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Dr. Raza Naqvi
Environmental and Energy Systems, Department of Engineering and Chemical Sciences, Karlstad University, SE-651 88 Karlstad, Sweden

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Research Keywords & Expertise

0 Renewable Energy
0 Carbon Dioxide Capture
0 Biomass conversion technologies
0 Combined heat and power (CHP) plants
0 Characterization and pyrolysis of agricultural residues

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Research article
Published: 02 June 2021 in SN Applied Sciences
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Hydrocarbon processing from extraction to the final product is an important aspect that needs an optimised technology for consumption-led market growth. This study investigated real data from the oil processing facility and analysed the simulation model for the entire crude oil processing unit based on the process system engineering aspect using Aspen HYSYS. The study mainly emphasises the process optimisation in processing the hydrocarbon for the maximum yield of the product with less energy consumption. The investigation also includes a thorough economic analysis of the processing facility. The datasets for oil properties are obtained from a modern petroleum refinery. The investigation comprises of varying transient conditions, such as well shutdowns using three oil reservoirs (low, intermediate, and heavy oil). The impact of various conditions, including process heating, well shutdown, oil combinations, presence of water on the production, is analysed. The results indicate that the factors involving crude oil processing are significantly affected by the process conditions, such as pressure, volume, and temperature. The vapour recovery unit is integrated with the oil processing model to recover the separator's gas. The optimisation analysis is performed to maximise the liquid recovery with Reid vapour pressure of 7 and minimum water content in oil around 0.5%. Economic analysis provided an overall capital cost of $ 9.7 × 106 and an operating cost of $2.1 × 106 for the process configuration. The model results further investigate the constraints that maximise the overall energy consumption of the process and reduce the operational cost.

ACS Style

Bilal Kazmi; Syed Ali Ammar Taqvi; Muhammad Naqvi; Suhaib Umer Ilyas; Ali Moshin; Farah Inamullah; Salman R. Naqvi. Process system analysis on oil processing facility and economic viability from oil well-to-tank. SN Applied Sciences 2021, 3, 1 -11.

AMA Style

Bilal Kazmi, Syed Ali Ammar Taqvi, Muhammad Naqvi, Suhaib Umer Ilyas, Ali Moshin, Farah Inamullah, Salman R. Naqvi. Process system analysis on oil processing facility and economic viability from oil well-to-tank. SN Applied Sciences. 2021; 3 (7):1-11.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Bilal Kazmi; Syed Ali Ammar Taqvi; Muhammad Naqvi; Suhaib Umer Ilyas; Ali Moshin; Farah Inamullah; Salman R. Naqvi. 2021. "Process system analysis on oil processing facility and economic viability from oil well-to-tank." SN Applied Sciences 3, no. 7: 1-11.

Research article
Published: 05 May 2021 in Energy Science & Engineering
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The efficiency of DC microgrid needs investigation from a smart grid perspective, since their spread has expected to prevail in comparison with AC counterparts. Furthermore, there is a need to address the limitations (majorly to cater the intermittency of distributed energy resources (DERs) as well as the time dependency of systematic parameters etc.) in previous model and propose a new mathematical model to evaluate system efficiency for given parameters and scenarios. The core focus of current study aims at formulation of an improved (composite) mathematical model, that is capable of bridging issues and serve as a tool to address requirements of future DC systems including microgrids (MGs) and multi‐microgrids (MMGs). This research work offers such a mathematical model that consists of 3D matrices based on newly derived set of discrete time dependent equations, which evaluates the system efficiency of residential DC‐MMGs. Each DC‐MG is embedded with intermittent DERs, storage, components (with efficiency variations), and multi‐class load (with discrete time dependency), for evaluation across worst, normal, and best scenarios. A comprehensive sensitivity analysis across various cases and respective scenarios are also presented to evaluate overall system performance. Also, the impacts of system parameters on various system variables, states, and overall system efficiency have presented in this paper.

ACS Style

Hafiz Muhammad Anees; Syed Ali Abbas Kazmi; Muhammad Naqvi; Salman Raza Naqvi; Faizan Dastgeer; Hassan Erteza Gelani. A mathematical model‐based approach for DC multi‐microgrid performance evaluations considering intermittent distributed energy resources, energy storage, multiple load classes, and system components variations. Energy Science & Engineering 2021, 1 .

AMA Style

Hafiz Muhammad Anees, Syed Ali Abbas Kazmi, Muhammad Naqvi, Salman Raza Naqvi, Faizan Dastgeer, Hassan Erteza Gelani. A mathematical model‐based approach for DC multi‐microgrid performance evaluations considering intermittent distributed energy resources, energy storage, multiple load classes, and system components variations. Energy Science & Engineering. 2021; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hafiz Muhammad Anees; Syed Ali Abbas Kazmi; Muhammad Naqvi; Salman Raza Naqvi; Faizan Dastgeer; Hassan Erteza Gelani. 2021. "A mathematical model‐based approach for DC multi‐microgrid performance evaluations considering intermittent distributed energy resources, energy storage, multiple load classes, and system components variations." Energy Science & Engineering , no. : 1.

Research article
Published: 04 May 2021 in Energy Science & Engineering
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The performance of a multistage centrifugal compressor is highly influenced by the ambient conditions, especially during the summer seasons; their capacity shrinks and thus the power requirement for compression will increase. The prime cause of these constraints is the interstage cooling limitations. This study simulates various suction conditions of a multistage compressor on Aspen HYSYS® and suggests its debottlenecking by making the suction temperatures comparable to winter seasons. This is achieved by installing an additional exchanger at the downstream of each interstage cooler, cooling down the gas further by using absorption refrigeration chillers. These chillers are powered up by the waste heat recovered from the exhaust steam coming from the prime mover, steam turbine, of the same compressor. This modification will save a considerable amount of power (663 kW), net savings (Gross Savings – OPEX: 72 289 $/y), and reduce the carbon footprint (954 ton/y) of the overall process.

ACS Style

Sheikh Ehsan Ul Haq; Fahim Uddin; Syed Ali Ammar Taqvi; Muhammad Naqvi; Salman Raza Naqvi. Multistage carbon dioxide compressor efficiency enhancement using waste heat powered absorption chillers. Energy Science & Engineering 2021, 1 .

AMA Style

Sheikh Ehsan Ul Haq, Fahim Uddin, Syed Ali Ammar Taqvi, Muhammad Naqvi, Salman Raza Naqvi. Multistage carbon dioxide compressor efficiency enhancement using waste heat powered absorption chillers. Energy Science & Engineering. 2021; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sheikh Ehsan Ul Haq; Fahim Uddin; Syed Ali Ammar Taqvi; Muhammad Naqvi; Salman Raza Naqvi. 2021. "Multistage carbon dioxide compressor efficiency enhancement using waste heat powered absorption chillers." Energy Science & Engineering , no. : 1.

Research article
Published: 05 April 2021 in Energy Science & Engineering
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Environmental protection agencies have begun imposing stringent regulations on the existing refineries to control the levels of gasoline additives. In this context, a novel compound, 2‐methoxy‐2‐methylheptane (MMH), had drawn attention as fuel additive for cleaner combustion. The conventional process of MMH production features three distillation columns in a direct sequence. These columns are used to maintain the required product purities and to utilize the unreacted reactants through recycling streams. The distillation system of the existing MMH plant can afford significant energy savings, leading to a reduction in the total annual costs (TAC). The aim of this investigation is to demonstrate that the reported conventional process can be significantly enhanced by modifying the design and operational parameters and by replacing two distillation columns with an intensified dividing wall column (DWC) configuration. The DWC design is further optimized using several algorithms such as the modified coordinate method (MCD), robust particle swarm paradigm (PSP), and firefly (FF) with nonlinear constraints. Compared to conventional process, the optimized DWC resulted in 24% and 11.5% savings in the plant operating and total annual costs, respectively.

ACS Style

Arif Hussain; Muhammad Abdul Qyyum; Le Quang Minh; Amjad Riaz; Junaid Haider; Muhammad Naqvi; Salman Raza Naqvi; Moonyong Lee. Methoxy‐methylheptane as a cleaner fuel additive: An energy‐ and cost‐efficient enhancement for separation and purification units. Energy Science & Engineering 2021, 1 .

AMA Style

Arif Hussain, Muhammad Abdul Qyyum, Le Quang Minh, Amjad Riaz, Junaid Haider, Muhammad Naqvi, Salman Raza Naqvi, Moonyong Lee. Methoxy‐methylheptane as a cleaner fuel additive: An energy‐ and cost‐efficient enhancement for separation and purification units. Energy Science & Engineering. 2021; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Arif Hussain; Muhammad Abdul Qyyum; Le Quang Minh; Amjad Riaz; Junaid Haider; Muhammad Naqvi; Salman Raza Naqvi; Moonyong Lee. 2021. "Methoxy‐methylheptane as a cleaner fuel additive: An energy‐ and cost‐efficient enhancement for separation and purification units." Energy Science & Engineering , no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 23 January 2021 in Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis
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The aim of this work is to exploit the pyrolysis characteristics of microalgae Botryococcus braunii (BB) with a medium pore framework zeolite (MCM-22) and its delaminated counterpart with a higher external surface area zeolite (ITQ-2) using pyrolysis-gas-chromatography-mass-spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) and a fixed-bed reactor. The study evaluates the effect of synthesized zeolites that possess different pore size, shape and acidity on promoting deoxygenation reactions and producing aromatic compounds during the pyrolysis of microalgae. Further, the role of the shape of zeolites (layered & delaminated) for carbohydrate, protein and lipid-derived compounds formation is discussed. The Py-GC/MS results showed that the aromatic compounds (area%) was significantly higher (35.17 %) for delaminated & (28.76 %) for layered zeolites than non-catalytic pyrolysis (17.85 %) at the catalyst/biomass ratio of 10.1. The increase in catalyst/biomass ratio from 3 to 10 at 550 °C has increased the aromatics (90.66 % for ITQ-2 & 75.25 %) for MCM-22 zeolites. In addition, ITQ-2 zeolite produced 20.47 % higher aromatics than MCM-22 zeolites which is attributed to the thinner delaminated structure of ITQ-2 that makes reactants more accessible to the catalytic site and accelerate the deoxygenation reactions.

ACS Style

Salman Raza Naqvi; Muhammad Naqvi; Abrar Inayat; Paula Blanco-Sanchez. Impact of layered and delaminated zeolites on catalytic fast pyrolysis of microalgae using fixed-bed reactor and Py-GC/MS. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis 2021, 155, 105025 .

AMA Style

Salman Raza Naqvi, Muhammad Naqvi, Abrar Inayat, Paula Blanco-Sanchez. Impact of layered and delaminated zeolites on catalytic fast pyrolysis of microalgae using fixed-bed reactor and Py-GC/MS. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis. 2021; 155 ():105025.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Salman Raza Naqvi; Muhammad Naqvi; Abrar Inayat; Paula Blanco-Sanchez. 2021. "Impact of layered and delaminated zeolites on catalytic fast pyrolysis of microalgae using fixed-bed reactor and Py-GC/MS." Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis 155, no. : 105025.

Research article
Published: 14 December 2020 in Energy Science & Engineering
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Dual‐mixed refrigerant (DMR) process is a promising candidate for liquefying the natural gas (LNG) at onshore as well as offshore sites, thanks to its higher liquefaction capacity and flexibility in using full gas turbines. DMR involves two mixed refrigerant cycles to perform precooling and subcooling of natural gas (NG), and these refrigerant compositions need constant tweaking to match the ever‐changing NG cooling curve, as it is obtained from different gas fields. Mismatching of cooling curves often results in suboptimal operation, which ultimately leads to an increase in the overall energy consumption. Thus, this study is aimed at making DMR liquefaction operation close to optimal using the invasive‐weed paradigm. At first, the decision variables for performance improvement were determined using degrees of freedom analysis then through invasive‐weed paradigm the best set of parameters that results in minimal overall energy consumption were obtained. For the given set of conditions, it was found that after optimization, the DMR process can produce LNG using 16.2% less compression power compared to the published optimized DMR process. Taking into account the higher sensitivity of the DMR process against NG feed conditions, the IWO approach was also examined to find the multiple optimal solutions corresponding to different sets of feed conditions. The thermodynamic evaluation revealed that the mixed refrigerant involves in NG subcooling and interstage coolers have the highest level of exergy destruction. After successful performance improvement of the DMR process, it is also found that still, 62% improvement potential (based on avoidable/unavoidable exergy destruction analysis) is available in the DMR process that can be attained through either sole optimization or optimal retrofitting/revamping.

ACS Style

Muhammad Abdul Qyyum; Kinza Qadeer; Mohd Shariq Khan; Muhammad Naqvi; Ali Rehman; Li Wang; Moonyong Lee. Weed colonization‐based performance improvement opportunities in dual‐mixed refrigerant natural gas liquefaction process. Energy Science & Engineering 2020, 9, 297 -312.

AMA Style

Muhammad Abdul Qyyum, Kinza Qadeer, Mohd Shariq Khan, Muhammad Naqvi, Ali Rehman, Li Wang, Moonyong Lee. Weed colonization‐based performance improvement opportunities in dual‐mixed refrigerant natural gas liquefaction process. Energy Science & Engineering. 2020; 9 (2):297-312.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Muhammad Abdul Qyyum; Kinza Qadeer; Mohd Shariq Khan; Muhammad Naqvi; Ali Rehman; Li Wang; Moonyong Lee. 2020. "Weed colonization‐based performance improvement opportunities in dual‐mixed refrigerant natural gas liquefaction process." Energy Science & Engineering 9, no. 2: 297-312.

Research article
Published: 05 November 2020 in Energy Science & Engineering
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Due to stricter regulations, large biomass/waste incineration power plants are expected to reduce (i) pollutant emissions through water (such as organic compounds dissolved in the discharge water), (ii) the withdrawal of external freshwater, and (iii) the disturbance to the natural water by increasing the water recycle and internal reuse. To address such challenges, flue gas quench (FGQ) is playing a vital role that links flue gas (FG) cleaning and wastewater treatment. In this study, a detailed analysis based on the material and energy balance is performed regarding the pollutant distribution in the flue gas and the wastewater within a combined heat and power (CHP) plant. The real data from the reference CHP plant were used; and results show that the utilization of FGQ can result in less wastewater discharge (about 73 tonnes/d) together with less pollutant concentration to the municipal wastewater treatment plant, as compared to the system with only flue gas condenser but without FGQ. The integration of FGQ also results in less burden on the external freshwater use by increasing the amount of clean water for internal use (about 57 tonnes per day). In addition, the integration of FGQ can offer a potential annual energy saving of about 13.1 MWh in the municipal wastewater treatment plant due to the less wastewater coming from the CHP plant.

ACS Style

Yabo Wang; Jinshan Wang; Muhammad Naqvi; Hailong Li; Bin Wang. Potential environmental benefits of integrating flue gas quench in biomass/waste‐fueled CHP plants. Energy Science & Engineering 2020, 9, 189 -199.

AMA Style

Yabo Wang, Jinshan Wang, Muhammad Naqvi, Hailong Li, Bin Wang. Potential environmental benefits of integrating flue gas quench in biomass/waste‐fueled CHP plants. Energy Science & Engineering. 2020; 9 (2):189-199.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yabo Wang; Jinshan Wang; Muhammad Naqvi; Hailong Li; Bin Wang. 2020. "Potential environmental benefits of integrating flue gas quench in biomass/waste‐fueled CHP plants." Energy Science & Engineering 9, no. 2: 189-199.

Journal article
Published: 21 October 2020 in Energies
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The integration of commercial onshore large-scale wind farms into a national grid comes with several technical issues that predominately ensure power quality in accordance with respective grid codes. The resulting impacts are complemented with the absorption of larger amounts of reactive power by wind generators. In addition, seasonal variations and inter-farm wake effects further deteriorate the overall system performance and restrict the optimal use of available wind resources. This paper presented an assessment framework to address the power quality issues that have arisen after integrating large-scale wind farms into weak transmission grids, especially considering inter-farm wake effect, seasonal variations, reactive power depletion, and compensation with a variety of voltage-ampere reactive (Var) devices. Herein, we also proposed a recovery of significant active power deficits caused by the wake effect via increasing hub height of wind turbines. For large-scale wind energy penetration, a real case study was considered for three wind farms with a cumulative capacity of 154.4 MW integrated at a Nooriabad Grid in Pakistan to analyze their overall impacts. An actual test system was modeled in MATLAB Simulink for a composite analysis. Simulations were performed for various scenarios to consider wind intermittency, seasonal variations across four seasons, and wake effect. The capacitor banks and various flexible alternating current transmission systems (FACTS) devices were employed for a comparative analysis with and without considering the inter-farm wake effect. The power system parameters along with active and reactive power deficits were considered for comprehensive analysis. Unified power flow controller (UPFC) was found to be the best compensation device through comparative analysis, as it maintained voltage at nearly 1.002 pu, suppressed frequency transient in a range of 49.88–50.17 Hz, and avoided any resonance while maintaining power factors in an allowable range. Moreover, it also enhanced the power handling capability of the power system. The 20 m increase in hub height assisted the recovery of the active power deficit to 48%, which thus minimized the influence of the wake effect.

ACS Style

Shah Rukh Abbas; Syed Ali Abbas Kazmi; Muhammad Naqvi; Adeel Javed; Salman Raza Naqvi; Kafait Ullah; Tauseef-Ur-Rehman Khan; Dong Ryeol Shin. Impact Analysis of Large-Scale Wind Farms Integration in Weak Transmission Grid from Technical Perspectives. Energies 2020, 13, 5513 .

AMA Style

Shah Rukh Abbas, Syed Ali Abbas Kazmi, Muhammad Naqvi, Adeel Javed, Salman Raza Naqvi, Kafait Ullah, Tauseef-Ur-Rehman Khan, Dong Ryeol Shin. Impact Analysis of Large-Scale Wind Farms Integration in Weak Transmission Grid from Technical Perspectives. Energies. 2020; 13 (20):5513.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Shah Rukh Abbas; Syed Ali Abbas Kazmi; Muhammad Naqvi; Adeel Javed; Salman Raza Naqvi; Kafait Ullah; Tauseef-Ur-Rehman Khan; Dong Ryeol Shin. 2020. "Impact Analysis of Large-Scale Wind Farms Integration in Weak Transmission Grid from Technical Perspectives." Energies 13, no. 20: 5513.

Review
Published: 04 August 2020 in Journal of Chemistry
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Lignocellulosic biomass is a vital resource for providing clean future energy with a sustainable environment. Besides lignocellulosic residues, nonlignocellulosic residues such as sewage sludge from industrial and municipal wastes are gained much attention due to its large quantities and ability to produce cheap and clean energy to potentially replace fossil fuels. These cheap and abundantly resources can reduce global warming owing to their less polluting nature. The low-quality biomass and high ash content of sewage sludge-based thermal conversion processes face several disadvantages towards its commercialization. Therefore, it is necessary to utilize these residues in combination with coal for improvement in energy conversion processes. As per author information, no concrete study is available to discuss the synergy and decomposition mechanism of residues blending. The objective of this study is to present the state-of-the-art review based on the thermal coconversion of biomass/sewage sludge, coal/biomass, and coal/sewage sludge blends through thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) to explore the synergistic effects of the composition, thermal conversion, and blending for bioenergy production. This paper will also contribute to detailing the operating conditions (heating rate, temperature, and residence time) of copyrolysis and cocombustion processes, properties, and chemical composition that may affect these processes and will provide a basis to improve the yield of biofuels from biomass/sewage sludge, coal/sewage sludge, and coal/biomass blends in thermal coconversion through thermogravimetric technique. Furthermore, the influencing factors and the possible decomposition mechanism are elaborated and discussed in detail. This study will provide recent development and future prospects for cothermal conversion of biomass, sewage, coal, and their blends.

ACS Style

Zeeshan Hameed; Salman Raza Naqvi; Muhammad Naqvi; Imtiaz Ali; Syed Ali Ammar Taqvi; Ningbo Gao; Syed Azfar Hussain; Sadiq Hussain. A Comprehensive Review on Thermal Coconversion of Biomass, Sludge, Coal, and Their Blends Using Thermogravimetric Analysis. Journal of Chemistry 2020, 2020, 1 -23.

AMA Style

Zeeshan Hameed, Salman Raza Naqvi, Muhammad Naqvi, Imtiaz Ali, Syed Ali Ammar Taqvi, Ningbo Gao, Syed Azfar Hussain, Sadiq Hussain. A Comprehensive Review on Thermal Coconversion of Biomass, Sludge, Coal, and Their Blends Using Thermogravimetric Analysis. Journal of Chemistry. 2020; 2020 ():1-23.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zeeshan Hameed; Salman Raza Naqvi; Muhammad Naqvi; Imtiaz Ali; Syed Ali Ammar Taqvi; Ningbo Gao; Syed Azfar Hussain; Sadiq Hussain. 2020. "A Comprehensive Review on Thermal Coconversion of Biomass, Sludge, Coal, and Their Blends Using Thermogravimetric Analysis." Journal of Chemistry 2020, no. : 1-23.

Journal article
Published: 15 May 2020 in Energies
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Among all large-scale natural gas (NG) liquefaction processes, the mixed fluid cascade (MFC) process is recognized as a best-alternative option for the LNG production, mainly due its competitive performance. However, from a thermodynamic point of view, the MFC process is still far from its potential maximum energy efficiency due to non-optimal execution of design variables. Therefore, the energy efficiency enhancement of the MFC process remains an ongoing issue. The design optimization after fixing the main configuration of the process is one of the most economic, but challenging exercises during the design stages. In this study, shuffled complex evolution (SCE) is studied to find the optimal design of the MFC process corresponding to minimal energy consumption in refrigeration cycles. The MFC process is simulated using Aspen Hysys® v10 and then coupled with the SCE approach, which is coded in MATLAB® 2019a. The refrigerant composition and operating pressures for each cycle of the MFC process were optimized considering the approach temperature inside the LNG heat exchanger as a constraint. The resulting optimal MFC process saved 19.76% overall compression power and reduced the exergy destruction up to 28.76%. The thermodynamic efficiency (figure of merit) of the SCE-optimized process was 25% higher than that of the published base case. Furthermore, the optimization results also imply that there is a trade-off between the thermodynamic performance improvement and the computational cost (no. of iterations). In conclusion, SCE exhibited potential to improve the performance of highly nonlinear and complex processes such as LNG processes.

ACS Style

Khaliq Majeed; Muhammad Abdul Qyyum; Alam Nawaz; Ashfaq Ahmad; Muhammad Naqvi; Tianbiao He; Moonyong Lee. Shuffled Complex Evolution-Based Performance Enhancement and Analysis of Cascade Liquefaction Process for Large-Scale LNG Production. Energies 2020, 13, 2511 .

AMA Style

Khaliq Majeed, Muhammad Abdul Qyyum, Alam Nawaz, Ashfaq Ahmad, Muhammad Naqvi, Tianbiao He, Moonyong Lee. Shuffled Complex Evolution-Based Performance Enhancement and Analysis of Cascade Liquefaction Process for Large-Scale LNG Production. Energies. 2020; 13 (10):2511.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Khaliq Majeed; Muhammad Abdul Qyyum; Alam Nawaz; Ashfaq Ahmad; Muhammad Naqvi; Tianbiao He; Moonyong Lee. 2020. "Shuffled Complex Evolution-Based Performance Enhancement and Analysis of Cascade Liquefaction Process for Large-Scale LNG Production." Energies 13, no. 10: 2511.

Journal article
Published: 19 March 2020 in Processes
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Modeling and optimization of a double-inlet pulse tube refrigerator (DIPTR) is very difficult due to its geometry and nature. The objective of this paper was to optimize-DIPTR through experiments with the cold heat exchanger (CHX) along the comparison of cooling load with experimental data using different boundary conditions. To predict its performance, a detailed two-dimensional DIPTR model was developed. A double-drop pulse pipe cooler was used for solving continuity, dynamic and power calculations. External conditions for applicable boundaries include sinusoidal pressure from an end of the tube from a user-defined function and constant temperature or limitations of thermal flux within the outer walls of exchanger walls under colder conditions. The results of the system’s cooling behavior were reported, along with the connection between the mass flow rates, heat distribution along pulse tube and cold-end pressure, the cooler load’s wall temp profile and cooler loads with varied boundary conditions i.e. opening of 20% double-inlet and 40-60% orifice valves, respectively. Different loading conditions of 1 and 5 W were applied on the CHX. At 150 K temperature of the cold-end heat exchanger, a maximum load of 3.7 W was achieved. The results also reveal a strong correlation between computational fluid dynamics modeling results and experimental results of the DIPTR.

ACS Style

Muhammad Arslan; Muhammad Farooq; Muhamamd Naqvi; Umair Sultan; Zia-Ur-Rehman Tahir; Saad Nawaz; Nazim Waheed; Salman Raza Naqvi; Qasim Ali; M. Suleman Tariq; Ijaz Ahmad Chaudhry; John M. Anderson; Anthony Anukam. Impact of Varying Load Conditions and Cooling Energy Comparison of a Double-Inlet Pulse Tube Refrigerator. Processes 2020, 8, 352 .

AMA Style

Muhammad Arslan, Muhammad Farooq, Muhamamd Naqvi, Umair Sultan, Zia-Ur-Rehman Tahir, Saad Nawaz, Nazim Waheed, Salman Raza Naqvi, Qasim Ali, M. Suleman Tariq, Ijaz Ahmad Chaudhry, John M. Anderson, Anthony Anukam. Impact of Varying Load Conditions and Cooling Energy Comparison of a Double-Inlet Pulse Tube Refrigerator. Processes. 2020; 8 (3):352.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Muhammad Arslan; Muhammad Farooq; Muhamamd Naqvi; Umair Sultan; Zia-Ur-Rehman Tahir; Saad Nawaz; Nazim Waheed; Salman Raza Naqvi; Qasim Ali; M. Suleman Tariq; Ijaz Ahmad Chaudhry; John M. Anderson; Anthony Anukam. 2020. "Impact of Varying Load Conditions and Cooling Energy Comparison of a Double-Inlet Pulse Tube Refrigerator." Processes 8, no. 3: 352.

Journal article
Published: 10 February 2020 in Polymers
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Synthetic polymers-based controlled release urea (CRU) leaves non-biodegradable coating shells when applied in soil. Several alternative green materials are used to produce CRU, but most of these studies have issues pertaining to nitrogen release longevity, process viability, and the ease of application of the finished product. In this study, we utilized tapioca starch, modified by polyvinyl alcohol and citric acid, as coating material to produce controlled release coated urea granules in a rotary fluidized bed equipment. Response surface methodology is employed for studying the interactive effect of process parameters on urea release characteristics. Statistical analysis indicates that the fluidizing air temperature and spray rate are the most influential among all five process parameters studied. The optimum values of fluidizing air temperature (80 °C), spray rate (0.13 mL/s), atomizing pressure (3.98 bar), process time (110 min), and spray temperature (70 °C) were evaluated by multi-objective optimization while using genetic algorithms in MATLAB®. Urea coated by modified-starch was double coated by a geopolymer to enhance the controlled release characteristics that produced promising results with respect to the longevity of nitrogen release from the final product. This study provides leads for the design of a fluidized bed for the scaled-up production of CRU.

ACS Style

Babar Azeem; KuZilati KuShaari; Muhammad Naqvi; Lau Kok Keong; Mohammed Khaloofah AlMesfer; Zakaria Al-Qodah; Salman Raza Naqvi; Noureddine Elboughdiri; Naqvi. Production and Characterization of Controlled Release Urea Using Biopolymer and Geopolymer as Coating Materials. Polymers 2020, 12, 400 .

AMA Style

Babar Azeem, KuZilati KuShaari, Muhammad Naqvi, Lau Kok Keong, Mohammed Khaloofah AlMesfer, Zakaria Al-Qodah, Salman Raza Naqvi, Noureddine Elboughdiri, Naqvi. Production and Characterization of Controlled Release Urea Using Biopolymer and Geopolymer as Coating Materials. Polymers. 2020; 12 (2):400.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Babar Azeem; KuZilati KuShaari; Muhammad Naqvi; Lau Kok Keong; Mohammed Khaloofah AlMesfer; Zakaria Al-Qodah; Salman Raza Naqvi; Noureddine Elboughdiri; Naqvi. 2020. "Production and Characterization of Controlled Release Urea Using Biopolymer and Geopolymer as Coating Materials." Polymers 12, no. 2: 400.

Journal article
Published: 05 February 2020 in Processes
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Global warming is one of most severe environmental concerns that our planet is facing today. One of its causes is the previous generation of refrigerants that, upon release, remain in the atmosphere for longer periods and contribute towards global warming. This issue could potentially be solved by replacing the previous generation’s high global warming potential (GWP) refrigerants with environmentally friendly refrigerants. This scenario requires an analysis of new refrigerants for a comparison of the thermodynamic properties of the previously used refrigerants. In the present research, a numerical study was conducted to analyze the thermodynamic performance of specifically low GWP hydrofluoroolefens (HFO) refrigerants for an actual vapor compression refrigeration cycle (VCRC) with a constant degree of 3 K superheat. The output parameters included the refrigeration effect, compressor work input, the coefficient of performance (COP), and the volumetric refrigeration capacity (VRC), all of which were calculated by varying the condenser pressure from 6 to 12 bars and vapor pressure from 0.7 to 1.9 bars. Results showed that R1234ze(Z) clearly possessed the desired thermodynamic performance. The drop in refrigeration effect for R1234ze(Z) was merely 14.6% less than that of R134a at a 12 bar condenser pressure; this was minimum drop among candidate refrigerants. The drop in the COP was the minimum for R1234ze(Z)—5.1% less than that of R134a at a 9 bar condenser pressure and 4.7% less than that of R134a at a 1.9 bar evaporator pressure, whereas the COP values of the other refrigerants dropped more drastically at higher condenser pressures. R1234ze(Z) possessed favorable thermodynamic characteristics, with a GWP of 7, and it can serve as an alternative refrigerant for refrigeration systems for a sustainable environment.

ACS Style

Muhammad Farooq; Ahsan Hamayoun; Muhammad Naqvi; Saad Nawaz; Muhammad Usman; Salman Raza Naqvi; Muhammad Imran; Rida Nadeem; Allah Razi; Ahmet Turan; Alberto Pettinau; John M. Andresen; Naqvi. Thermodynamic Performance Analysis of Hydrofluoroolefins (HFO) Refrigerants in Commercial Air-Conditioning Systems for Sustainable Environment. Processes 2020, 8, 187 .

AMA Style

Muhammad Farooq, Ahsan Hamayoun, Muhammad Naqvi, Saad Nawaz, Muhammad Usman, Salman Raza Naqvi, Muhammad Imran, Rida Nadeem, Allah Razi, Ahmet Turan, Alberto Pettinau, John M. Andresen, Naqvi. Thermodynamic Performance Analysis of Hydrofluoroolefins (HFO) Refrigerants in Commercial Air-Conditioning Systems for Sustainable Environment. Processes. 2020; 8 (2):187.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Muhammad Farooq; Ahsan Hamayoun; Muhammad Naqvi; Saad Nawaz; Muhammad Usman; Salman Raza Naqvi; Muhammad Imran; Rida Nadeem; Allah Razi; Ahmet Turan; Alberto Pettinau; John M. Andresen; Naqvi. 2020. "Thermodynamic Performance Analysis of Hydrofluoroolefins (HFO) Refrigerants in Commercial Air-Conditioning Systems for Sustainable Environment." Processes 8, no. 2: 187.

Journal article
Published: 01 February 2020 in Catalysts
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Ozone layer depletion is a serious threat due to the extensive release of greenhouse gases. The emission of carbon dioxide (CO2) from fossil fuel combustion is a major reason for global warming. Energy demands and climate change are coupled with each other. CO2is a major gas contributing to global warming; hence, the conversion of CO2 into useful products such as methanol, formic acid, formaldehyde, etc., under visible light is an attractive topic. Challenges associated with the current research include synthesizing a photocatalyst that is driven by visible light with a narrow band gap range between 2.5 and 3.0 eV, the separation of a mixed end product, and the two to three times faster recombination rate of an electron–hole pair compared with separation over yield. The purpose of the current research is to convert CO2 into useful fuel i.e., methanol; the current study focuses on the photocatalytic reduction of CO2into a useful product. This research is based on the profound analysis of published work, which allows the selection of appropriate methods and material for this research. In this study, zinc ferrite (ZnFe2O4) is synthesized via the modified sol–gel method and coupled with titanium dioxide (TiO2). Thereafter, the catalyst is characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), FE-SEM, UV–Vis, and XRD characterization techniques. UV–Vis illustrates that the synthesized catalyst has a low band gap and utilizes a major portion of visible light irradiation. The XRD pattern was confirmed by the formation of the desired catalyst. FE-SEM illustrated that the size of the catalyst ranges from 50 to 500 nm and BET analysis determined the surface area, which was 2.213 and 6.453 m2/g for ZnFe2O4 and ZnFe2O4/TiO2, respectively. The continuous gas flow photoreactor was used to study the activity of the synthesized catalyst, while titanium dioxide (TiO2) has been coupled with zinc ferrite (ZnFe2O4) under visible light in order to obtain the maximum yield of methanol as a single product and simultaneously avoid the conversion of CO2 into multiple products. The performance of ZnFe2O4/TiO2was mainly assessed through methanol yield with a variable amount of TiO2 over ZnFe2O4 (1:1, 1:2, 2:1, 1:3, and 3:1). The synthesized catalyst recycling ability has been tested up to five cycles. Finally, we concluded that the optimum conditions for maximum yield were found to be a calcination temperature of ZnFe2O4at 900 °C, and optimum yield was at a 1:1 w/w coupling ratio of ZnFe2O4/TiO2. It was observed that due to the enhancement in the electron–hole pair lifetime, the methanol yield at 141.22 μmol/gcat·h over ZnFe2O4/TiO2was found to be 7% higher than the earlier reported data.

ACS Style

Numair Manzoor; Muhammad Sadiq; Muhammad Naqvi; Umair Sikandar; Salman Raza Naqvi. Experimental Study of CO2 Conversion into Methanol by Synthesized Photocatalyst (ZnFe2O4/TiO2) Using Visible Light as an Energy Source. Catalysts 2020, 10, 163 .

AMA Style

Numair Manzoor, Muhammad Sadiq, Muhammad Naqvi, Umair Sikandar, Salman Raza Naqvi. Experimental Study of CO2 Conversion into Methanol by Synthesized Photocatalyst (ZnFe2O4/TiO2) Using Visible Light as an Energy Source. Catalysts. 2020; 10 (2):163.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Numair Manzoor; Muhammad Sadiq; Muhammad Naqvi; Umair Sikandar; Salman Raza Naqvi. 2020. "Experimental Study of CO2 Conversion into Methanol by Synthesized Photocatalyst (ZnFe2O4/TiO2) Using Visible Light as an Energy Source." Catalysts 10, no. 2: 163.

Journal article
Published: 17 January 2020 in Processes
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The incorporation of aminolauric acid modified montmorillonite (f-MMT) in polyetherimide (PEI) has been implemented to develop hollow fibre nano-hybrid composite membranes (NHCMs) with improved gas separation characteristics. The aforementioned characteristics are caused by enhanced f-MMT spatial dispersion and interfacial interactions with PEI matrix. In this study, existing gas permeation models such as, Nielsen, Cussler, Yang–Cussler, Lape–Cussler and Bharadwaj were adopted to estimate the dispersion state of f-MMT and to predict the CO2 permeance in developed NHCMs. It was found out that the average aspect ratio estimated was 53, with 3 numbers of stacks per unit tactoid, which showed that the intercalation f-MMT morphology is the dominating dispersion state of filler in PEI matrix. Moreover, it was observed that Bharadwaj model showed the least average absolute relative error (%AARE) values till 3 wt. % f-MMT loading in the range of ±10 for a pressure range of 2 to 10 bar. Hence, Bharadwaj was the best fit model for the experimental data compared to other models, as it considers the platelets orientation.

ACS Style

Asif Jamil; Oh Pei Ching; Muhammad Naqvi; Hafiza Aroosa Aslam Khan; Salman Raza Naqvi. Polyetherimide-Montmorillonite Nano-Hybrid Composite Membranes: CO2 Permeance Study via Theoretical Models. Processes 2020, 8, 118 .

AMA Style

Asif Jamil, Oh Pei Ching, Muhammad Naqvi, Hafiza Aroosa Aslam Khan, Salman Raza Naqvi. Polyetherimide-Montmorillonite Nano-Hybrid Composite Membranes: CO2 Permeance Study via Theoretical Models. Processes. 2020; 8 (1):118.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Asif Jamil; Oh Pei Ching; Muhammad Naqvi; Hafiza Aroosa Aslam Khan; Salman Raza Naqvi. 2020. "Polyetherimide-Montmorillonite Nano-Hybrid Composite Membranes: CO2 Permeance Study via Theoretical Models." Processes 8, no. 1: 118.

Journal article
Published: 06 January 2020 in Processes
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The rising global warming concerns and explosive degradation of the environment requires the mainstream utilization of alternative fuels, such as hydroxy gas (HHO) which presents itself as a viable substitute for extracting the benefits of hydrogen. Therefore, an experimental study of the performance and emission characteristics of alternative fuels in contrast to conventional gasoline was undertaken. For experimentation, a spark ignition engine was run on a multitude of fuels comprising of gasoline, Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) and hybrid blend of HHO with LPG. The engine was operated at 60% open throttle with engine speed ranging from 1600 rpm to 3400 rpm. Simultaneously, the corresponding performance parameters including brake specific fuel consumption, brake power and brake thermal efficiency were investigated. Emission levels of CO, CO2, HC and NOx were quantified in the specified speed range. To check the suitability of the acquired experimental data, it was subjected to a Weibull distribution fit. Enhanced performance efficiency and reduced emissions were observed with the combustion of the hybrid mixture of LPG with HHO in comparison to LPG: on average, brake power increased by 7% while the brake specific fuel consumption reduced by 15%. On the other hand, emissions relative to LPG decreased by 21%, 9% and 21.8% in cases of CO, CO2, and unburned hydrocarbons respectively. Incorporating alternative fuels would not only imply reduced dependency on conventional fuels but would also contribute to their sustainability for future generations. Simultaneously, the decrease in harmful environmental pollutants would help to mitigate and combat the threats of climate change.

ACS Style

Muhammad Usman; Muhammad Farooq; Muhammad Naqvi; Muhammad Wajid Saleem; Jafar Hussain; Salman Raza Naqvi; Shahzaib Jahangir; Hafiz Muhammad Jazim Usama; Saad Idrees; Anthony Anukam. Use of Gasoline, LPG and LPG-HHO Blend in SI Engine: A Comparative Performance for Emission Control and Sustainable Environment. Processes 2020, 8, 74 .

AMA Style

Muhammad Usman, Muhammad Farooq, Muhammad Naqvi, Muhammad Wajid Saleem, Jafar Hussain, Salman Raza Naqvi, Shahzaib Jahangir, Hafiz Muhammad Jazim Usama, Saad Idrees, Anthony Anukam. Use of Gasoline, LPG and LPG-HHO Blend in SI Engine: A Comparative Performance for Emission Control and Sustainable Environment. Processes. 2020; 8 (1):74.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Muhammad Usman; Muhammad Farooq; Muhammad Naqvi; Muhammad Wajid Saleem; Jafar Hussain; Salman Raza Naqvi; Shahzaib Jahangir; Hafiz Muhammad Jazim Usama; Saad Idrees; Anthony Anukam. 2020. "Use of Gasoline, LPG and LPG-HHO Blend in SI Engine: A Comparative Performance for Emission Control and Sustainable Environment." Processes 8, no. 1: 74.

Journal article
Published: 01 October 2019 in Applied Thermal Engineering
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ACS Style

Naeem Abas; Ali Kalair; Mohammadmehdi Seyedmahmoudian; Muhammad Raza Naqvi; Pietro Elia Campana; Nasrullah Khan. Dynamic simulation of solar water heating system using supercritical CO2 as mediating fluid under sub-zero temperature conditions. Applied Thermal Engineering 2019, 161, 1 .

AMA Style

Naeem Abas, Ali Kalair, Mohammadmehdi Seyedmahmoudian, Muhammad Raza Naqvi, Pietro Elia Campana, Nasrullah Khan. Dynamic simulation of solar water heating system using supercritical CO2 as mediating fluid under sub-zero temperature conditions. Applied Thermal Engineering. 2019; 161 ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Naeem Abas; Ali Kalair; Mohammadmehdi Seyedmahmoudian; Muhammad Raza Naqvi; Pietro Elia Campana; Nasrullah Khan. 2019. "Dynamic simulation of solar water heating system using supercritical CO2 as mediating fluid under sub-zero temperature conditions." Applied Thermal Engineering 161, no. : 1.

Review
Published: 02 August 2019 in Processes
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The anaerobic digestion technology has been in existence for centuries and its underlying theory established for decades. It is considered a useful technology for the generation of renewable energy, and provides means to alleviate problems associated with low access to energy. However, a great deal of current research is targeted towards the optimization of this technology under diverse digestion process conditions. This review presents an in-depth analysis of the chemistry of anaerobic digestion and discusses how process chemistry can be used to optimize system performance through identification of methods that can accelerate syntrophic interactions of different microorganisms for improved methanogenic reactions. Recent advances in addition to old research are discussed in order to offer a general but comprehensive synopsis of accumulated knowledge in the theory of anaerobic digestion, as well as an overview of previous research and future directions and opportunities of the AD technology. Achieving a sustainable energy system requires comprehensive reforms in not just economic, social and policy aspects, but also in all technical aspects, which represents one of the most crucial future investments for anaerobic digestion systems.

ACS Style

Anthony Anukam; Ali Mohammadi; Muhammad Naqvi; Karin Granström. A Review of the Chemistry of Anaerobic Digestion: Methods of Accelerating and Optimizing Process Efficiency. Processes 2019, 7, 504 .

AMA Style

Anthony Anukam, Ali Mohammadi, Muhammad Naqvi, Karin Granström. A Review of the Chemistry of Anaerobic Digestion: Methods of Accelerating and Optimizing Process Efficiency. Processes. 2019; 7 (8):504.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Anthony Anukam; Ali Mohammadi; Muhammad Naqvi; Karin Granström. 2019. "A Review of the Chemistry of Anaerobic Digestion: Methods of Accelerating and Optimizing Process Efficiency." Processes 7, no. 8: 504.

Conference paper
Published: 19 December 2018 in Proceedings of The 9th EUROSIM Congress on Modelling and Simulation, EUROSIM 2016, The 57th SIMS Conference on Simulation and Modelling SIMS 2016
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ACS Style

Erik Dahlquist; Muhammad Naqvi; Eva Thorin; Jinyue Yan; Konstantinos Kyprianidis; Philip Hartwell. Modeling of Black Liquor Gasification. Proceedings of The 9th EUROSIM Congress on Modelling and Simulation, EUROSIM 2016, The 57th SIMS Conference on Simulation and Modelling SIMS 2016 2018, 885 -889.

AMA Style

Erik Dahlquist, Muhammad Naqvi, Eva Thorin, Jinyue Yan, Konstantinos Kyprianidis, Philip Hartwell. Modeling of Black Liquor Gasification. Proceedings of The 9th EUROSIM Congress on Modelling and Simulation, EUROSIM 2016, The 57th SIMS Conference on Simulation and Modelling SIMS 2016. 2018; (142):885-889.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Erik Dahlquist; Muhammad Naqvi; Eva Thorin; Jinyue Yan; Konstantinos Kyprianidis; Philip Hartwell. 2018. "Modeling of Black Liquor Gasification." Proceedings of The 9th EUROSIM Congress on Modelling and Simulation, EUROSIM 2016, The 57th SIMS Conference on Simulation and Modelling SIMS 2016 , no. 142: 885-889.

Conference paper
Published: 19 December 2018 in Proceedings of The 9th EUROSIM Congress on Modelling and Simulation, EUROSIM 2016, The 57th SIMS Conference on Simulation and Modelling SIMS 2016
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ACS Style

Erik Dahlquist; Muhammad Naqvi; Eva Thorin; Jinyue Yan; Konstantinos Kyprianidis; Philip Hartwell. Modeling of Wood Gasification in an Atmospheric CFB Plant. Proceedings of The 9th EUROSIM Congress on Modelling and Simulation, EUROSIM 2016, The 57th SIMS Conference on Simulation and Modelling SIMS 2016 2018, 872 -877.

AMA Style

Erik Dahlquist, Muhammad Naqvi, Eva Thorin, Jinyue Yan, Konstantinos Kyprianidis, Philip Hartwell. Modeling of Wood Gasification in an Atmospheric CFB Plant. Proceedings of The 9th EUROSIM Congress on Modelling and Simulation, EUROSIM 2016, The 57th SIMS Conference on Simulation and Modelling SIMS 2016. 2018; (142):872-877.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Erik Dahlquist; Muhammad Naqvi; Eva Thorin; Jinyue Yan; Konstantinos Kyprianidis; Philip Hartwell. 2018. "Modeling of Wood Gasification in an Atmospheric CFB Plant." Proceedings of The 9th EUROSIM Congress on Modelling and Simulation, EUROSIM 2016, The 57th SIMS Conference on Simulation and Modelling SIMS 2016 , no. 142: 872-877.