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Voltage-gated sodium channels (NaVs) are a key determinant of neuronal signalling. Neurotoxins from diverse taxa that selectively activate or inhibit NaV channels have helped unravel the role of NaV channels in diseases, including chronic pain. Spider venoms contain the most diverse array of inhibitor cystine knot (ICK) toxins (knottins). This review provides an overview on how spider knottins modulate NaV channels and describes the structural features and molecular determinants that influence their affinity and subtype selectivity. Genetic and functional evidence support a major involvement of NaV subtypes in various chronic pain conditions. The exquisite inhibitory properties of spider knottins over key NaV subtypes make them the best lead molecules for the development of novel analgesics to treat chronic pain.
Yashad Dongol; Fernanda Caldas Cardoso; Richard J. Lewis. Spider Knottin Pharmacology at Voltage-Gated Sodium Channels and Their Potential to Modulate Pain Pathways. Toxins 2019, 11, 626 .
AMA StyleYashad Dongol, Fernanda Caldas Cardoso, Richard J. Lewis. Spider Knottin Pharmacology at Voltage-Gated Sodium Channels and Their Potential to Modulate Pain Pathways. Toxins. 2019; 11 (11):626.
Chicago/Turabian StyleYashad Dongol; Fernanda Caldas Cardoso; Richard J. Lewis. 2019. "Spider Knottin Pharmacology at Voltage-Gated Sodium Channels and Their Potential to Modulate Pain Pathways." Toxins 11, no. 11: 626.
Introduction: Endoscopic rapid urease test is a simple and most widely used test to detect the presence of urease in the gastric mucosa. Many studies have reported prevalence of H. pylori infection in relation to age, gender and site of ulcer. Therefore, this study was designed to determine the prevalence and significance of H. pylori in peptic ulcer disease. Methods: A retrospective review was carried out for patients with peptic ulcer disease who had undergone upper GI endoscopy in Department of Internal Medicine at Kathmandu Model Hospital. The records from January 2013 to December 2017 were analyzed. Any patient with previously diagnosed peptic ulcer, history of active bleeding, cancer and incomplete records were excluded. Peptic ulcer associated with H. pylori was diagnosed on the basis of endoscopic rapid urease test. Results: Among the 418 diagnosed case of peptic ulcer disease by upper GI endoscopy from Jan 2013 to Dec 2017, 213 tested positive for H. pylori by rapid urease test. Among the positive cases, over a half were males patients. Majority (23.9%) of the patients were in the age group of 35-44 years. Prevalence of H. pylori in duodenal ulcer was 51.6% followed by combined gastro-duodenal ulcer (26.8%) and gastric ulcer (21.6%). H. pylori was significantly associated with duodenal ulcer (p
Rajesh Dhoj Joshi; Sachin Khadka; Deepak Man Joshi; Arun Kadel; Ganesh Dangal; Yashad Dongol. Prevalence of helicobacter pylori infection in patients with peptic ulcer disease at Kathmandu Model Hospital. Journal of Chitwan Medical College 2018, 8, 3 -7.
AMA StyleRajesh Dhoj Joshi, Sachin Khadka, Deepak Man Joshi, Arun Kadel, Ganesh Dangal, Yashad Dongol. Prevalence of helicobacter pylori infection in patients with peptic ulcer disease at Kathmandu Model Hospital. Journal of Chitwan Medical College. 2018; 8 (4):3-7.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRajesh Dhoj Joshi; Sachin Khadka; Deepak Man Joshi; Arun Kadel; Ganesh Dangal; Yashad Dongol. 2018. "Prevalence of helicobacter pylori infection in patients with peptic ulcer disease at Kathmandu Model Hospital." Journal of Chitwan Medical College 8, no. 4: 3-7.
Introduction: Lack of compliance and unjustified antibiotic prescriptions has resulted in increasing bacterial resistance and is proving as a major challenge in the management of infections. Knowing the commonly isolated uropathogens and their antimicrobial susceptibility is beneficial in planning treatment protocols.Methods: A retrospective review of records of patients with urinary tract infection from January 2012 to December 2016 was conducted at Kathmandu Model Hospital. All patients who were diagnosed as having culture positive urinary tract infection in medical ward of Kathmandu Model Hospital during 5 years period were analyzed for demographic data, prevalence of organism and antibiotic susceptibility patterns.Results: A total of 315 samples were culture positive. The majority of bugs were gram negative E.coli (48.57%) followed by multi-drug resistant E.coli (28.89%). The other major pathogens were E. faecalis (6.03%), S. epidermidis (4.44%), K. pneumoniae (4.13%), respectively. The highest level of sensitivity in first line antibiotics was seen in nitrofurantoin (84.9%), whereas least sensitivity was shown by amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (21%). Similarly, in second line antibiotics, highest sensitivity was seen in tetracycline (100%), imipenem (91.9%) and least to meropenem (49.2%). Ceftazidime is mostly (93.3%) resistant antibiotics among uropathogens. All the third line antibiotics such as polymyxin B, tigecycline and colistin were 100% sensitive to all our isolates.Conclusions: Nitrofurantoin may be an appropriate choice for initial empirical therapy of urinary tract infection. Similarly, the multi-drug resistant E.coli is increasing but it can be tailored if antibiotics are used appropriately on the basis of susceptibility data.
Rajesh Dhoj Joshi; Sachin Khadka; Deepak Man Joshi; Basudha Shrestha; Ganesh Dangal; Abhinav Dahal; Yashad Dongol. Isolation of Organism and its Drug Sensitivity Pattern in Patients with Urinary Tract Infection at Kathmandu Model Hospital. Nepal Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 2018, 13, 46 -50.
AMA StyleRajesh Dhoj Joshi, Sachin Khadka, Deepak Man Joshi, Basudha Shrestha, Ganesh Dangal, Abhinav Dahal, Yashad Dongol. Isolation of Organism and its Drug Sensitivity Pattern in Patients with Urinary Tract Infection at Kathmandu Model Hospital. Nepal Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 2018; 13 (1):46-50.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRajesh Dhoj Joshi; Sachin Khadka; Deepak Man Joshi; Basudha Shrestha; Ganesh Dangal; Abhinav Dahal; Yashad Dongol. 2018. "Isolation of Organism and its Drug Sensitivity Pattern in Patients with Urinary Tract Infection at Kathmandu Model Hospital." Nepal Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 13, no. 1: 46-50.
Background: For diagnosis of enteric fever, the culture of the organism from different body fluids is the gold standard. After diagnosis, it is important to treat with the right antibiotic before any complications can occur. The retrospective study is designed to explore the antibiotic sensitivity trend in blood culture positive typhoid fever cases and the extent of drug resistance before treatment is administered.Methods: A retrospective study was carried out for culture isolated enteric fever patients admitted in Kathmandu Model Hospital. The discharged records from January 2012 to December 2016 were analyzed. The patients above 15 years and with culture isolated enteric fever were included in the study.Results: One hundred fifty-nine strains of Salmonella typhi and paratyphi were isolated from Jan 2012 to Dec 2016 at Kathmandu Model Hospital. Out of 159 isolated, 125 (78.6%) were Salmonella typhi and 34 (21.4%) were paratyphi. Among them co-trimoxazole, chloramphenicol, ceftriaxone, cefotaxime, cefixime, and ofloxacin demonstrated 100% sensitivity. Similarly, amoxicillin sensitivity was 98.1% (n=156) while ciprofloxacin was sensitive in 6.3% (n=10), intermediately sensitive in 49.1% (n=78) and resistance in 44.7% (n=71).The newer quinolone levofloxacin showed 78.5% (n=11) sensitivity. Azithromycin was sensitive in 99.2% (n=132) of total isolated Salmonella species both typhi and paratyphi.Conclusions: A high degree of sensitivity was noted to chloramphenicol and co-trimoxazole, showing sensitivity has returned to conventional antibiotics. The drug-like ofloxacin is still the best responding drug in our contest whereas ciprofloxacin resistance is still high, but five years patterns show a trend of rollback of sensitivity.
Rajesh Dhoj Joshi; Sachin Khadka; Deepak Man Joshi; Basudha Shrestha; Ganesh Dangal; Kiran Prasad Acharya; Sanjit Shrestha; Yashad Dongol. Antimicrobial Sensitivity Trend in Blood Culture Positive Enteric Fever at Kathmandu Model Hospital. Journal of Nepal Health Research Council 2018, 16, 228 -232.
AMA StyleRajesh Dhoj Joshi, Sachin Khadka, Deepak Man Joshi, Basudha Shrestha, Ganesh Dangal, Kiran Prasad Acharya, Sanjit Shrestha, Yashad Dongol. Antimicrobial Sensitivity Trend in Blood Culture Positive Enteric Fever at Kathmandu Model Hospital. Journal of Nepal Health Research Council. 2018; 16 (2):228-232.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRajesh Dhoj Joshi; Sachin Khadka; Deepak Man Joshi; Basudha Shrestha; Ganesh Dangal; Kiran Prasad Acharya; Sanjit Shrestha; Yashad Dongol. 2018. "Antimicrobial Sensitivity Trend in Blood Culture Positive Enteric Fever at Kathmandu Model Hospital." Journal of Nepal Health Research Council 16, no. 2: 228-232.
Animal venoms are truly mortal cocktails of various toxins with the mere purpose of evolution for the survival of the organism it endogenously possesses. Due to the significant and unavoidable venomous animal-human interactions, human envenomation is an important public health concern. Animal venom toxins are capable of affecting human physiology resulting in nonlethal allergy, erythema, and pain at the site of sting or bite that subsides without any medical interventions to a more serious anaphylaxis and organ injuries which require prompt and continued medical treatment. Venom toxins are capable of imparting its effect to almost all the tissues it interacts with and through various mechanisms. In this review, it is intended to limit to the nephrotoxic effects of venom toxins from few medically detrimental species, namely, hymenoptera (bees, wasps, and ants), spiders, scorpions, caterpillars, centipedes, jellyfish, and snakes. The pathophysiology of venom-induced nephrotoxicity under the two broad categories of altered renal hemodynamics and direct renal toxicity is discussed, which incorporates various mechanisms such as anaphylaxis, coagulation cascade, the kinins, and heme toxicity that ultimately lead to kidney injury.
Yashad Dongol; Bhadrapura Lakkappa Dhananjaya; Rakesh Kumar Shrestha; Gopi Aryal. Animal Venoms and Nephrotoxic Effects. Toxins and Drug Discovery 2018, 539 -556.
AMA StyleYashad Dongol, Bhadrapura Lakkappa Dhananjaya, Rakesh Kumar Shrestha, Gopi Aryal. Animal Venoms and Nephrotoxic Effects. Toxins and Drug Discovery. 2018; ():539-556.
Chicago/Turabian StyleYashad Dongol; Bhadrapura Lakkappa Dhananjaya; Rakesh Kumar Shrestha; Gopi Aryal. 2018. "Animal Venoms and Nephrotoxic Effects." Toxins and Drug Discovery , no. : 539-556.
Background: In the era of minimal invasive surgery, hernia repair has seen a paradigm shift from open to laparoscopic technique. However, superiority of laparoscopic repair over open repair is still controversial. Available literatures have shown laparoscopic technique to be better in term of post-operative pain and early return to work.Methods: In this prospective study, a total of 102 patients aged 21-78 years with inguinal hernia were recruited and enrolled into two comparative groups, namely Lichtenstein’s and Transabdominal pre-peritoneal, and each group containing 51 participants. Hospital ethical committee approval and written informed consent from patients was obtained. Primarily, the duration of operation, post-operative pain and complication, and quality of life after surgery was compared between the two different approaches of hernia repair.Results: The study results demonstrated a statistically significant superiority of trans abdominal pre-peritoneal repair over Lichtenstein’s hernioplasty in terms of post operative pain (2.00±0.63 vs 3.90±0.74 VAS score, P value
Rajan Koju; Ram Bhakta Koju; Balaram Malla; Yashad Dongol; Lok Bikram Thapa. Transabdominal Pre-peritoneal Mesh Repair versus Lichtenstein’s Hernioplasty. Journal of Nepal Health Research Council 2017, 15, 135 -140.
AMA StyleRajan Koju, Ram Bhakta Koju, Balaram Malla, Yashad Dongol, Lok Bikram Thapa. Transabdominal Pre-peritoneal Mesh Repair versus Lichtenstein’s Hernioplasty. Journal of Nepal Health Research Council. 2017; 15 (2):135-140.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRajan Koju; Ram Bhakta Koju; Balaram Malla; Yashad Dongol; Lok Bikram Thapa. 2017. "Transabdominal Pre-peritoneal Mesh Repair versus Lichtenstein’s Hernioplasty." Journal of Nepal Health Research Council 15, no. 2: 135-140.
It is high time now to discover novel drugs due to the increasing rate of drug resistance by the pathogen organisms and target cells as well as the dependence or tolerance of the body towards the drug. As it is obvious that significant numbers of the modern day pharmaceuticals are derived from natural products, it is equally astonishing to accept that venoms of various origins have therapeutic potentials. Wasp venoms are also a rich source of therapeutically important toxins which includes short cationic peptides, kinins, polyamines and polyDNA viruses, to name a few indentified. Wasp venom cationic peptides, namely mastoparan and its analogs, show a very important potency as an antimicrobial and anticancer agents of the future. They have proven to be the better candidates due to their lesser toxic effects and higher selectivity upon chemical modification and charge optimization. They also have superiority over the conventional chemical drugs as the target cells very rarely develop resistance against them because these peptides primarily imparts its effect through biophysical interaction with the target cell membrane which is dependent upon the net charge of the peptide, its hydrophobicity and anionicity and fluidity of the target cell membranes. Besides, the other components of wasp venom such as kinins, polyamines and polyDNA viruses show various pharmacological promise in the treatment of pain, inflammatory disease, and neurodegenerative diseases such as epilepsy and aversion.
Yashad Dongol; Bhadrapara L. Dhananjaya; Rakesh Kumar Shrestha; Gopi Aryal. Wasp venom toxins as a potential therapeutic agent. Protein & Peptide Letters 2016, 23, 688 -698.
AMA StyleYashad Dongol, Bhadrapara L. Dhananjaya, Rakesh Kumar Shrestha, Gopi Aryal. Wasp venom toxins as a potential therapeutic agent. Protein & Peptide Letters. 2016; 23 (8):688-698.
Chicago/Turabian StyleYashad Dongol; Bhadrapara L. Dhananjaya; Rakesh Kumar Shrestha; Gopi Aryal. 2016. "Wasp venom toxins as a potential therapeutic agent." Protein & Peptide Letters 23, no. 8: 688-698.
R B Kuju; Yashad Dongol; R Verma. Effectiveness of Spinal Anaesthesia versus General Anaesthesia for Open Cholecystectomy. Journal of Nepal Health Research Council 2016, 14, 93 -98.
AMA StyleR B Kuju, Yashad Dongol, R Verma. Effectiveness of Spinal Anaesthesia versus General Anaesthesia for Open Cholecystectomy. Journal of Nepal Health Research Council. 2016; 14 (33):93-98.
Chicago/Turabian StyleR B Kuju; Yashad Dongol; R Verma. 2016. "Effectiveness of Spinal Anaesthesia versus General Anaesthesia for Open Cholecystectomy." Journal of Nepal Health Research Council 14, no. 33: 93-98.
The aqueous extract of Mangifera indica is known to possess diverse medicinal properties, which also includes anti-snake venom activities. However, its inhibitory potency and mechanism of action on multi-toxic snake venom phospholipases A2s are still unknown. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the modulatory effect of standard aqueous bark extract of M. indica on NN-XIb-PLA2 of Indian cobra venom. The in vitro sPLA2, in situ hemolytic and in vivo edema inhibition effect were carried out as described. Also the effect of substrate and calcium concentration was carried out. M. indica extract dose dependently inhibited the GIA sPLA2 (NN-XIb-PLA2) activity with an IC50 value of 7.6 μg/ml. M. indica extract effectively inhibited the indirect hemolytic activity up to 98% at ∼40 μg/ml concentration. Further, M. indica extract (0-50 μg/ml) inhibited the edema formed in a dose dependent manner. When examined as a function of increased substrate and calcium concentration, there was no relieve of inhibitory effect of M. indica extract on the NN-XIb-PLA2. Further, the inhibition was irreversible as evident from binding studies. The in vitro inhibition is well correlated with in situ and in vivo edema inhibiting activities of M. indica. As the inhibition is independent of substrate and calcium and was irreversible, it can be concluded that M. indica extract mode of inhibition could be due to direct interaction of components present in the extract with the PLA2 enzyme. The aqueous extract of M. indica effectively inhibits svPLA2 enzymatic and its associated toxic activities, which substantiate their anti-snake venom properties. Further in-depth studies on the role and mechanism of the principal constituents present in the extract, responsible for the anti-PLA2 activity will be interesting to develop them into potent antisnake component and also as an anti-inflammatory agent.
Bhadrapura Lakkappa Dhananjaya; Shivalingaiah Sudarshan; Yashad Dongol; Sunil S. More. The standard aqueous stem bark extract of Mangifera indica L. inhibits toxic PLA2 - NN-XIb-PLA2 of Indian cobra venom. Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal 2016, 24, 371 -8.
AMA StyleBhadrapura Lakkappa Dhananjaya, Shivalingaiah Sudarshan, Yashad Dongol, Sunil S. More. The standard aqueous stem bark extract of Mangifera indica L. inhibits toxic PLA2 - NN-XIb-PLA2 of Indian cobra venom. Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal. 2016; 24 (3):371-8.
Chicago/Turabian StyleBhadrapura Lakkappa Dhananjaya; Shivalingaiah Sudarshan; Yashad Dongol; Sunil S. More. 2016. "The standard aqueous stem bark extract of Mangifera indica L. inhibits toxic PLA2 - NN-XIb-PLA2 of Indian cobra venom." Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal 24, no. 3: 371-8.
Animal venoms are truly mortal cocktails of various toxins with the mere purpose of evolution for the survival of the organism it endogenously possesses. Due to the significant and unavoidable venomous animal-human interactions, human envenomation is an important public health concern. Animal venom toxins are capable of affecting human physiology resulting in nonlethal allergy, erythema, and pain at the site of sting or bite that subsides without any medical interventions to a more serious anaphylaxis and organ injuries which require prompt and continued medical treatment. Venom toxins are capable of imparting its effect to almost all the tissues it interacts with and through various mechanisms. In this review, it is intended to limit to the nephrotoxic effects of venom toxins from few medically detrimental species, namely, hymenoptera (bees, wasps, and ants), spiders, scorpions, caterpillars, centipedes, jellyfish, and snakes. The pathophysiology of venom-induced nephrotoxicity under the two broad categories of altered renal hemodynamics and direct renal toxicity is discussed, which incorporates various mechanisms such as anaphylaxis, coagulation cascade, the kinins, and heme toxicity that ultimately lead to kidney injury.
Yashad Dongol; Bhadrapura Lakkappa Dhananjaya; Rakesh Kumar Shrestha; Gopi Aryal. Animal Venoms and Nephrotoxic Effects. Toxins and Drug Discovery 2015, 1 -15.
AMA StyleYashad Dongol, Bhadrapura Lakkappa Dhananjaya, Rakesh Kumar Shrestha, Gopi Aryal. Animal Venoms and Nephrotoxic Effects. Toxins and Drug Discovery. 2015; ():1-15.
Chicago/Turabian StyleYashad Dongol; Bhadrapura Lakkappa Dhananjaya; Rakesh Kumar Shrestha; Gopi Aryal. 2015. "Animal Venoms and Nephrotoxic Effects." Toxins and Drug Discovery , no. : 1-15.
Intrathecal morphine is commonly used for post caesarean analgesia. However, their use is frequently associated with the incidence of troublesome side effects such as nausea, vomiting and pruritus. Various mechanisms have been postulated for the opioid-induced pruritus, with a variety of medications with different mechanisms of actions formulated for the prevention and treatment. But, the results are inconsistent and hence the prevention and treatment of opioid-induced pruritus still remains a challenge. Ondansetron which is antiemetic, non-sedative and has no antianalgesic effect is an antagonist to 5-HT3 receptor, the receptor with which opioids interacts and imparts its effects. Ondansetron, thus, would be an attractive treatment strategy for both opioid-induced pruritus and post-operative nausea and vomiting.
Ram Bhakta Koju; Bandana Sharma Gurung; Yashad Dongol. Prophylactic administration of ondansetron in prevention of intrathecal morphine-induced pruritus and post-operative nausea and vomiting in patients undergoing caesarean section. BMC Anesthesiology 2015, 15, 18 -18.
AMA StyleRam Bhakta Koju, Bandana Sharma Gurung, Yashad Dongol. Prophylactic administration of ondansetron in prevention of intrathecal morphine-induced pruritus and post-operative nausea and vomiting in patients undergoing caesarean section. BMC Anesthesiology. 2015; 15 (1):18-18.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRam Bhakta Koju; Bandana Sharma Gurung; Yashad Dongol. 2015. "Prophylactic administration of ondansetron in prevention of intrathecal morphine-induced pruritus and post-operative nausea and vomiting in patients undergoing caesarean section." BMC Anesthesiology 15, no. 1: 18-18.
Pharmacological and Immunological Properties of Wasp Venom | InTechOpen, Published on: 2014-07-02. Authors: Yashad Dongol, B L Dhananjaya, Rakesh Kumar Shrestha, et
Yashad Dongol; Bhadrapura Lakkappa Dhananjaya; Rakesh Kumar Shrestha; Rakesh Kumar Shrestha And Gopi Aryal. Pharmacological and Immunological Properties of Wasp Venom. Pharmacology and Therapeutics 2014, 1 .
AMA StyleYashad Dongol, Bhadrapura Lakkappa Dhananjaya, Rakesh Kumar Shrestha, Rakesh Kumar Shrestha And Gopi Aryal. Pharmacological and Immunological Properties of Wasp Venom. Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 2014; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleYashad Dongol; Bhadrapura Lakkappa Dhananjaya; Rakesh Kumar Shrestha; Rakesh Kumar Shrestha And Gopi Aryal. 2014. "Pharmacological and Immunological Properties of Wasp Venom." Pharmacology and Therapeutics , no. : 1.
Hornet stings are medically important stings which can cause allergic manifestations and, in severe cases, may lead to the unusual complication of acute renal failure (ARF) and other systemic complications. ARF results from toxic or ischaemic acute tubular necrosis in a setting of haemolysis or rhabdomyolysis or both and acute allergic interstitial nephritis. Venom from hornet stings can also contribute to myocardial injury or liver impairment. Here, we report three cases of hornet stings leading to ARF. Case #1 and Case #3 recovered their renal function and body physiology after a 38-day and 15-day stay in the hospital, respectively, whereas Case #2 died. They were meticulously supported by haemodialysis along with the combination of various drug regimens.
Yashad Dongol; Yadab Prasad Paudel; Rakesh Kumar Shrestha; Gopi Aryal. Acute renal failure following multiple hornet stings. Clinical Kidney Journal 2012, 5, 158 -161.
AMA StyleYashad Dongol, Yadab Prasad Paudel, Rakesh Kumar Shrestha, Gopi Aryal. Acute renal failure following multiple hornet stings. Clinical Kidney Journal. 2012; 5 (2):158-161.
Chicago/Turabian StyleYashad Dongol; Yadab Prasad Paudel; Rakesh Kumar Shrestha; Gopi Aryal. 2012. "Acute renal failure following multiple hornet stings." Clinical Kidney Journal 5, no. 2: 158-161.
Yashad Dongol; Cletus J.M. D'souza; A. Chandrasekar. Polymorphism in exon 11 of Breast Cancer Gene (BRCA1 ) in Betta Kuruba tribal population of India. Clinical Biochemistry 2011, 44, S293 .
AMA StyleYashad Dongol, Cletus J.M. D'souza, A. Chandrasekar. Polymorphism in exon 11 of Breast Cancer Gene (BRCA1 ) in Betta Kuruba tribal population of India. Clinical Biochemistry. 2011; 44 (13):S293.
Chicago/Turabian StyleYashad Dongol; Cletus J.M. D'souza; A. Chandrasekar. 2011. "Polymorphism in exon 11 of Breast Cancer Gene (BRCA1 ) in Betta Kuruba tribal population of India." Clinical Biochemistry 44, no. 13: S293.