining Receivers in Nakagami-m Fading Channels. AEU - International Journal of Electronics and Communications 2019, 106, 12 -19.

AMA Style

Salam Al-Juboori, Xavier Fernando. Characterizing a Decorrelator for Selection Combining Receivers in Nakagami-m Fading Channels. AEU - International Journal of Electronics and Communications. 2019; 106 ():12-19.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Salam Al-Juboori; Xavier Fernando. 2019. "Characterizing a Decorrelator for Selection Combining Receivers in Nakagami-m Fading Channels." AEU - International Journal of Electronics and Communications 106, no. : 12-19.

Research article
Published: 11 June 2019 in Journal of Optics
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ACS Style

R. S. Asha; V. K. Jayasree; Mhatli Sofien; Xavier Fernando. Group velocity and third-order dispersion comparison in externally and directly modulated radio over fiber link. Journal of Optics 2019, 48, 332 -339.

AMA Style

R. S. Asha, V. K. Jayasree, Mhatli Sofien, Xavier Fernando. Group velocity and third-order dispersion comparison in externally and directly modulated radio over fiber link. Journal of Optics. 2019; 48 (3):332-339.

Chicago/Turabian Style

R. S. Asha; V. K. Jayasree; Mhatli Sofien; Xavier Fernando. 2019. "Group velocity and third-order dispersion comparison in externally and directly modulated radio over fiber link." Journal of Optics 48, no. 3: 332-339.

Journal article
Published: 01 June 2019 in Computers & Electrical Engineering
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ACS Style

A. Pasumpon Pandian; Xavier Fernando; Prof. Tomonobu Senjyu. Introduction to the Special Section on Soft Computing Approaches for Sustainable Systems. Computers & Electrical Engineering 2019, 76, 429 -430.

AMA Style

A. Pasumpon Pandian, Xavier Fernando, Prof. Tomonobu Senjyu. Introduction to the Special Section on Soft Computing Approaches for Sustainable Systems. Computers & Electrical Engineering. 2019; 76 ():429-430.

Chicago/Turabian Style

A. Pasumpon Pandian; Xavier Fernando; Prof. Tomonobu Senjyu. 2019. "Introduction to the Special Section on Soft Computing Approaches for Sustainable Systems." Computers & Electrical Engineering 76, no. : 429-430.

Short communication
Published: 01 April 2019 in Automatica
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This paper addresses the problem of tracking multiple vehicles on multi-lane roads with consideration for interactions among vehicles. Due to limited lane resources and traffic heterogeneity, vehicles have to interact with neighboring vehicles while moving along roads to improve their navigability and safety, resulting in highly dependent motions. However, multitarget tracking algorithms generally assume that targets move independently of one another. To address this limitation, using the microscopic traffic flow (MTF) model for modeling vehicle dynamics in the presence of interactions with surrounding traffic, an MTF-based tracking algorithm is proposed under the particle filter (PF) framework. The recursive maximum likelihood (RML) method is integrated into the PF to estimate unknown parameters in the MTF model. The posterior Cramer–Rao lower bound (PCRLB) is also derived for this problem. The performance of the proposed MTF-PF algorithm is compared with those of existing algorithms for multi-vehicle tracking on multi-lane roads. Numerical results show that the proposed algorithm requires less prior information while yielding more accurate and consistent tracks.

ACS Style

Dan Song; Ratnasingham Tharmarasa; Mihai C. Florea; Nicolas Duclos-Hindie; Xavier N. Fernando; Thiagalingam Kirubarajan. Multi-vehicle tracking with microscopic traffic flow model-based particle filtering. Automatica 2019, 105, 28 -35.

AMA Style

Dan Song, Ratnasingham Tharmarasa, Mihai C. Florea, Nicolas Duclos-Hindie, Xavier N. Fernando, Thiagalingam Kirubarajan. Multi-vehicle tracking with microscopic traffic flow model-based particle filtering. Automatica. 2019; 105 ():28-35.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Dan Song; Ratnasingham Tharmarasa; Mihai C. Florea; Nicolas Duclos-Hindie; Xavier N. Fernando; Thiagalingam Kirubarajan. 2019. "Multi-vehicle tracking with microscopic traffic flow model-based particle filtering." Automatica 105, no. : 28-35.

Editorial
Published: 25 February 2019 in Soft Computing
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ACS Style

Pasumpon Pandian; Xavier Fernando; Tomonobu Senjyu. Soft computing approaches for next-generation sustainable systems (SCNGS). Soft Computing 2019, 23, 2483 -2483.

AMA Style

Pasumpon Pandian, Xavier Fernando, Tomonobu Senjyu. Soft computing approaches for next-generation sustainable systems (SCNGS). Soft Computing. 2019; 23 (8):2483-2483.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Pasumpon Pandian; Xavier Fernando; Tomonobu Senjyu. 2019. "Soft computing approaches for next-generation sustainable systems (SCNGS)." Soft Computing 23, no. 8: 2483-2483.

Conference paper
Published: 01 February 2019 in 2019 International Conference on Computing, Networking and Communications (ICNC)
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With the emergence of the Internet of Things (IoT) and the increasing number of resource-constrained interconnected smart devices, there is a noticeable increase in the number of cyber security crimes. In the face of the possible attacks on IoT networks such as network intrusion, denial of service, spoofing and so on, there is a need to develop efficient methods to locate vulnerabilities and mitigate attacks in IoT networks. Without loss of generality, we consider only intrusion-related threats to IoT. A honeypot is a system used to understand the potential dynamic threats and act as a proactive measure to detect any intrusion into the network. It is used as a trap for intruders to control unauthorized access to the network by analyzing malicious traffic. However, a sophisticated attacker can detect the presence of a honeypot and abort the intrusion mission. Therefore it is essential for honeypots to be undetectable. In this paper, we study and analyze possible techniques for SSH and telnet honeypot detection. Moreover, we propose a new methodology for probabilistic estimation of honeypot detection and an automated software implemented this methodology.

ACS Style

Oleg Surnin; Fatima Hussain; Rasheed Hussain; Svetlana Ostrovskaya; Andrey Polovinkin; Jooyoung Lee; Xavier Fernando. Probabilistic Estimation of Honeypot Detection in Internet of Things Environment. 2019 International Conference on Computing, Networking and Communications (ICNC) 2019, 191 -196.

AMA Style

Oleg Surnin, Fatima Hussain, Rasheed Hussain, Svetlana Ostrovskaya, Andrey Polovinkin, Jooyoung Lee, Xavier Fernando. Probabilistic Estimation of Honeypot Detection in Internet of Things Environment. 2019 International Conference on Computing, Networking and Communications (ICNC). 2019; ():191-196.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Oleg Surnin; Fatima Hussain; Rasheed Hussain; Svetlana Ostrovskaya; Andrey Polovinkin; Jooyoung Lee; Xavier Fernando. 2019. "Probabilistic Estimation of Honeypot Detection in Internet of Things Environment." 2019 International Conference on Computing, Networking and Communications (ICNC) , no. : 191-196.

Research article
Published: 01 January 2019 in IET Communications
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Device-to-device (D2D) communication can effectively use cognitive radio network approach to coexist with cellular users. For such a cognitive D2D system, two approaches (underlay and overlay) are considered to manage the spectrum sharing among the cellular (primary) users and the D2D (secondary) users. Energy efficiency (EE) is crucial in both these cases due to limited battery capacity and quality of service requirements of the D2D users. This study effectively models the power allocation problem of such a cognitive D2D system by maximising the EE of the D2D users subject to a minimum rate requirement for both the D2D users and the cellular users. This leads to a non-linear fractional optimisation problem which is more complicated and computationally intractable. Alternatively, geometric water-filling approach have been utilised for power allocation to solve this optimisation problem which results in an ‘exact’ and ‘low complexity’ solution. Simulation results reveal the benefits of the proposed algorithm.

ACS Style

Ajmery Sultana; Lian Zhao; Xavier Fernando. Energy‐efficient power allocation in underlay and overlay cognitive device‐to‐device communications. IET Communications 2019, 13, 162 -170.

AMA Style

Ajmery Sultana, Lian Zhao, Xavier Fernando. Energy‐efficient power allocation in underlay and overlay cognitive device‐to‐device communications. IET Communications. 2019; 13 (2):162-170.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ajmery Sultana; Lian Zhao; Xavier Fernando. 2019. "Energy‐efficient power allocation in underlay and overlay cognitive device‐to‐device communications." IET Communications 13, no. 2: 162-170.

Conference paper
Published: 01 December 2018 in 2018 IEEE Globecom Workshops (GC Wkshps)
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Precoding is a technique which exploits transmission diversity by weighting the information stream, i.e. the transmitter sends the coded information to the receiver to achieve pre-knowledge of the channel. Visible light communication (VLC) channels inherently exhibit frequency-selective and multi-path fading effects that result in intersymbol interference (ISI) and thus reduces the data rate. To this end, optical multiple input multiple output (MIMO) can provide spatial diversity and thus achieve a high data rate. Inspired by these facts, we investigate different precoding and equalization schemes for 2 × 2 MIMO for the vehicle to vehicle (V2V-VLC) system. In this work, we consider three detection schemes, Zero Forcing (ZF), Maximum likelihood (ML), and Minimum Mean Squared Error (MMSE). Also, we consider flickering/dimming control and the nature of outdoor VLC channel as a frequency selective channel. Moreover, we investigate a transceiver considering perfect CSI based on different detection algorithms. Simulation results of the investigated transceiver demonstrate improvements in Bit Error Rate (BER) and Mean Squared Error (MSE) for the MMSE scheme.

ACS Style

Hasan Farahneh; Fatima Hussain; Rasheed Hussain; Xavier Fernando. A Novel Optimal Precoder and Equalizer in $2\times 2$ MIMO VLC Systems for Vehicular Application. 2018 IEEE Globecom Workshops (GC Wkshps) 2018, 1 -6.

AMA Style

Hasan Farahneh, Fatima Hussain, Rasheed Hussain, Xavier Fernando. A Novel Optimal Precoder and Equalizer in $2\times 2$ MIMO VLC Systems for Vehicular Application. 2018 IEEE Globecom Workshops (GC Wkshps). 2018; ():1-6.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hasan Farahneh; Fatima Hussain; Rasheed Hussain; Xavier Fernando. 2018. "A Novel Optimal Precoder and Equalizer in $2\times 2$ MIMO VLC Systems for Vehicular Application." 2018 IEEE Globecom Workshops (GC Wkshps) , no. : 1-6.

Journal article
Published: 12 November 2018 in IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology
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Multi antenna receivers are often deployed in cognitive radio systems for accurate spectrum sensing. However, correlation among signals received by multiple antennas in these receivers is often ignored which yield unrealistic results. In this paper, the effect of this correlation is accurately quantified by deriving analytical expressions for the average probability of detection. Alternative simpler expressions are also derived. These are done for Selection Combining (SC) and Switch and Stay (SSC) diversity techniques in dual arbitrarily correlated Nakagami-m fading channels. Then it is repeated for triple exponentially and identically correlated Nakagami-m fading channels with SC diversity technique. Analysis results show that the inter-branch correlation impacts the detector performance significantly, especially in deep fading scenarios. Also, SC outperforms SSC as expected. However, the difference between them becomes very small in low fading and highly correlated scenarios which, indicates that the simpler SSC scheme can as well be deployed in such situations.

ACS Style

Salam Al-Juboori; Xavier Fernando; Yansha Deng; A. Nallanathan; Nallanathan Arumugam. Impact of Interbranch Correlation on Multichannel Spectrum Sensing With SC and SSC Diversity Combining Schemes. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology 2018, 68, 456 -470.

AMA Style

Salam Al-Juboori, Xavier Fernando, Yansha Deng, A. Nallanathan, Nallanathan Arumugam. Impact of Interbranch Correlation on Multichannel Spectrum Sensing With SC and SSC Diversity Combining Schemes. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology. 2018; 68 (1):456-470.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Salam Al-Juboori; Xavier Fernando; Yansha Deng; A. Nallanathan; Nallanathan Arumugam. 2018. "Impact of Interbranch Correlation on Multichannel Spectrum Sensing With SC and SSC Diversity Combining Schemes." IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology 68, no. 1: 456-470.

Journal article
Published: 19 October 2018 in EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking
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Optical wireless communications (OWC) has emerged as a strong candidate for wireless communications, due to the capacity limitation in the radio frequency (RF) spectrum. Especially visible light communication (VLC) has great potential for short-range outdoor vehicular communications, as vehicle LED lights also transmit data. However, outdoor VLC channels vary fast and, experience multipath scattering and reflection resulting in time domain dispersion. Outdoor VLC links are also subjected to high levels of ambient noise, especially from the sun. Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM), which has proven robustness to multi path fading and noise effects in RF links can also be deployed in VLC links. In this paper, optical OFDM (O-OFDM) along with adaptive modulation scheme is investigated in VLC for vehicle to vehicle (V2V) communications. A (2×2) multiple input multiple output (MIMO) channel, with multiple polarimetric bidirectional reflections and realistic sunlight interference is considered. Two schemes of O-OFDM; direct current biased optical OFDM (DCO-OFDM) and asymmetrically clipped optical OFDM (ACO-OFDM) are investigated. Simulation results of the proposed model show increase in data rates up to 50 Mbps along with reduced bit error rate (BER) under both line of sight (LOS) and non-LOS and high noise conditions.

ACS Style

Hasan Farahneh; Fatima Hussain; Xavier Fernando. Performance analysis of adaptive OFDM modulation scheme in VLC vehicular communication network in realistic noise environment. EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking 2018, 2018, 243 .

AMA Style

Hasan Farahneh, Fatima Hussain, Xavier Fernando. Performance analysis of adaptive OFDM modulation scheme in VLC vehicular communication network in realistic noise environment. EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking. 2018; 2018 (1):243.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hasan Farahneh; Fatima Hussain; Xavier Fernando. 2018. "Performance analysis of adaptive OFDM modulation scheme in VLC vehicular communication network in realistic noise environment." EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking 2018, no. 1: 243.

Conference paper
Published: 01 October 2018 in 2018 52nd Asilomar Conference on Signals, Systems, and Computers
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Objective predictor of perceived modifications to images, or the so-called Photoshop metric, finds many applications and is particularly desirable in the fashion industry. A promising solution to the problem is information distance, which measures the minimal number of bits required to transform one object to another. The application of information distance measures to photo editing assessment, however, is perplexed by human visual system characteristics, such as the difference in attention levels to different parts of an image, and the varying sensitivity at detecting different types of image distortions. Here we make one of the first attempts to develop an information distance based measure for Photoshop metric, where information distance-based features are used to train a Support Vector Regressor (SVR). Experimental results show that the proposed metric is well correlated with mean human observer ratings.

ACS Style

Nima Nikvand; Zhou Wang; Wisam Farjow; Xavier Fernando. Information Distance based Photoshop Metric. 2018 52nd Asilomar Conference on Signals, Systems, and Computers 2018, 1532 -1535.

AMA Style

Nima Nikvand, Zhou Wang, Wisam Farjow, Xavier Fernando. Information Distance based Photoshop Metric. 2018 52nd Asilomar Conference on Signals, Systems, and Computers. 2018; ():1532-1535.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nima Nikvand; Zhou Wang; Wisam Farjow; Xavier Fernando. 2018. "Information Distance based Photoshop Metric." 2018 52nd Asilomar Conference on Signals, Systems, and Computers , no. : 1532-1535.