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In order to reflect possible issues in future sole e-waste processing, an electrolyte of complex chemical composition reflecting system of sole e-waste processing was obtained by following a specially designed pyro-electrometallurgical method. The obtained non-standard electrolyte was further used for the purpose of comprehensive metal interference evaluation on the copper solvent extraction (SX) process. Optimization of the process included a variation of several process parameters, allowing determination of the effect of the most abundant and potentially the most influential impurities (Ni, Sn, Fe, and Zn) and 14 other trace elements. Moreover, comparing three commercial extractants of different active chelating groups, it was determined that branched aldoxime reagent is favorable for Cu extraction from the chemically complex system, as can be expected in future e-waste recycling. The results of this study showed that, under optimal conditions of 20 vol.% extractant concentration, feed pH 1.5, O/A ratio 3, and 10-min phase contact time, 88.1% of one stage Cu extraction was achieved. Co-extraction of the Fe, Zn, Ni, and Sn was under 8%, while Pb and trace elements were negligible. Optimal conditions (H2SO4 180 g/L, O/A = 2, and contact time 5 min) enabled 95.3% Cu stripping and under 6% of the most influential impurities. In addition, an impurity monitoring and distribution methodology enabled a better understanding and design of the process for the more efficient valorization of metals from e-waste.
Jovana Djokić; Dragana Radovanović; Zlatko Nikolovski; Zoran Andjić; Željko Kamberović. Influence of Electrolyte Impurities from E-Waste Electrorefining on Copper Extraction Recovery. Metals 2021, 11, 1383 .
AMA StyleJovana Djokić, Dragana Radovanović, Zlatko Nikolovski, Zoran Andjić, Željko Kamberović. Influence of Electrolyte Impurities from E-Waste Electrorefining on Copper Extraction Recovery. Metals. 2021; 11 (9):1383.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJovana Djokić; Dragana Radovanović; Zlatko Nikolovski; Zoran Andjić; Željko Kamberović. 2021. "Influence of Electrolyte Impurities from E-Waste Electrorefining on Copper Extraction Recovery." Metals 11, no. 9: 1383.
By-products from zinc hydrometallurgy are classified as hazardous waste with strong leaching toxicities. Even though numerous research papers are dedicated to valorizing valuable metals in it, the primary management route is still disposal or partial reuse, such as the Waelz process. Presented experimental research investigates possibilities of sulfidization and further processing as a technologically sustainable route for valuable metals valorization from non-standard jarosite-PbAg sludge. The comprehensive thermodynamic analysis was done by HSC Chemistry®, through optimizing process parameters, i.e., temperature, sulfur addition, and selection of possible additives. Technological possibility of magnetic separation, flotation, and smelting of sulfidized material was also investigated; the results were below the values that allow practical application, due to the obtained texture of sulfidized jarosite, which does not allow the liberation of minerals. Smelting tests were performed on sulfidized jarosite with sulfur and without and with carbon as additive. By smelting sulfidized jarosite-PbAg sludge with added carbon in sulfidization stage at 1375 °C, obtained products were matte, slag, raw lead, and dust in which base, critical, and slag forming components were valorized. Valuable metals were concentrated in smelting products so as to enable further processing, which also could be interesting in the case of treatment of complex, polymetallic, and refractory primary materials, which represent a significant contribution to the circular economy.
Željko Kamberović; Nataša Gajić; Marija Korać; Sanja Jevtić; Miroslav Sokić; Jovica Stojanović. Technologically Sustainable Route for Metals Valorization from Jarosite-PbAg Sludge. Minerals 2021, 11, 255 .
AMA StyleŽeljko Kamberović, Nataša Gajić, Marija Korać, Sanja Jevtić, Miroslav Sokić, Jovica Stojanović. Technologically Sustainable Route for Metals Valorization from Jarosite-PbAg Sludge. Minerals. 2021; 11 (3):255.
Chicago/Turabian StyleŽeljko Kamberović; Nataša Gajić; Marija Korać; Sanja Jevtić; Miroslav Sokić; Jovica Stojanović. 2021. "Technologically Sustainable Route for Metals Valorization from Jarosite-PbAg Sludge." Minerals 11, no. 3: 255.
Anode slime and tin precipitate as by-products of the electrorefining (ER) of non-standard anodes obtained after experimental smelting of waste electric and electronic equipment (e-waste), in addition to the base and precious metals, contains a significant amount of tin. Due to its presence as inert SnO2 hydrate (β metastannic acid) and its dissipation between slime and electrolyte, anode slime processing and metals valorization are difficult. This study aimed to investigate conditions under which efficient leaching of metastannic acid could be achieved to facilitate further metals valorization, especially precious metals. The investigation was performed using the by-products obtained from the ER of the non-standard Cu anodes produced by pyrometallurgical processing of e-waste. After detailed characterization of obtained products, the influence of various process parameters like temperature, acid concentration, leaching time, as well as the influence of reducing agent, sulfur compounds, and SnO2 hydration rate on leaching efficiency was investigated. It was found that efficiency of 99% can be achieved by leaching the desulfurized tin precipitate sample in 6 M HCl at 90 °C for 90 min with the addition of Mg powder. The application of the tin removal process, described in this paper, contributes to efficient material flow management.
Jovana Djokić; Branimir Jovančićević; Ilija Brčeski; Milisav Ranitović; Nataša Gajić; Željko Kamberović. Leaching of metastannic acid from e-waste by-products. Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management 2020, 22, 1899 -1912.
AMA StyleJovana Djokić, Branimir Jovančićević, Ilija Brčeski, Milisav Ranitović, Nataša Gajić, Željko Kamberović. Leaching of metastannic acid from e-waste by-products. Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management. 2020; 22 (6):1899-1912.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJovana Djokić; Branimir Jovančićević; Ilija Brčeski; Milisav Ranitović; Nataša Gajić; Željko Kamberović. 2020. "Leaching of metastannic acid from e-waste by-products." Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management 22, no. 6: 1899-1912.
This paper presents thermochemical synthesis of copper/alumina nanocomposites in a Cu-Al2O3 system with 1–2.5 wt.% of alumina and their characterization, which included: transmission electron microscopy: focused ion beam (FIB), analytical electron microscopy (AEM) and high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). Thermodynamic analysis was used to study the formation mechanism of desirable products during drying, thermal decomposition and reduction processes. Upon synthesis of powders, samples were cold pressed (2 GPa) in tools dimension 8 × 32 × 2 mm and sintered at temperatures within the range 800–1000 °C for 15 to 120 min in a hydrogen atmosphere. Results of characterization showed that dispersion-strengthened compacts could be produced by sintering of thermo-chemically prepared Cu-Al2O3 powders with properties suitable for material application, such as a contact material exhibiting high strength and high electrical conductivity at the same time. Additional research was carried out in order to analyze the application of the obtained nanocomposite powders for the synthesis of copper/alumina nanocomposites by a new method, which is a combination of a thermochemical procedure and mechanical alloying. The measured values of an electric conductivity and hardness were compared with ones in literature, confirming an advantage of the proposed combined strategy.
Marija Korać; Željko Kamberović; Zoran Anđić; Srećko Stopić. Advances in Thermochemical Synthesis and Characterization of the Prepared Copper/Alumina Nanocomposites. Metals 2020, 10, 1 .
AMA StyleMarija Korać, Željko Kamberović, Zoran Anđić, Srećko Stopić. Advances in Thermochemical Synthesis and Characterization of the Prepared Copper/Alumina Nanocomposites. Metals. 2020; 10 (6):1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMarija Korać; Željko Kamberović; Zoran Anđić; Srećko Stopić. 2020. "Advances in Thermochemical Synthesis and Characterization of the Prepared Copper/Alumina Nanocomposites." Metals 10, no. 6: 1.
Flotation tailings rich in carbonate minerals from the tailings deposit of the copper mine Majdanpek (Serbia) were applied for neutralization of the water taken from the extremely acidic Lake Robule (Bor, Serbia). Tests conducted in Erlenmeyer flasks showed that after neutralization of the lake water to pH 7, over 99% of aluminum (Al), iron (Fe), and copper (Cu) precipitated, as well as 92% of Zn and 98% of Pb. In order to remove residual Mn and Ag, the water was further treated with NaOH. After treatment with NaOH, all concentrations of the metals in the lake water samples were below discharge limits for municipal wastewater according to the national legislation of the Republic of Serbia. The results of this work suggest that mining waste could be used for active neutralization of the acid mine drainage. The use of the mining waste instead of lime could reduce the costs of the active treatment of the acid mine drainage.
Nela Petronijević; Srđan Stanković; Dragana Radovanović; Miroslav Sokić; Branislav Marković; Srećko R. Stopić; Željko Kamberović. Application of the Flotation Tailings as an Alternative Material for an Acid Mine Drainage Remediation: A Case Study of the Extremely Acidic Lake Robule (Serbia). Metals 2019, 10, 16 .
AMA StyleNela Petronijević, Srđan Stanković, Dragana Radovanović, Miroslav Sokić, Branislav Marković, Srećko R. Stopić, Željko Kamberović. Application of the Flotation Tailings as an Alternative Material for an Acid Mine Drainage Remediation: A Case Study of the Extremely Acidic Lake Robule (Serbia). Metals. 2019; 10 (1):16.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNela Petronijević; Srđan Stanković; Dragana Radovanović; Miroslav Sokić; Branislav Marković; Srećko R. Stopić; Željko Kamberović. 2019. "Application of the Flotation Tailings as an Alternative Material for an Acid Mine Drainage Remediation: A Case Study of the Extremely Acidic Lake Robule (Serbia)." Metals 10, no. 1: 16.
In ores, chalcopyrite is usually associated with other sulfide minerals, such as sphalerite, galena, and pyrite, in a dispersed form, with complex mineralogical structures. Concentrates obtained by flotation of such ores are unsuitable for pyrometallurgical processing owing to their poor quality and low metal recovery. This paper presents the leaching of chalcopyrite concentrate from the location “Rudnik, Serbia”. The samples from the flotation plant were treated with hydrogen peroxide in sulfuric acid. The influences of temperature, particle size, stirring speed, as well as the concentrations of hydrogen peroxide and sulfuric acid were followed and discussed. Hence, the main objective was to optimize the relevant conditions and to determine the reaction kinetics. It was remarked that the increase in temperature, hydrogen peroxide content, and sulfuric acid concentration, as well as the decrease in particle size and stirring speed, contribute to the dissolution of chalcopyrite. The dissolution kinetics follow a model controlled by diffusion, and the lixiviant diffusion controls the rate of reaction through the sulfur layer. Finally, the main characterization methods used to corroborate the obtained results were X-ray diffraction (XRD) as well as qualitative and quantitative light microscopy of the chalcopyrite concentrate samples and the leach residue.
Miroslav Sokić; Branislav Marković; Srđan Stanković; Željko Kamberović; Nada Štrbac; Vaso Manojlović; Nela Petronijević. Kinetics of Chalcopyrite Leaching by Hydrogen Peroxide in Sulfuric Acid. Metals 2019, 9, 1173 .
AMA StyleMiroslav Sokić, Branislav Marković, Srđan Stanković, Željko Kamberović, Nada Štrbac, Vaso Manojlović, Nela Petronijević. Kinetics of Chalcopyrite Leaching by Hydrogen Peroxide in Sulfuric Acid. Metals. 2019; 9 (11):1173.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMiroslav Sokić; Branislav Marković; Srđan Stanković; Željko Kamberović; Nada Štrbac; Vaso Manojlović; Nela Petronijević. 2019. "Kinetics of Chalcopyrite Leaching by Hydrogen Peroxide in Sulfuric Acid." Metals 9, no. 11: 1173.
Secondary alkaline lead slag (SALS), generated during lead–acid batteries recycling, is a hazardous waste due to its high reactivity, solubility, and migration of toxic elements. After pulverization caused by storage under atmospheric condition for 30 days, the SALS was sieved and coarse fraction (+ 1 mm) was returned to the recycling process. Finer fraction (− 1 mm) was treated by water leaching to remove soluble compounds. SALS compositions prior and after the pre-treatment and effects of liquid-to-solid ratio, stirring rate, and temperature on Na, S, Fe, As, and Pb leaching from SALS were analyzed. The results show that maximal leaching degrees were 95.78%, 75.32%, and 79.89% for Na, S, and As, respectively (20 l kg−1, 600 min−1, 333 K, 120 min). Leachability of Na and S from SALS was controlled by dissolution of Na2SO4 that could be recovered from leaching solution. Isothermal As leaching is described by diffusion mechanism with activation energy of 15.5 kJ mol−1. Insoluble Pb and Fe sulfates, sulfides, and oxides remained in the SALS. Pre-treated SALS, with reduced mass up to 32%, was solidified in cement matrix. The results of toxicity characteristic leaching procedure and unconfined compressive strength confirmed effectiveness of As removal from SALS by water leaching and Pb immobilization in cement matrix containing 20% of SALS.
Marija Štulović; Dragana Radovanović; Željko Kamberović; Marija Korać; Zoran Anđić; Milisav Ranitović. Leaching of toxic elements from secondary alkaline lead slag and stabilized/solidified products. Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management 2019, 21, 1402 -1413.
AMA StyleMarija Štulović, Dragana Radovanović, Željko Kamberović, Marija Korać, Zoran Anđić, Milisav Ranitović. Leaching of toxic elements from secondary alkaline lead slag and stabilized/solidified products. Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management. 2019; 21 (6):1402-1413.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMarija Štulović; Dragana Radovanović; Željko Kamberović; Marija Korać; Zoran Anđić; Milisav Ranitović. 2019. "Leaching of toxic elements from secondary alkaline lead slag and stabilized/solidified products." Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management 21, no. 6: 1402-1413.
Reuse of waste is one of the main principles of sustainable development and circular economy. Secondary alkaline lead slag is a hazardous waste generated in the recycling process of lead-acid batteries that may be suitable in construction materials. The environmental impact of the use of lead slag as a partial replacement of fine aggregates in the cement-based stabilization/solidification (S/S) process for the preparation of concrete was studied in this paper. Solidified products containing 10%, 15%, 20%, and 25% slag were laboratory tested by unconfined compressive strength (UCS) analyses and the Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP). At the same time, the leachability of toxic elements from solidified products with a high percent of slag was evaluated under environmental conditions for during one year. The results of the UCS and TCLP indicated that utilization of this type of slag in cement-based applications may be justified with its controlled addition. However, the described application of the slag was disputed due to the high release of As under high alkaline environmental conditions. Eh-pH analyses and the geochemical modeling using the software PHREEQC were evaluated, as well as the mechanism of pollutant (Pb, As) immobilization (precipitation, adsorption) as a function of pH conditions.
Marija Štulović; Dragana Radovanović; Željko Kamberović; Marija Korać; Zoran Anđić. Assessment of Leaching Characteristics of Solidified Products Containing Secondary Alkaline Lead Slag. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2019, 16, 2005 .
AMA StyleMarija Štulović, Dragana Radovanović, Željko Kamberović, Marija Korać, Zoran Anđić. Assessment of Leaching Characteristics of Solidified Products Containing Secondary Alkaline Lead Slag. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16 (11):2005.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMarija Štulović; Dragana Radovanović; Željko Kamberović; Marija Korać; Zoran Anđić. 2019. "Assessment of Leaching Characteristics of Solidified Products Containing Secondary Alkaline Lead Slag." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 11: 2005.
This paper describes the synthesis of tungsten disulfide (WS2) powder by the sulfurization of tungsten trioxide (WO3) particles in the presence of additive potassium carbonate (K2CO3) in nitrogen (N2) atmosphere, first at lower temperature (200 °C) and followed by reduction at higher temperature (900 °C). In addition, the ultrasonic spray pyrolysis of ammonium meta-tungstate hydrate (AMT) was used for the production of WO3 particles at 650 °C in air. The HSC Chemistry® software package 9.0 was used for the analysis of chemistry and thermodynamic parameters of the processes for WS2 powder synthesis. The crystalline structure and phase composition of all synthesized powders were analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements. The morphology and chemical composition of these samples were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) combined with energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX).
Nataša Gajić; Željko Kamberović; Zoran Anđić; Jarmila Trpčevská; Beatrice Plešingerova; Marija Korać. Synthesis of Tribological WS2 Powder from WO3 Prepared by Ultrasonic Spray Pyrolysis (USP). Metals 2019, 9, 277 .
AMA StyleNataša Gajić, Željko Kamberović, Zoran Anđić, Jarmila Trpčevská, Beatrice Plešingerova, Marija Korać. Synthesis of Tribological WS2 Powder from WO3 Prepared by Ultrasonic Spray Pyrolysis (USP). Metals. 2019; 9 (3):277.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNataša Gajić; Željko Kamberović; Zoran Anđić; Jarmila Trpčevská; Beatrice Plešingerova; Marija Korać. 2019. "Synthesis of Tribological WS2 Powder from WO3 Prepared by Ultrasonic Spray Pyrolysis (USP)." Metals 9, no. 3: 277.
This paper presents an experimentally-proved hydrometallurgical process for selective metals recovery from the waste-printed circuit boards (WPCBs) using a combination of conventional and time-saving methods: leaching, cementation, precipitation, reduction and electrowinning. According to the results obtained in the laboratory tests, 92.4% Cu, 98.5% Pb, 96.8% Ag and over 99% Au could be selectively leached and recovered using mineral acids: sulfuric, nitric and aqua regia. Problematic tin recovery was addressed with comprehensive theoretical and experimental work, so 55.4% of Sn could be recovered through the novel physical method, which consists of two-step phase separation. Based on the results, an integral hydrometallurgical route for selective base and precious metals recovery though consecutive steps, (i) Cu, (ii) Sn, (iii) Pb and Ag, and (iv) Au, was developed. The route was tested at scaled-up laboratory level, confirming feasibility of the process and efficiencies of metals recovery. According to the obtained results, the proposed hydrometallurgical route represents an innovative and promising method for selective metals recovery from WPCBs, particularly applicable in small scale hydrometallurgical environments, focused on medium and high grade WPCBs recycling.
Zeljko Kamberovic; Milisav Ranitović; Marija Korać; Zoran Andjić; Natasa Gajic; Jovana Djokić; Sanja Jevtic. Hydrometallurgical Process for Selective Metals Recovery from Waste-Printed Circuit Boards. Metals 2018, 8, 441 .
AMA StyleZeljko Kamberovic, Milisav Ranitović, Marija Korać, Zoran Andjić, Natasa Gajic, Jovana Djokić, Sanja Jevtic. Hydrometallurgical Process for Selective Metals Recovery from Waste-Printed Circuit Boards. Metals. 2018; 8 (6):441.
Chicago/Turabian StyleZeljko Kamberovic; Milisav Ranitović; Marija Korać; Zoran Andjić; Natasa Gajic; Jovana Djokić; Sanja Jevtic. 2018. "Hydrometallurgical Process for Selective Metals Recovery from Waste-Printed Circuit Boards." Metals 8, no. 6: 441.
Electric arc furnace (EAF) dust, together with a mill scale and coke were smelted in a laboratory electric arc furnace. These metallurgical wastes consist of a many different phases and elements, making the reaction process complex. Thermo-chemical analysis of the reactions in metal, slag, and gas phases was done, and used for modeling of the mixture composition and energy consumption required for smelting. Modelling was performed with the software named RikiAlC. The crude ZnO, slag, and metal phase were analyzed using the atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS), the optical emission spectrometry with inductively coupled plasma (ICP-OES), the X-ray diffraction (XRD), the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) equipped with energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS), and reflected and transmitted light microscopy. Also, in order to follow the behavior of this process the exhausted gases were monitored. The synergetic effects of the designed mixture may be recognized in minimizing energy consumption for the smelting process, improving the product yield efficiency, and reducing the negative environmental effects.
Vaso Manojlović; Željko Kamberović; Miroslav Sokić; Milorad Gavrilovski; Marija Korać. Designing of Synergistic Waste Mixtures for Multiphase Reactive Smelting. Metals 2016, 6, 138 .
AMA StyleVaso Manojlović, Željko Kamberović, Miroslav Sokić, Milorad Gavrilovski, Marija Korać. Designing of Synergistic Waste Mixtures for Multiphase Reactive Smelting. Metals. 2016; 6 (6):138.
Chicago/Turabian StyleVaso Manojlović; Željko Kamberović; Miroslav Sokić; Milorad Gavrilovski; Marija Korać. 2016. "Designing of Synergistic Waste Mixtures for Multiphase Reactive Smelting." Metals 6, no. 6: 138.