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Dr. Navneet Dhand
University of Sydney

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0 veterinary epidemiology
0 paratuberculosis
0 zoonoses
0 brucellosis
0 Q fever

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Article
Published: 23 July 2021
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Q Fever is a zoonotic disease of significant animal and public health concern, caused by Coxiella burnetii (C. burnetii) , an obligate intracellular bacterium. This study was done to evaluate the sensitivity ( Se ) and specificity ( Sp ) of three diagnostic methods to diagnose C. burnetii infection in cattle and buffaloes in Punjab, India: an indirect ELISA method applied in serum samples and a trans-Polymerase Chain Reaction (trans-PCR) technique applied in milk samples and genital swabs. Bayesian Latent Class Models were developed following the STARD-BLCM reporting guidelines. Conditional independence was assumed between the tests, given (i) the different biological principle of ELISA and trans-PCR and (ii) the fact that the trans-PCR was performed on different tissues. The ELISA method in the serum samples showed the highest Se of 0.97 (95% Probability Intervals (PIs): 0.93; 0.99) compared to the trans-PCR method applied in milk samples 0.76 (0.62; 0.87) and genital swabs 0.7 (0.55; 0.82). The Sps of all tests were high, with trans-PCR in genital swabs recording the highest Sp of 0.99 (0.98; 1), while the Sp of trans-PCR in milk samples and ELISA in serum samples were 0.98 (0.96; 0.99) and 0.95 (0.93; 0.97) respectively. The study results show that none of the applied tests are perfect, therefore, a testing regimen based on the diagnostic characteristic of the tests may be considered for diagnosis of C. burnetii .

ACS Style

Eleftherios Meletis; Ravikiran Keshavamurthy; Balbir Singh; Rabinder Aulakh; Navneet Dhand; Polychronis Kostoulas. Evaluation of the sensitivity and specificity of three diagnostic tests for Coxiella burnetii infection in cattle and buffaloes in Punjab (India) using Bayesian latent class analysis. 2021, 1 .

AMA Style

Eleftherios Meletis, Ravikiran Keshavamurthy, Balbir Singh, Rabinder Aulakh, Navneet Dhand, Polychronis Kostoulas. Evaluation of the sensitivity and specificity of three diagnostic tests for Coxiella burnetii infection in cattle and buffaloes in Punjab (India) using Bayesian latent class analysis. . 2021; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Eleftherios Meletis; Ravikiran Keshavamurthy; Balbir Singh; Rabinder Aulakh; Navneet Dhand; Polychronis Kostoulas. 2021. "Evaluation of the sensitivity and specificity of three diagnostic tests for Coxiella burnetii infection in cattle and buffaloes in Punjab (India) using Bayesian latent class analysis." , no. : 1.

Article
Published: 17 July 2021
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A novel Hendra virus (HeV) variant was identified through multidisciplinary and interagency syndromic surveillance of a horse that suffered acute fatal disease consistent with HeV infection. Novel molecular assays for HeV detection are described in the light of routine testing failure. In silico analysis of the variant receptor-binding protein in comparison with prototypic HeV supported that the monoclonal antibody m102.4 used for post-exposure prophylaxis, as well as the equine vaccine, should be effective also against this novel variant. Similarity of this virus (99%) to a partial sequence detected from a South Australian grey-headed flying fox, along with case exposure to this species in Queensland, suggests the variant circulates at least across the range of this flying fox species. Investigation into HeV diversity, comparative kinetics and pathogenicity, reservoir-species associations, viral-host co-evolution and spillover dynamics should be prioritized. Biosecurity practices should be updated to appreciate HeV spillover risk across all regions frequented by flying foxes regardless of species.

ACS Style

Edward J. Annand; Bethany A. Horsburgh; Kai Xu; Peter A. Reid; Ben Poole; Maximillian C. de Kantzow; Nicole Brown; Alison Tweedie; Michelle Michie; John D. Grewar; Anne E. Jackson; Nagendrakumar B. Singanallur; Karren M. Plain; Mary Tachedjian; Brenda van der Heide; David T. Williams; Cristy Secombe; Eric D. Laing; Spencer Sterling; Lianying Yan; Louise Jackson; Cheryl Jones; Raina K. Plowright; Alison J. Peel; Ibrahim Diallo; Andrew C. Breed; Christopher C. Broder; Philip N. Britton; Navneet K. Dhand; Ina Smith; John-Sebastian Eden. Novel Hendra virus variant detected by sentinel surveillance of Australian horses. 2021, 1 .

AMA Style

Edward J. Annand, Bethany A. Horsburgh, Kai Xu, Peter A. Reid, Ben Poole, Maximillian C. de Kantzow, Nicole Brown, Alison Tweedie, Michelle Michie, John D. Grewar, Anne E. Jackson, Nagendrakumar B. Singanallur, Karren M. Plain, Mary Tachedjian, Brenda van der Heide, David T. Williams, Cristy Secombe, Eric D. Laing, Spencer Sterling, Lianying Yan, Louise Jackson, Cheryl Jones, Raina K. Plowright, Alison J. Peel, Ibrahim Diallo, Andrew C. Breed, Christopher C. Broder, Philip N. Britton, Navneet K. Dhand, Ina Smith, John-Sebastian Eden. Novel Hendra virus variant detected by sentinel surveillance of Australian horses. . 2021; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Edward J. Annand; Bethany A. Horsburgh; Kai Xu; Peter A. Reid; Ben Poole; Maximillian C. de Kantzow; Nicole Brown; Alison Tweedie; Michelle Michie; John D. Grewar; Anne E. Jackson; Nagendrakumar B. Singanallur; Karren M. Plain; Mary Tachedjian; Brenda van der Heide; David T. Williams; Cristy Secombe; Eric D. Laing; Spencer Sterling; Lianying Yan; Louise Jackson; Cheryl Jones; Raina K. Plowright; Alison J. Peel; Ibrahim Diallo; Andrew C. Breed; Christopher C. Broder; Philip N. Britton; Navneet K. Dhand; Ina Smith; John-Sebastian Eden. 2021. "Novel Hendra virus variant detected by sentinel surveillance of Australian horses." , no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 13 July 2021 in Preventive Veterinary Medicine
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Pinkeye is the most important bovine ocular disease worldwide and a major welfare and economic concern to the Australian cattle industry. Pinkeye can occur in epidemic proportions, but severity and susceptibility vary within and between herds, indicating that the disease is multifactorial. This study was conducted to identify the on-farm risk factors associated with pinkeye disease in Australian cattle. Data were gathered from cattle farmers using a custom designed online questionnaire. Farmer responses suitable for assessment (n = 999) were analysed with descriptive, univariable and multivariable logistic regression to evaluate the association of 26 explanatory variables with pinkeye within-herd prevalence. Results revealed that farm location, farm grazing area, farmer-reported dust levels, fly levels, rain levels, animal zebu content and cattle age were significantly associated with pinkeye prevalence. More specifically, having a farm located in southern Australia, of smaller grazing area with cattle ≤ 2 years of age, was associated with a higher pinkeye prevalence. Pinkeye prevalence was also greater if respondents ranked their farms as having high fly levels compared to moderate and low fly levels, respectively and on farms ranked low for rainfall compared to moderate and high rainfall, respectively. Those that ranked their farms as having high dust levels had more pinkeye compared to moderate and low dust levels, but moderate dust levels were protective compared to low dust levels. The results confirm that pinkeye disease is multifactorial and is associated with a range of host and environmental factors. These findings should be used to assist in the control of the disease and improve pinkeye outcomes in Australian cattle.

ACS Style

Mac Kneipp; Alexandra C. Green; Merran Govendir; Michael Laurence; Navneet K. Dhand. Risk factors associated with pinkeye in Australian cattle. Preventive Veterinary Medicine 2021, 194, 105432 .

AMA Style

Mac Kneipp, Alexandra C. Green, Merran Govendir, Michael Laurence, Navneet K. Dhand. Risk factors associated with pinkeye in Australian cattle. Preventive Veterinary Medicine. 2021; 194 ():105432.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mac Kneipp; Alexandra C. Green; Merran Govendir; Michael Laurence; Navneet K. Dhand. 2021. "Risk factors associated with pinkeye in Australian cattle." Preventive Veterinary Medicine 194, no. : 105432.

Short contribution
Published: 02 June 2021 in Australian Veterinary Journal
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The Gudair® vaccine has been commercially available in Australia for almost two decades for the control of ovine Johne's disease, but concerns have been raised about potential discontinuation of vaccination by producers after a decline in the incidence of clinical disease. An online questionnaire was distributed to Australian sheep producers to identify the proportion of respondents discontinuing the Gudair vaccine and reasons for discontinuation. Results revealed that 88% of sheep producers surveyed have continued to vaccinate their sheep with Gudair, with continuation greater for predominantly Merino sheep flocks. Reasons for discontinuing vaccination stemmed from management, economic or health concerns. These results suggest that Gudair is still widely used by Australian sheep producers and concerns about large-scale discontinuation are unfounded. These findings have implications for ovine Johne's disease control programs in Australia.

ACS Style

Ac Green; Km Plain; J Eppleston; E Martinez; D Emery; Nk Dhand. Continuity in ovine Johne's disease vaccination practices despite a decline in clinical disease. Australian Veterinary Journal 2021, 1 .

AMA Style

Ac Green, Km Plain, J Eppleston, E Martinez, D Emery, Nk Dhand. Continuity in ovine Johne's disease vaccination practices despite a decline in clinical disease. Australian Veterinary Journal. 2021; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ac Green; Km Plain; J Eppleston; E Martinez; D Emery; Nk Dhand. 2021. "Continuity in ovine Johne's disease vaccination practices despite a decline in clinical disease." Australian Veterinary Journal , no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 31 May 2021 in Preventive Veterinary Medicine
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Ovine Johne’s disease is a chronic debilitating disease of sheep caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (Mptb) and resulting in diarrhoea, emaciation and mortalities in infected animals. Vaccination with Gudair® has been a key strategy for controlling the disease in Australia since its approval in 2002. Previous research conducted in Australia has demonstrated that the vaccine is quite effective in reducing sheep mortalities. While some farms have also been successful in reducing the prevalence of the disease in their flocks to undetectable levels, sheep in other flocks continue to shed Mptb in faeces even after an ongoing vaccination program at the farm. This study was conducted to investigate management, husbandry and biosecurity factors associated with paratuberculosis infection in Gudair® vaccinated sheep flocks in Australia. We enrolled 64 sheep farmers and interviewed them to obtain information about their management and biosecurity practices. Pooled faecal samples were collected from sheep at each farm and cultured to create two outcome variables: Mptb positive (yes/no) and disease prevalence level (nil, <1%, ≥ 1%). Binary and ordinal logistic regression analyses were conducted to evaluate the association of management, husbandry and biosecurity factors with these outcome variables. Farms were more likely to have Mptb positive sheep and a higher disease prevalence in their flocks if they (a) provided supplementary feed on the ground (instead of in a trough), (b) had a greater number of neighbours with sheep, and (c) introduced rams from a greater number of sources. The results suggest the effectiveness Gudair® vaccination to control OJD can be improved if sheep producers maintain other risk management strategies and biosecurity practices. Extension agencies should advise farmers not to relax their biosecurity practices and to purchase rams from only low-risk sources, even if they are continuing to vaccinate their flocks.

ACS Style

Navneet K. Dhand; Karren M. Plain; Alexandra C. Green; Esteban Martinez; Jeff Eppleston; Anna Ly; Shumaila Arif; David Emery. Factors influencing the effectiveness of the Gudair vaccine for controlling Johne’s disease in sheep flocks in Australia. Preventive Veterinary Medicine 2021, 193, 105394 .

AMA Style

Navneet K. Dhand, Karren M. Plain, Alexandra C. Green, Esteban Martinez, Jeff Eppleston, Anna Ly, Shumaila Arif, David Emery. Factors influencing the effectiveness of the Gudair vaccine for controlling Johne’s disease in sheep flocks in Australia. Preventive Veterinary Medicine. 2021; 193 ():105394.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Navneet K. Dhand; Karren M. Plain; Alexandra C. Green; Esteban Martinez; Jeff Eppleston; Anna Ly; Shumaila Arif; David Emery. 2021. "Factors influencing the effectiveness of the Gudair vaccine for controlling Johne’s disease in sheep flocks in Australia." Preventive Veterinary Medicine 193, no. : 105394.

Preprint content
Published: 29 May 2021
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Background. This paper presents, for the first time, the Epidemic Volatility Index (EVI), a conceptually simple, early warning tool for emerging epidemic waves. Methods. EVI is based on the volatility of the newly reported cases per unit of time, ideally per day, and issues an early warning when the rate of the volatility change exceeds a threshold. Results. Results from the COVID-19 epidemic in Italy and New York are presented here, while daily updated predictions for all world countries and each of the United States are available online. Interpretation. EVI’s application to data from the current COVID-19 pandemic revealed a consistent and stable performance in terms of detecting oncoming waves. The application of EVI to other epidemics and syndromic surveillance tasks in combination with existing early warning systems will enhance our ability to act fast and optimize containment of outbreaks.

ACS Style

Polychronis Kostoulas; Eletherios Meletis; Konstantinos Pateras; Paolo Eusebi; Theodoros Kostoulas; Niko Speybroeck; Matthew Denwood; Suhail A.R. Doi; Christian L. Althaus; Carsten Kirkeby; Pejman Rohani; Navneet K. Dhand; José L. Peñalvo; Luis Furuya-Kanamori; Lehana Thabane; Slimane BenMiled; Hamid Sharifi; Stephen Walter. The Epidemic Volatility Index: an early warning tool for epidemics. 2021, 1 .

AMA Style

Polychronis Kostoulas, Eletherios Meletis, Konstantinos Pateras, Paolo Eusebi, Theodoros Kostoulas, Niko Speybroeck, Matthew Denwood, Suhail A.R. Doi, Christian L. Althaus, Carsten Kirkeby, Pejman Rohani, Navneet K. Dhand, José L. Peñalvo, Luis Furuya-Kanamori, Lehana Thabane, Slimane BenMiled, Hamid Sharifi, Stephen Walter. The Epidemic Volatility Index: an early warning tool for epidemics. . 2021; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Polychronis Kostoulas; Eletherios Meletis; Konstantinos Pateras; Paolo Eusebi; Theodoros Kostoulas; Niko Speybroeck; Matthew Denwood; Suhail A.R. Doi; Christian L. Althaus; Carsten Kirkeby; Pejman Rohani; Navneet K. Dhand; José L. Peñalvo; Luis Furuya-Kanamori; Lehana Thabane; Slimane BenMiled; Hamid Sharifi; Stephen Walter. 2021. "The Epidemic Volatility Index: an early warning tool for epidemics." , no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 13 February 2021 in Preventive Veterinary Medicine
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Johne’s disease is a chronic intestinal disease affecting livestock. It leads to the shedding of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) in the faeces, wasting and eventually death, with animal welfare, economic, and trade implications. The Johne’s Beef Assurance Scheme, used in Australia to determine the risk of Johne’s disease on beef properties and facilitate trade, is based on testing a subset of the herd with pooled faecal quantitative PCR. This study aimed to model the herd-sensitivity of pooled faecal testing under different Australian farming scenarios. Animals from simulated herds were randomly sampled and allocated into their respective pools. Each tested pool was provided a test outcome, with herd-sensitivity estimated as the probability of detecting a truly infected herd. The models simulated the test performance for the ‘Sample’ and ‘Check’ tests used in the assurance schemes (recommended sample sizes of 300 and 50, respectively) for a range of herd sizes, infection prevalence and MAP faecal shedding levels for the pool sizes of 5, 10, 15 and 20. Sensitivity and specificity input values of each pool size were obtained from a previous laboratory investigation. The herd-sensitivity estimate increased with herd size and infection prevalence levels, regardless of the pool size. Higher herd-sensitivity was also achieved for testing scenarios involving larger sample sizes. A pool size of 10 achieved similar herd-sensitivity to that of the current pool size for the majority of the Sample test and Check test scenarios. This was particularly evident when pool-specificity was assumed to be perfect. The overall herd-sensitivity of the Check test was very low for all infection prevalence levels and pool sizes, but it more than doubled, when the sample size increased from 50 to 100 animals (11% versus 26% for a herd size of 500 cattle with a 2% infection prevalence). The results show that the majority of beef producers participating in the assurance scheme can benefit from using a larger pool size for the pooled faecal quantitative PCR testing of their herd, in comparison to the pool size currently used.

ACS Style

Anna Ly; Evan S.G. Sergeant; Karren M. Plain; Ian Marsh; Navneet K. Dhand. Simulation modelling to estimate the herd-sensitivity of various pool sizes to test beef herds for Johne's disease in Australia. Preventive Veterinary Medicine 2021, 189, 105294 .

AMA Style

Anna Ly, Evan S.G. Sergeant, Karren M. Plain, Ian Marsh, Navneet K. Dhand. Simulation modelling to estimate the herd-sensitivity of various pool sizes to test beef herds for Johne's disease in Australia. Preventive Veterinary Medicine. 2021; 189 ():105294.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Anna Ly; Evan S.G. Sergeant; Karren M. Plain; Ian Marsh; Navneet K. Dhand. 2021. "Simulation modelling to estimate the herd-sensitivity of various pool sizes to test beef herds for Johne's disease in Australia." Preventive Veterinary Medicine 189, no. : 105294.

Journal article
Published: 30 January 2021 in Preventive Veterinary Medicine
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Bovine brucellosis is a neglected zoonotic disease prevalent in several developing countries including India. It has been successfully controlled in many developed countries by using vaccination in conjunction with extensive surveillance and test-and-cull approaches, but some of these approaches do not suit Indian culture and norms. This study was conducted to investigate the feasibility and social acceptability of various bovine brucellosis control strategies in India. Focus group discussions and key-informant interviews were conducted with veterinarians, para-veterinarians, veterinary academics, farmers and other stakeholders. Vaccination with the Brucella strain 19 vaccine was considered feasible, but the participants were concerned about the risk of self-inoculation, the inability to vaccinate pregnant and male animals, the difficulty to differentiate vaccinated from diseased animals and the challenges of maintaining the vaccine cold chain in India. As expected, the test-and-cull approach was not considered feasible as cattle are considered sacred by Hindus and their slaughter is banned in most states. Although the test-and-segregation approach appears reasonable in theory, it would have low acceptability, if implemented without providing any compensation to farmers. Negligible biosecurity was implemented by farmers: almost no biosecurity procedures were performed for visitors entering a farm, and testing of animals was rarely undertaken before introducing them to a farm. However, the participants considered that improving biosecurity would be more acceptable and feasible than both the test-and-cull and the test-and-segregation approaches. Similarly, inadequate personal protection was used by veterinary personnel for handling parturition, retention of placenta and abortion cases; this was considered as another area of possible improvement. Farmers and veterinarians expressed serious concerns about stray cattle as many of them could potentially be infected with brucellosis, and thus could spread the infection between farms. This study recommends using vaccination and biosecurity along with some ancillary strategies to control brucellosis in India. Information from the study could be used to develop an evidence-based disease control program for the disease in the country.

ACS Style

Navneet K. Dhand; Jaswinder Singh; Harmandeep S. Josan; Balbir B. Singh; Nidhi Jaswal; Harish K Tiwari; Polychronis Kostoulas; Mehar S. Khatkar; Rabinder S. Aulakh; Manmeet Kaur; Jatinder P.S. Gill. The feasibility and acceptability of various bovine brucellosis control strategies in India. Preventive Veterinary Medicine 2021, 189, 105291 .

AMA Style

Navneet K. Dhand, Jaswinder Singh, Harmandeep S. Josan, Balbir B. Singh, Nidhi Jaswal, Harish K Tiwari, Polychronis Kostoulas, Mehar S. Khatkar, Rabinder S. Aulakh, Manmeet Kaur, Jatinder P.S. Gill. The feasibility and acceptability of various bovine brucellosis control strategies in India. Preventive Veterinary Medicine. 2021; 189 ():105291.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Navneet K. Dhand; Jaswinder Singh; Harmandeep S. Josan; Balbir B. Singh; Nidhi Jaswal; Harish K Tiwari; Polychronis Kostoulas; Mehar S. Khatkar; Rabinder S. Aulakh; Manmeet Kaur; Jatinder P.S. Gill. 2021. "The feasibility and acceptability of various bovine brucellosis control strategies in India." Preventive Veterinary Medicine 189, no. : 105291.

Original article
Published: 13 January 2021 in Australian Veterinary Journal
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Background Sheep producers reported elevated ewe mortality following a wetter‐than‐average season on the tablelands of New South Wales in 2010. We conducted a survey of local producers to determine the extent and cause of ewe losses, as well as associated risk factors. Methods A questionnaire was designed and posted to sheep producers running at least 1000 sheep. Data from questionnaires were analysed using linear mixed models to identify risk factors associated with ewe mortality. Data on the likely causes of deaths, particularly those associated with foot abscess, were analysed by ordinal generalised linear mixed models to determine the most prevalent causes of ewe death. Results The mean annual ewe mortality was 5.4% (range 0.1%–28.6%). Higher mortality was associated with older ewes and lambing in paddocks with longer pastures. The two most important causes of ewe death reported by farmers were ‘died during lambing’ and ‘foot abscess’. Mortality due to foot abscess was more commonly reported in adult ewes than maiden ewes (odds ratio and 95% confidence interval: 5.61; 3.52, 8.94), when lambing on pasture longer than 5 cm than ≤5 cm (2.96; 1.54, 5.70) and when lambing in spring than in autumn (4.87; 1.36, 17.41). Conclusions The level of ewe mortality observed was at the upper end of that reported previously in Australia. Risk factor analysis suggested that, in wet years, losses due to foot abscess could be reduced by lambing older heavier ewes in autumn on pasture swards less than 5 cm high.

ACS Style

B Watt; J Eppleston; Nk Dhand. A survey of ewe mortality on the Central Tablelands of New South Wales in 2010, a year of above‐average rainfall. Australian Veterinary Journal 2021, 99, 124 -129.

AMA Style

B Watt, J Eppleston, Nk Dhand. A survey of ewe mortality on the Central Tablelands of New South Wales in 2010, a year of above‐average rainfall. Australian Veterinary Journal. 2021; 99 (4):124-129.

Chicago/Turabian Style

B Watt; J Eppleston; Nk Dhand. 2021. "A survey of ewe mortality on the Central Tablelands of New South Wales in 2010, a year of above‐average rainfall." Australian Veterinary Journal 99, no. 4: 124-129.

Journal article
Published: 10 December 2020 in Preventive Veterinary Medicine
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Pinkeye is an economically important ocular disease occurring in all cattle producing areas of Australia. This study was undertaken to estimate the frequency of occurrence of the disease in Australia and treatment costs of the disease to the cattle industry using the sales of popular pinkeye medications as a surrogate indicator. Monthly sales data for Orbenin® Eye Ointment, Opticlox® Eye Ointment and Terramycin® Pinkeye Aerosol were analysed. We first estimated the number of cattle that can be treated with a syringe or a can and then using the data of sales of these pinkeye medications and the total cattle population of Australia, estimated the incidence of pinkeye. Probability distributions were used to include uncertainty around the estimates. Costs to producers were estimated based on retail prices of these medications. The results indicated that 732,864 syringes of Orbenin® Eye Ointment, 134,800 syringes of Opticlox® Eye Ointment and 27,755 cans of Terramycin® Pinkeye Aerosol are sold in Australia per year. Based on some assumptions of the number of cases treated by these drugs and number of cases left untreated, the number of cattle affected by pinkeye each year in Australia was estimated to be 2.80 million (95 % PI: 1.76, 4.65) or 10.25 % (95 % PI: 6.43, 16.97) of the entire Australian cattle herd. The cattle industry is expected to lose AU$ 9.67 million (95 % PI: 8.56, 13.11) each year just considering the cost of these three drugs. The results suggest that losses due to pinkeye in the Australian cattle industry are considerably higher than previously thought and should be used to inform the development of disease prevention and control policies.

ACS Style

Mac Kneipp; Merran Govendir; Michael Laurence; Navneet K. Dhand. Current incidence, treatment costs and seasonality of pinkeye in Australian cattle estimated from sales of three popular medications. Preventive Veterinary Medicine 2020, 187, 105232 .

AMA Style

Mac Kneipp, Merran Govendir, Michael Laurence, Navneet K. Dhand. Current incidence, treatment costs and seasonality of pinkeye in Australian cattle estimated from sales of three popular medications. Preventive Veterinary Medicine. 2020; 187 ():105232.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mac Kneipp; Merran Govendir; Michael Laurence; Navneet K. Dhand. 2020. "Current incidence, treatment costs and seasonality of pinkeye in Australian cattle estimated from sales of three popular medications." Preventive Veterinary Medicine 187, no. : 105232.

Journal article
Published: 08 December 2020 in Animals
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The dairy industry plays an important role in the economy and food security of India. A study of the dairy value chains was conducted in Punjab, India, to identify production constraints and biosecurity risks. Focus group discussions and key informant interviews were conducted during 2018-2019 with a total of 119 participants comprising veterinarians (41), paraveterinarians (15), veterinary academics (12), dairy farmers (46) and key informants (5). Input and output value chains were created, and potential risk nodes were identified that could facilitate the transmission of pathogens between animals, farms and villages. The majority of the participants were male (93%), middle-aged (68%) or worked in rural areas (75%). Most of the farmers self-cultivated their green fodder (82%), used the wheat straw from their own fields (60%) but purchased commercial feed (63%). Artificial insemination was used by 85% of farmers for cattle, but only 68% for buffaloes. Most of the farmers (76%) reported getting their animals vaccinated against foot-and-mouth disease and hemorrhagic septicemia. Animals were sold and purchased without any health certification and testing in most cases. Adoption of biosecurity measures by farmers and the use of personal protective equipment by veterinary personnel were very low. We recommend conducting epidemiological studies to further characterize the identified risk nodes, training of veterinary practitioners and farmers to ensure adequate biosecurity practices and the appropriate use of personal protective equipment.

ACS Style

Jaswinder Singh; Balbir B. Singh; Harish Kumar Tiwari; Harmandeep Singh Josan; Nidhi Jaswal; Manmeet Kaur; Polychronis Kostoulas; Mehar Singh Khatkar; Rabinder Singh Aulakh; Jatinder Paul Singh Gill; Navneet K. Dhand. Using Dairy Value Chains to Identify Production Constraints and Biosecurity Risks. Animals 2020, 10, 2332 .

AMA Style

Jaswinder Singh, Balbir B. Singh, Harish Kumar Tiwari, Harmandeep Singh Josan, Nidhi Jaswal, Manmeet Kaur, Polychronis Kostoulas, Mehar Singh Khatkar, Rabinder Singh Aulakh, Jatinder Paul Singh Gill, Navneet K. Dhand. Using Dairy Value Chains to Identify Production Constraints and Biosecurity Risks. Animals. 2020; 10 (12):2332.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jaswinder Singh; Balbir B. Singh; Harish Kumar Tiwari; Harmandeep Singh Josan; Nidhi Jaswal; Manmeet Kaur; Polychronis Kostoulas; Mehar Singh Khatkar; Rabinder Singh Aulakh; Jatinder Paul Singh Gill; Navneet K. Dhand. 2020. "Using Dairy Value Chains to Identify Production Constraints and Biosecurity Risks." Animals 10, no. 12: 2332.

Journal article
Published: 02 December 2020 in The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
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Leptospirosis, brucellosis, and Q fever (coxiellosis) are bacterial zoonoses that cause acute febrile illness in people as well as reproductive losses in pigs. Pig keeping is an increasingly important livelihood to millions of smallholder farmers in Uganda because of exponential increases in demand for pork. The prevalence of leptospirosis and Q fever in pigs is unknown, and the few studies of porcine brucellosis have estimated a range of seroprevalence. Therefore, we undertook a prevalence survey of leptospirosis, brucellosis, and Q fever in pigs using quantitative real-time PCR to determine the potential importance of these zoonoses to the growing pig sector in Uganda. Six hundred forty-nine pigs were sampled in 2015–2016 at an urban pork slaughterhouse. Ten percent of pigs (n = 68) had leptospiral DNA in either their kidney or reproductive tissue. In adjusted analyses, variables predictive of leptospiral status included female sex (odds ratio [OR]: 2.37, P < 0.01) and pigs sampled in March 2016 (OR: 2.23, P = 0.02) and October 2016 (OR: 0.30, P = 0.04). DNA fingerprinting revealed circulation of at least four distinct serovars in these pigs. Brucella spp. and Coxiella burnetii DNA were not detected in any sampled pig. This is the first report of widespread circulation of pathogenic Leptospira spp. in pigs in Uganda, suggesting that leptospirosis likely has a greater impact on the health of pigs than was previously recognized. Pig farmers, pig traders, and slaughterhouse workers may be at greatest occupational risk because of their direct contact with infective leptospires in aborted fetuses, bodily fluids, and other tissues.

ACS Style

Christine Atherstone; Georgies F. Mgode; Navneet K. Dhand; Silvia Alonso; Delia Grace; Michael P. Ward; Siobhan M. Mor. Selected Endemic Zoonoses in Pigs Presenting for Slaughter in Kampala, Uganda. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 2020, 103, 2552 -2560.

AMA Style

Christine Atherstone, Georgies F. Mgode, Navneet K. Dhand, Silvia Alonso, Delia Grace, Michael P. Ward, Siobhan M. Mor. Selected Endemic Zoonoses in Pigs Presenting for Slaughter in Kampala, Uganda. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 2020; 103 (6):2552-2560.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Christine Atherstone; Georgies F. Mgode; Navneet K. Dhand; Silvia Alonso; Delia Grace; Michael P. Ward; Siobhan M. Mor. 2020. "Selected Endemic Zoonoses in Pigs Presenting for Slaughter in Kampala, Uganda." The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 103, no. 6: 2552-2560.

Research article
Published: 25 June 2020 in PLoS ONE
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ACS Style

Kendy T. Teng; Paul D. McGreevy; Jenny-Ann L. M. L. Toribio; Navneet K. Dhand. Positive attitudes towards feline obesity are strongly associated with ownership of obese cats. PLoS ONE 2020, 15, e0234190 .

AMA Style

Kendy T. Teng, Paul D. McGreevy, Jenny-Ann L. M. L. Toribio, Navneet K. Dhand. Positive attitudes towards feline obesity are strongly associated with ownership of obese cats. PLoS ONE. 2020; 15 (6):e0234190.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Kendy T. Teng; Paul D. McGreevy; Jenny-Ann L. M. L. Toribio; Navneet K. Dhand. 2020. "Positive attitudes towards feline obesity are strongly associated with ownership of obese cats." PLoS ONE 15, no. 6: e0234190.

Journal article
Published: 19 March 2020 in Veterinary Sciences
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Public concerns over exposure to Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) or MAP components via foods of animal origin could have negative trade consequences, despite the absence of conclusive scientific evidence of a causal association between Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) and Crohn’s disease (CD). This study was conducted among Australian veterinarians to understand (a) their perceptions regarding the role of MAP in the causation of CD (an ordinal outcome), and (b) their consideration of the adoption of the precautionary principle against Johne’s disease (JD; a binary outcome). Ordinal and binary logistic regression analyses were performed to evaluate the association of explanatory variables with the above outcomes, respectively. Almost one-third of the respondents (32.2%) considered that MAP was likely to be involved in the causation of CD whereas more than two-thirds (69.8%) agreed with the adoption of the precautionary principle against JD. Veterinarians who were concerned about exposure to and/or getting infected with MAP were more likely to consider MAP as a causative agent of CD (odds ratio: 7.63; 95% CI: 1.55, 37.63) and favor the adoption of the precautionary principle against JD (odds ratio: 6.20; 95% CI: 1.90, 20.25). Those perceiving MAP as a causative agent of CD were also more likely to favor the adoption of the precautionary principle against JD (odds ratio: 13.2; 95% CI: 1.26, 138.90). The results suggest that Australian veterinarians, particularly those who consider MAP as a causative agent of CD are concerned about exposure to MAP and favor the adoption of the precautionary principle against JD. These findings can be useful for animal health authorities for designing JD control programs and policies.

ACS Style

Kamal R. Acharya; Karren M. Plain; Richard J. Whittington; Navneet K. Dhand. Australian Veterinarians’ Perceptions Regarding the Zoonotic Potential of Mycobacterium avium Subspecies Paratuberculosis. Veterinary Sciences 2020, 7, 33 .

AMA Style

Kamal R. Acharya, Karren M. Plain, Richard J. Whittington, Navneet K. Dhand. Australian Veterinarians’ Perceptions Regarding the Zoonotic Potential of Mycobacterium avium Subspecies Paratuberculosis. Veterinary Sciences. 2020; 7 (1):33.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Kamal R. Acharya; Karren M. Plain; Richard J. Whittington; Navneet K. Dhand. 2020. "Australian Veterinarians’ Perceptions Regarding the Zoonotic Potential of Mycobacterium avium Subspecies Paratuberculosis." Veterinary Sciences 7, no. 1: 33.

Journal article
Published: 16 January 2020 in Animals
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To increase the public’s awareness of and exposure to animals needing homes, PetRescue, Australia’s largest online directory of animals in need of adoption, lists all currently available animals from rescue and welfare shelters nationwide. The current study examined the photographs in the PetRescue online profiles of the three most common breeds within these data, namely, Staffordshire bull terriers (n = 3988), Labrador retrievers (n = 2246), and Jack Russell terriers (n = 2088), to identify the inferred preferences of potential adopters. By investigating the attributes of these photographs, we were able to identify visual risk factors associated with protracted lengths of stay (LOS). The longest stays were associated with dogs with erect ears and those photographed in a natural environment, i.e., 18.32 days and 19.57 days, respectively. Dogs photographed in a kennel and with mouths closed had the shortest LOS, i.e., 11.54 d and 14.44 d, respectively. Heightened awareness of the roles of photographic attributes in generating interest among potential adopters may increase the speed of adoption by guiding the creation of online profiles and selection of photos to optimise the promotion of dogs at risk of long stays.

ACS Style

Mizuho Nakamura; Navneet Dhand; Bethany J. Wilson; Melissa J. Starling; Paul D. McGreevy. Picture Perfect Pups: How Do Attributes of Photographs of Dogs in Online Rescue Profiles Affect Adoption Speed? Animals 2020, 10, 152 .

AMA Style

Mizuho Nakamura, Navneet Dhand, Bethany J. Wilson, Melissa J. Starling, Paul D. McGreevy. Picture Perfect Pups: How Do Attributes of Photographs of Dogs in Online Rescue Profiles Affect Adoption Speed? Animals. 2020; 10 (1):152.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mizuho Nakamura; Navneet Dhand; Bethany J. Wilson; Melissa J. Starling; Paul D. McGreevy. 2020. "Picture Perfect Pups: How Do Attributes of Photographs of Dogs in Online Rescue Profiles Affect Adoption Speed?" Animals 10, no. 1: 152.

Research article
Published: 20 November 2019 in PLOS ONE
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Bovine Johne’s disease (JD) is a chronic debilitating disease affecting cattle breeds worldwide. Pooled faecal samples are routinely tested by culture to detect Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (Mptb) infection. More recently, a direct high throughput molecular test has been introduced in Australia for the detection of Mptb in faeces to circumvent the long culture times, however, the optimal pool size for beef cattle faeces is not known. This study aimed to determine the optimal pool size to achieve the highest test sensitivity and specificity for beef cattle. Individual archived faecal samples with low, medium and high quantities of Mptb (n = 30) were pooled with faecal samples from confirmed JD negative animals to create pool sizes of 5, 10, 15 and 20, to assess the diagnostic sensitivity relative to individual faecal qPCR. Samples from JD-free cattle (n = 10) were similarly evaluated for diagnostic specificity. Overall, 160 pools were created, with Mptb DNA extracted using magnetic bead isolation method prior to Mptb-specific IS900 quantitative PCR (qPCR). The pool size of 10 yielded the highest sensitivity 73% (95% CI: 54–88%), regardless of the quantity of Mptb DNA present in the faeces. There was no significant differences between the four different pool sizes for positive pool detection, however, there was statistical significance between low, medium and high quantities of Mptb. Diagnostic specificity was determined to be 100%. The increase in pool size greater than 10 increased the chances of PCR inhibition, which was successfully relieved with the process of DNA dilution. The results of this study demonstrate that the pool size of 10 performed optimally in the direct faecal qPCR. The results from this study can be applied in future simulation modelling studies to provide suggestions on the cost-effective testing for JD in beef cattle.

ACS Style

Anna Ly; Navneet K. Dhand; Evan S. G. Sergeant; Ian Marsh; Karren M. Plain. Determining an optimal pool size for testing beef herds for Johne’s disease in Australia. PLOS ONE 2019, 14, e0225524 .

AMA Style

Anna Ly, Navneet K. Dhand, Evan S. G. Sergeant, Ian Marsh, Karren M. Plain. Determining an optimal pool size for testing beef herds for Johne’s disease in Australia. PLOS ONE. 2019; 14 (11):e0225524.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Anna Ly; Navneet K. Dhand; Evan S. G. Sergeant; Ian Marsh; Karren M. Plain. 2019. "Determining an optimal pool size for testing beef herds for Johne’s disease in Australia." PLOS ONE 14, no. 11: e0225524.

Journal article
Published: 01 November 2019 in Aquaculture
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Richard J. Whittington; Olivia Liu; Paul M. Hick; Navneet Dhand; Ana Rubio. Long-term temporal and spatial patterns of Ostreid herpesvirus 1 (OsHV-1) infection and mortality in sentinel Pacific oyster spat (Crassostrea gigas) inform farm management. Aquaculture 2019, 513, 1 .

AMA Style

Richard J. Whittington, Olivia Liu, Paul M. Hick, Navneet Dhand, Ana Rubio. Long-term temporal and spatial patterns of Ostreid herpesvirus 1 (OsHV-1) infection and mortality in sentinel Pacific oyster spat (Crassostrea gigas) inform farm management. Aquaculture. 2019; 513 ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Richard J. Whittington; Olivia Liu; Paul M. Hick; Navneet Dhand; Ana Rubio. 2019. "Long-term temporal and spatial patterns of Ostreid herpesvirus 1 (OsHV-1) infection and mortality in sentinel Pacific oyster spat (Crassostrea gigas) inform farm management." Aquaculture 513, no. : 1.

Research article
Published: 09 September 2019 in PLOS ONE
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Rabies is a devastating zoonotic disease of mammals that causes encephalitis and death. It is endemic in India, with an estimated annual 20,000 human deaths (one-third of the global rabies burden). The magnitude of animal rabies incidence is unknown. In four sub-districts of Punjab, India, we monitored canine and livestock populations from August 15, 2016 to August 14, 2017. Demographic, clinical and rabies diagnostic laboratory (RDL) data were collected from suspected cases of rabies. The annual incidence rate / 10,000 animal years at risk (95% CI) in each sub-district was estimated for each species. During 2016-2017, a total of 41 suspected rabies cases were detected in the four selected sub-districts in Punjab. Laboratory confirmed rabies (LCR) incidence was 2.03/10,000 dog years (0.69, 5.96) and 2.71/10,000 dog years (1.14, 6.43) in stray and pet dogs, respectively. The LCR incidence in farmed buffalo and cattle was 0.19/10,000 buffalo years (0.07, 0.57) and 0.23/10,000 cattle years (0.06, 0.88), respectively. The LCR incidence amongst equine was 4.28/10,000 equine years (0.48, 38.10). Stray cattle rabies incidence in the selected sub-districts was 9.49/10,000 cattle years (3.51, 25.67). If similar enhanced surveillance for rabies was conducted state-wide, we estimate that 98 (34-294) buffalo, 18 (2-156) equine, 56 (15-214) farmed cattle, 96 (35-259) stray cattle, 128 (54-303) pet dogs and 62 (21-182) stray dogs would be expected to be confirmed with rabies in Punjab annually. These results indicate that rabies incidence in animals, particularly in dogs and stray cattle, is much higher than previously suspected. We recommend that statewide enhanced disease surveillance should be conducted to obtain more accurate estimates of rabies incidence in Punjab to facilitate better control of this important disease.

ACS Style

Gurlal S. Gill; Balbir B. Singh; Navneet K. Dhand; Rabinder S. Aulakh; Bhupinder S. Sandhu; Michael P. Ward; Victoria Brookes. Estimation of the incidence of animal rabies in Punjab, India. PLOS ONE 2019, 14, e0222198 .

AMA Style

Gurlal S. Gill, Balbir B. Singh, Navneet K. Dhand, Rabinder S. Aulakh, Bhupinder S. Sandhu, Michael P. Ward, Victoria Brookes. Estimation of the incidence of animal rabies in Punjab, India. PLOS ONE. 2019; 14 (9):e0222198.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Gurlal S. Gill; Balbir B. Singh; Navneet K. Dhand; Rabinder S. Aulakh; Bhupinder S. Sandhu; Michael P. Ward; Victoria Brookes. 2019. "Estimation of the incidence of animal rabies in Punjab, India." PLOS ONE 14, no. 9: e0222198.

Journal article
Published: 20 July 2019 in Animals
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To increase the public's awareness of animals needing homes, PetRescue, Australia's largest online directory of animals in need of adoption, lists animals available from rescue and welfare shelters nationwide. The current study examined the descriptions accompanying online PetRescue profiles. The demographic data and personality descriptors of 70,733 dogs were analysed for associations with LOS in shelters-with long stays being a potential proxy for low appeal. Univariable and multivariable general linear models of log-transformed LOS with personality adjectives and demographic variables were fitted and the predicted means back-transformed for presentation. Further analyses were conducted of a subset of the dataset for the four most common breeds (n = 20,198 dogs) to investigate if the influence of personality adjectives on the LOS differed by breed. The average LOS of dogs was 35.4 days (median 18 days) and was influenced by several adjectives. Across all breeds, the LOS was significantly shorter if the adjectives 'make you proud', 'independent', 'lively', 'eager' and 'clever' were included in the description. However, the LOS was longer if the terms 'only dog', 'dominant', 'sensitive' and 'happy-go-lucky' were included in the description. Some of the association of descriptors with relatively long LOS are difficult to explain. For example, it is unclear why the terms "obedient" and trainable" appear unappealing. The confidence adopters have in these terms and their ability to make the most of such dogs merits further exploration. As expected, the LOS differed in different breeds with the Labrador retrievers having the fastest adoption rate among the most common four breeds with an average LOS of 14.5 days. Breed had interactions with four personality adjectives (gentle, active, quiet and energetic) indicating that the adoption rate of dogs with these descriptors in their online PetRescue profiles differed by breed. This highlights an important knowledge gap, suggesting that potential adopters have differing expectations according to the breed being considered. Increased awareness of the breed-specific influence of personality adjectives on appeal to potential adopters, may enhance adoption success by allowing dogs with risk factors for low appeal to be promoted more intensively than high-appeal dogs.

ACS Style

Mizuho Nakamura; Navneet K. Dhand; Melissa J. Starling; Paul D. McGreevy. Descriptive Texts in Dog Profiles Associated with Length of Stay Via an Online Rescue Network. Animals 2019, 9, 464 .

AMA Style

Mizuho Nakamura, Navneet K. Dhand, Melissa J. Starling, Paul D. McGreevy. Descriptive Texts in Dog Profiles Associated with Length of Stay Via an Online Rescue Network. Animals. 2019; 9 (7):464.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mizuho Nakamura; Navneet K. Dhand; Melissa J. Starling; Paul D. McGreevy. 2019. "Descriptive Texts in Dog Profiles Associated with Length of Stay Via an Online Rescue Network." Animals 9, no. 7: 464.

Review
Published: 13 June 2019 in BMC Veterinary Research
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Paratuberculosis, a chronic disease affecting ruminant livestock, is caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP). It has direct and indirect economic costs, impacts animal welfare and arouses public health concerns. In a survey of 48 countries we found paratuberculosis to be very common in livestock. In about half the countries more than 20% of herds and flocks were infected with MAP. Most countries had large ruminant populations (millions), several types of farmed ruminants, multiple husbandry systems and tens of thousands of individual farms, creating challenges for disease control. In addition, numerous species of free-living wildlife were infected. Paratuberculosis was notifiable in most countries, but formal control programs were present in only 22 countries. Generally, these were the more highly developed countries with advanced veterinary services. Of the countries without a formal control program for paratuberculosis, 76% were in South and Central America, Asia and Africa while 20% were in Europe. Control programs were justified most commonly on animal health grounds, but protecting market access and public health were other factors. Prevalence reduction was the major objective in most countries, but Norway and Sweden aimed to eradicate the disease, so surveillance and response were their major objectives. Government funding was involved in about two thirds of countries, but operations tended to be funded by farmers and their organizations and not by government alone. The majority of countries (60%) had voluntary control programs. Generally, programs were supported by incentives for joining, financial compensation and/or penalties for non-participation. Performance indicators, structure, leadership, practices and tools used in control programs are also presented. Securing funding for long-term control activities was a widespread problem. Control programs were reported to be successful in 16 (73%) of the 22 countries. Recommendations are made for future control programs, including a primary goal of establishing an international code for paratuberculosis, leading to universal acknowledgment of the principles and methods of control in relation to endemic and transboundary disease. An holistic approach across all ruminant livestock industries and long-term commitment is required for control of paratuberculosis.

ACS Style

Richard Whittington; Karsten Donat; Maarten F. Weber; David Kelton; Søren Saxmose Nielsen; Suzanne Eisenberg; Norma Arrigoni; Ramon Juste; Jose Luis Sáez; Navneet Dhand; Annalisa Santi; Anita Michel; Herman Barkema; Petr Kralik; Polychronis Kostoulas; Lorna Citer; Frank Griffin; Rob Barwell; Maria Aparecida Scatamburlo Moreira; Iva Slana; Heike Koehler; Shoor Vir Singh; Han Sang Yoo; Gilberto Chávez-Gris; Amador Goodridge; Matjaz Ocepek; Joseba Garrido; Karen Stevenson; Mike Collins; Bernardo Alonso; Karina Cirone; Fernando Paolicchi; Lawrence Gavey; Tanvir Rahman; Emmanuelle De Marchin; Willem Van Praet; Cathy Bauman; Gilles Fecteau; Shawn McKenna; Miguel Salgado; Jorge Fernández-Silva; Radka Dziedzinska; Gustavo Echeverria; Jaana Seppänen; Virginie Thibault; Vala Fridriksdottir; Abdolah Derakhshandeh; Masoud Haghkhah; Luigi Ruocco; Satoko Kawaji; Eiichi Momotani; Cord Heuer; Solis Norton; Simeon Cadmus; Angelika Agdestein; Annette Kampen; Joanna Szteyn; Jenny Frössling; Ebba Schwan; George Caldow; Sam Strain; Mike Carter; Scott Wells; Musso Munyeme; Robert Wolf; Ratna Gurung; Cristobal Verdugo; Christine Fourichon; Takehisa Yamamoto; Sharada Thapaliya; Elena Di Labio; Monaya Ekgatat; Andres Gil; Alvaro Nuñez Alesandre; José Piaggio; Alejandra Suanes; Jacobus H. De Waard. Control of paratuberculosis: who, why and how. A review of 48 countries. BMC Veterinary Research 2019, 15, 1 -29.

AMA Style

Richard Whittington, Karsten Donat, Maarten F. Weber, David Kelton, Søren Saxmose Nielsen, Suzanne Eisenberg, Norma Arrigoni, Ramon Juste, Jose Luis Sáez, Navneet Dhand, Annalisa Santi, Anita Michel, Herman Barkema, Petr Kralik, Polychronis Kostoulas, Lorna Citer, Frank Griffin, Rob Barwell, Maria Aparecida Scatamburlo Moreira, Iva Slana, Heike Koehler, Shoor Vir Singh, Han Sang Yoo, Gilberto Chávez-Gris, Amador Goodridge, Matjaz Ocepek, Joseba Garrido, Karen Stevenson, Mike Collins, Bernardo Alonso, Karina Cirone, Fernando Paolicchi, Lawrence Gavey, Tanvir Rahman, Emmanuelle De Marchin, Willem Van Praet, Cathy Bauman, Gilles Fecteau, Shawn McKenna, Miguel Salgado, Jorge Fernández-Silva, Radka Dziedzinska, Gustavo Echeverria, Jaana Seppänen, Virginie Thibault, Vala Fridriksdottir, Abdolah Derakhshandeh, Masoud Haghkhah, Luigi Ruocco, Satoko Kawaji, Eiichi Momotani, Cord Heuer, Solis Norton, Simeon Cadmus, Angelika Agdestein, Annette Kampen, Joanna Szteyn, Jenny Frössling, Ebba Schwan, George Caldow, Sam Strain, Mike Carter, Scott Wells, Musso Munyeme, Robert Wolf, Ratna Gurung, Cristobal Verdugo, Christine Fourichon, Takehisa Yamamoto, Sharada Thapaliya, Elena Di Labio, Monaya Ekgatat, Andres Gil, Alvaro Nuñez Alesandre, José Piaggio, Alejandra Suanes, Jacobus H. De Waard. Control of paratuberculosis: who, why and how. A review of 48 countries. BMC Veterinary Research. 2019; 15 (1):1-29.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Richard Whittington; Karsten Donat; Maarten F. Weber; David Kelton; Søren Saxmose Nielsen; Suzanne Eisenberg; Norma Arrigoni; Ramon Juste; Jose Luis Sáez; Navneet Dhand; Annalisa Santi; Anita Michel; Herman Barkema; Petr Kralik; Polychronis Kostoulas; Lorna Citer; Frank Griffin; Rob Barwell; Maria Aparecida Scatamburlo Moreira; Iva Slana; Heike Koehler; Shoor Vir Singh; Han Sang Yoo; Gilberto Chávez-Gris; Amador Goodridge; Matjaz Ocepek; Joseba Garrido; Karen Stevenson; Mike Collins; Bernardo Alonso; Karina Cirone; Fernando Paolicchi; Lawrence Gavey; Tanvir Rahman; Emmanuelle De Marchin; Willem Van Praet; Cathy Bauman; Gilles Fecteau; Shawn McKenna; Miguel Salgado; Jorge Fernández-Silva; Radka Dziedzinska; Gustavo Echeverria; Jaana Seppänen; Virginie Thibault; Vala Fridriksdottir; Abdolah Derakhshandeh; Masoud Haghkhah; Luigi Ruocco; Satoko Kawaji; Eiichi Momotani; Cord Heuer; Solis Norton; Simeon Cadmus; Angelika Agdestein; Annette Kampen; Joanna Szteyn; Jenny Frössling; Ebba Schwan; George Caldow; Sam Strain; Mike Carter; Scott Wells; Musso Munyeme; Robert Wolf; Ratna Gurung; Cristobal Verdugo; Christine Fourichon; Takehisa Yamamoto; Sharada Thapaliya; Elena Di Labio; Monaya Ekgatat; Andres Gil; Alvaro Nuñez Alesandre; José Piaggio; Alejandra Suanes; Jacobus H. De Waard. 2019. "Control of paratuberculosis: who, why and how. A review of 48 countries." BMC Veterinary Research 15, no. 1: 1-29.