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Dr. Lynette Bikos
Department of Clinical Psychology, Seattle Pacific University, 3307 Third Ave W., Seattle, WA 98119, USA

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Research Keywords & Expertise

0 Global
0 Dr. Bikos’ research interests fall at the intersections of vocational
0 The first year adaptation of expatriate spouses
0 And career development in response to an online career development intervention. During the COVID-19 pandemic
0 She is investigating the experiences of an attitudes toward making (sewing) and wearing cloth facemasks.

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Research article
Published: 10 September 2020 in Journal of Career Development
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Given the importance of career discernment in emerging adulthood, we evaluated an understudied career development approach for higher education students. Specifically, we tested the relationship between spiritual discernment exercises and sense of purpose and calling through the indirect effects of self-concept clarity, career decision self-efficacy, and knowledge of occupational information. Participants ( N = 127) were randomly assigned to one of the three conditions and were surveyed at a 10-week interval. Results indicated significantly higher posttest scores for purpose ( B = .169, p = .026) and calling ( B = .134, p = .013) in the spiritual discernment condition compared to the general adjustment (i.e., control) and traditional career development conditions. Mediation analyses also revealed a significant indirect effect of self-concept clarity on sense of purpose ( B ab = .059, p = .033). These findings suggest that spiritual discernment practices can significantly enhance the effectiveness of career development interventions for discerning purpose and calling.

ACS Style

Scott C. Campanario; Lynette H. Bikos; Dana L. Kendall. Ignatian Spirituality and Career Development: New Evidence for Age-Old Practices. Journal of Career Development 2020, 1 .

AMA Style

Scott C. Campanario, Lynette H. Bikos, Dana L. Kendall. Ignatian Spirituality and Career Development: New Evidence for Age-Old Practices. Journal of Career Development. 2020; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Scott C. Campanario; Lynette H. Bikos; Dana L. Kendall. 2020. "Ignatian Spirituality and Career Development: New Evidence for Age-Old Practices." Journal of Career Development , no. : 1.

Research article
Published: 02 September 2020 in The Counseling Psychologist
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Adjustment to the interpersonal and environmental contexts of a host country is critical for sojourners. Founded in social cognitive career theory, the Self-Efficacy for Sociocultural Adaptation Scale (SESCAS) is a multidimensional scale that assesses self-efficacy for three types of tasks (affective, behavioral, cognitive) in two cultural contexts (environmental, interpersonal). We conducted item-total correlations, confirmatory factor analyses, reliability analyses (test-retest, internal consistency), within-scale convergent and discriminant validity, convergent and discriminant validity, and predictive validity assessments across an initial sample of the general population ( n = 227), a cross-validation sample of undergraduate students enrolled in education abroad ( n = 546), and a predictive validity sample of re-entered education abroad undergraduates ( n = 74). Psychometric properties of the scale support its use as a total score and as various subfactor constellations. Researchers are encouraged to use the SESCAS to explore how self-efficacy for sociocultural adaptation may contribute to global learning outcomes and well-being.

ACS Style

Lynette H. Bikos; Rebekah Forman; Kaitlin M. Patton. The Self-Efficacy for Sociocultural Adaptation Scale (SESCAS): Development and Initial Psychometric Evaluation. The Counseling Psychologist 2020, 49, 33 -79.

AMA Style

Lynette H. Bikos, Rebekah Forman, Kaitlin M. Patton. The Self-Efficacy for Sociocultural Adaptation Scale (SESCAS): Development and Initial Psychometric Evaluation. The Counseling Psychologist. 2020; 49 (1):33-79.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lynette H. Bikos; Rebekah Forman; Kaitlin M. Patton. 2020. "The Self-Efficacy for Sociocultural Adaptation Scale (SESCAS): Development and Initial Psychometric Evaluation." The Counseling Psychologist 49, no. 1: 33-79.

Journal article
Published: 16 March 2020 in Sustainability
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Sociocultural adaptation to the host country is an important corollary to the psychological well-being of international students. We used structural equation modeling (SEM) to test a model of sociocultural adaptation and psychological wellbeing. International students in Ankara, Turkey (N = 161, mean age = 22.35) completed online surveys. Consistent with our hypotheses, interpersonal connections with host nationals predicted greater sociocultural adaptation (β = 0.250, p = 0.001) and interpersonal connections with co-nationals resulted in poorer psychological adjustment (β = −0.171, p = 0.025). Host-country language proficiency led to better sociocultural adaptation (β = 0.262, p < 0.001), and perceptions of greater cultural distance had a negative impact on both psychological (β = 0.314, p < 0.001) and sociocultural adaptation (β = 0.328, p < 0.001). Thus, students who were able to engage in relations with host-country nationals fared better. Our results provide insight for sending and receiving institutions regarding the preparation (e.g., exploring cognitive frames for immersion, language skills, reviewing coping strategies) and supportive services (e.g., connection with host country nationals) that will facilitate the adjustment of international students.

ACS Style

Renee Gibbs; Oya Yerin Güneri; Thomas Pankau; Lynette Bikos. Birds of a Feather Fare Less Well Together: Modeling Predictors of International Student Adaptation. Sustainability 2020, 12, 2317 .

AMA Style

Renee Gibbs, Oya Yerin Güneri, Thomas Pankau, Lynette Bikos. Birds of a Feather Fare Less Well Together: Modeling Predictors of International Student Adaptation. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (6):2317.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Renee Gibbs; Oya Yerin Güneri; Thomas Pankau; Lynette Bikos. 2020. "Birds of a Feather Fare Less Well Together: Modeling Predictors of International Student Adaptation." Sustainability 12, no. 6: 2317.

Journal article
Published: 02 June 2014 in The Career Development Quarterly
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ACS Style

Lynette H. Bikos; Deanna Haney; Richard W. Edwards; Mark A. North; Meg Quint; Jillian McLellan; Diana L. Ecker. Missionary Kid Career Development: A Consensual Qualitative Research Investigation Through a Social Cognitive Lens. The Career Development Quarterly 2014, 62, 156 -174.

AMA Style

Lynette H. Bikos, Deanna Haney, Richard W. Edwards, Mark A. North, Meg Quint, Jillian McLellan, Diana L. Ecker. Missionary Kid Career Development: A Consensual Qualitative Research Investigation Through a Social Cognitive Lens. The Career Development Quarterly. 2014; 62 (2):156-174.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lynette H. Bikos; Deanna Haney; Richard W. Edwards; Mark A. North; Meg Quint; Jillian McLellan; Diana L. Ecker. 2014. "Missionary Kid Career Development: A Consensual Qualitative Research Investigation Through a Social Cognitive Lens." The Career Development Quarterly 62, no. 2: 156-174.

Journal article
Published: 01 June 2014 in Journal of Youth Development
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The highlights of a study of the 4-H Record Book (RB) in light of the four positive youth development (PYD) concepts: belonging, mastery, independence, and generosity are discussed in this paper. Utilizing qualitative methods we interviewed 21 participants (14 leaders, 9 recent 4-H alumni) from 9 states. Results describe the ways in which participants perceived that the RB (a) supports the four PYD concepts (e.g., “RB fosters independence through the goal setting, monitoring, and appraising process”) and (b) does not support, or should be revised to support the concept (e.g., “RB competitions may hinder mastery”). Our results support the RB as a PYD intervention but we recommend that states/counties consider these results when revising RBs. In light of concerns about age and developmental appropriateness, we suggest that the most pressing question is whether or not the traditionally formatted RB is appropriate for all 4-Hers. We encourage RB committees to engage professionals with developmental expertise (e.g., educators) in RB revisions.

ACS Style

Lynette H. Bikos; Deanna M. Haney; Katie Kirkpatrick-Husk; Serena Hsia. A Qualitative Evaluation of the 4-H Record Book in Light of the PYD Concepts: Belonging, Mastery, Independence, and Generosity. Journal of Youth Development 2014, 9, 99 -115.

AMA Style

Lynette H. Bikos, Deanna M. Haney, Katie Kirkpatrick-Husk, Serena Hsia. A Qualitative Evaluation of the 4-H Record Book in Light of the PYD Concepts: Belonging, Mastery, Independence, and Generosity. Journal of Youth Development. 2014; 9 (2):99-115.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lynette H. Bikos; Deanna M. Haney; Katie Kirkpatrick-Husk; Serena Hsia. 2014. "A Qualitative Evaluation of the 4-H Record Book in Light of the PYD Concepts: Belonging, Mastery, Independence, and Generosity." Journal of Youth Development 9, no. 2: 99-115.

Dataset
Published: 01 January 2014 in PsycEXTRA Dataset
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ACS Style

Lynette H. Bikos; Melissa Gowen; Heather Rodney. Calling, Vocational Identity, and Psychological Well-Being in International Short-Term Missioners. PsycEXTRA Dataset 2014, 1 .

AMA Style

Lynette H. Bikos, Melissa Gowen, Heather Rodney. Calling, Vocational Identity, and Psychological Well-Being in International Short-Term Missioners. PsycEXTRA Dataset. 2014; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lynette H. Bikos; Melissa Gowen; Heather Rodney. 2014. "Calling, Vocational Identity, and Psychological Well-Being in International Short-Term Missioners." PsycEXTRA Dataset , no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 09 December 2013 in The Career Development Quarterly
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This annual review of the 2012 career development/vocational psychology literature includes 191 empirical (69%) and conceptual (31%) articles from career, counseling, development, and international journals. The review is divided into 4 major areas: professional issues, work and well‐being, life‐span perspectives, and career theory and concepts. Subsumed within these clusters are foci on the status of career/vocational guidance around the globe, the career development experiences of immigrants, and the effects of economic stress. The authors offer three summarizing impressions. First, the 2012 collection is definitively global; this is a credit to the individual and institutional dimensions of the counseling profession. Second, the research articles represent a wide array of methodological approaches, and researchers have made wise research design choices for their areas of inquiry. Third, there is a true professional responsiveness to the needs of the world. It is suggested that the 2012 literature reflects Parsons's early vision of social justice and multiculturalism.

ACS Style

Lynette H. Bikos; Elizabeth C. Dykhouse; Stephen K. Boutin; Melissa J. Gowen; Heather E. Rodney. Practice and Research in Career Counseling and Development-2012. The Career Development Quarterly 2013, 61, 290 -329.

AMA Style

Lynette H. Bikos, Elizabeth C. Dykhouse, Stephen K. Boutin, Melissa J. Gowen, Heather E. Rodney. Practice and Research in Career Counseling and Development-2012. The Career Development Quarterly. 2013; 61 (4):290-329.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lynette H. Bikos; Elizabeth C. Dykhouse; Stephen K. Boutin; Melissa J. Gowen; Heather E. Rodney. 2013. "Practice and Research in Career Counseling and Development-2012." The Career Development Quarterly 61, no. 4: 290-329.

Journal article
Published: 30 January 2012 in Journal of Career Development
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Using life role salience theory, we investigated the extent to which occupational, parental, marital, and home care roles explained mental health outcomes among female expatriate spouses. Participants ( N = 86) were from English-speaking Northern American or Western European countries; the average age was 38. Results of a two-way within-subject analysis of variance suggested that the occupational role was least important. In a comparison of role expectations, participants had greater value for (than commitment to) their parental role; the reverse was true for the marital role. Results of a path analysis explained 10% of the variance in psychological distress via a direct path from career role importance (β = .14) and an indirect path from the marital role importance through marital satisfaction (β = −.12). Three paths (parental role importance, β = .14; home care role importance, β = .15; indirectly from marital role importance through marital satisfaction, β = .18) explained 24% of the variance in psychological well-being.

ACS Style

Lynette H. Bikos; Julia Kocheleva. Life Role Salience Dimensions and Mental Health Outcomes Among Female Expatriate Spouses in Turkey. Journal of Career Development 2012, 40, 107 -126.

AMA Style

Lynette H. Bikos, Julia Kocheleva. Life Role Salience Dimensions and Mental Health Outcomes Among Female Expatriate Spouses in Turkey. Journal of Career Development. 2012; 40 (2):107-126.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lynette H. Bikos; Julia Kocheleva. 2012. "Life Role Salience Dimensions and Mental Health Outcomes Among Female Expatriate Spouses in Turkey." Journal of Career Development 40, no. 2: 107-126.

Dataset
Published: 01 January 2012 in PsycEXTRA Dataset
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ACS Style

Lynette H. Bikos; Diana Ecker; Richard W. Edwards; Deanna Haney; Jillian Mclellan; Mark North; Meghan Quint. CQR Exploration of Career Development in Repatriated Missionary Kids. PsycEXTRA Dataset 2012, 1 .

AMA Style

Lynette H. Bikos, Diana Ecker, Richard W. Edwards, Deanna Haney, Jillian Mclellan, Mark North, Meghan Quint. CQR Exploration of Career Development in Repatriated Missionary Kids. PsycEXTRA Dataset. 2012; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lynette H. Bikos; Diana Ecker; Richard W. Edwards; Deanna Haney; Jillian Mclellan; Mark North; Meghan Quint. 2012. "CQR Exploration of Career Development in Repatriated Missionary Kids." PsycEXTRA Dataset , no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 01 June 2011 in Journal of Youth Development
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This study investigated the acquisition, interpretation, and utilization of research evidence in the 4-H Youth Development Program from the frame of Social Cognitive Theory. Utilizing Consensual Qualitative Research, we interviewed twenty 4-H faculty, staff, and volunteers from seven states. Results indicated four domains, which covered participants’ definitions of research utilization, their experiences utilizing research, the process of acquiring and distributing research, and barriers and facilitators to research utilization. Participants described research use primarily in terms of improving 4-H programs. They discussed their level of confidence (i.e. self-efficacy) in finding and applying research evidence and their beliefs about the outcomes of research utilization (i.e. outcomes expectancy). Participants mentioned such barriers as not knowing where to look for research, lack of time, lack of funding, and difficulty applying research findings to their work. The facilitators included support from other 4-H colleagues and availability of 4-H specific conferences, publications, and curriculum databases.

ACS Style

Lynette H. Bikos; Julia A. Kocheleva; Twyla Campbell; Ritesh Daryani; Sandeep Chahil; Terran Brown; Yolanda Winberg; Liz Pavese. Investigating the Utilization of Research Evidence in the 4-H Youth Development Program. Journal of Youth Development 2011, 6, 24 -38.

AMA Style

Lynette H. Bikos, Julia A. Kocheleva, Twyla Campbell, Ritesh Daryani, Sandeep Chahil, Terran Brown, Yolanda Winberg, Liz Pavese. Investigating the Utilization of Research Evidence in the 4-H Youth Development Program. Journal of Youth Development. 2011; 6 (2):24-38.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lynette H. Bikos; Julia A. Kocheleva; Twyla Campbell; Ritesh Daryani; Sandeep Chahil; Terran Brown; Yolanda Winberg; Liz Pavese. 2011. "Investigating the Utilization of Research Evidence in the 4-H Youth Development Program." Journal of Youth Development 6, no. 2: 24-38.

Original articles
Published: 20 October 2009 in Mental Health, Religion & Culture
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ACS Style

Lynette H. Bikos; M. Elizabeth Lewis Hall. Psychological functioning of international missionaries: introduction to the special issue. Mental Health, Religion & Culture 2009, 12, 605 -609.

AMA Style

Lynette H. Bikos, M. Elizabeth Lewis Hall. Psychological functioning of international missionaries: introduction to the special issue. Mental Health, Religion & Culture. 2009; 12 (7):605-609.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lynette H. Bikos; M. Elizabeth Lewis Hall. 2009. "Psychological functioning of international missionaries: introduction to the special issue." Mental Health, Religion & Culture 12, no. 7: 605-609.

Original articles
Published: 20 October 2009 in Mental Health, Religion & Culture
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A growing body of literature suggests that children of international missionaries (missionary kids; MKs) struggle with repatriation and have lower levels of well-being than non-MK peers. Unfortunately, many of these reports provide only frequency or bivariate-level data, fail to report the magnitude of differences or problems, and are not theoretically driven. We responded to these needs with a multivariate comparison of 63 MKs and 63 university students (with no expatriation history) from a Christian university. Results indicated significant differences between the MK and university student samples on measures of psychological well-being and sociocultural adaptation. Moreover, a mediated model, with sociocultural adaptation as a mediator between psychological well-being and MK status, was supported. MK supporters, such as recipient universities, mission-sending organisations, and the Christian fraternity Mu Kappa may be able to assist with some of the sociocultural adaptation challenges identified (e.g. understanding the American perspective, interacting with others, understanding humour).

ACS Style

Michael J. Klemens; Lynette H. Bikos. Psychological well-being and sociocultural adaptation in college-aged, repatriated, missionary kids. Mental Health, Religion & Culture 2009, 12, 721 -733.

AMA Style

Michael J. Klemens, Lynette H. Bikos. Psychological well-being and sociocultural adaptation in college-aged, repatriated, missionary kids. Mental Health, Religion & Culture. 2009; 12 (7):721-733.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Michael J. Klemens; Lynette H. Bikos. 2009. "Psychological well-being and sociocultural adaptation in college-aged, repatriated, missionary kids." Mental Health, Religion & Culture 12, no. 7: 721-733.

Original articles
Published: 20 October 2009 in Mental Health, Religion & Culture
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Previous research has demonstrated that international religious workers struggle more than other expatriate groups; our purpose was to investigate these differences. Data were from a larger project where 32 American female expatriate spouses were evaluated at three-month intervals during their first year of expatriation to a Middle Eastern country. Disaggregating the data allowed a comparison of worker outcomes (n = 5) to other expats (n = 25). Results indicated that worker marital satisfaction and global psychological functioning means were lower at most time-in-country intervals. Moreover, normative comparisons, a statistical procedure used to compare worker scores of global psychological functioning to a normative sample of chronically ill medical patients, indicated that worker scores were meaningfully lower at three- and nine-month intervals. In contrast, workers valued marital, parental, occupational, and homemaker life roles more than other expats. A consensual qualitative research analysis provides a longitudinal narrative unfolding of the first-year worker adaptation.

ACS Style

Lynette H. Bikos; Michael J. Klemens; Leigh A. Randa; Alyson Barry; Thomas Bore; Renee Gibbs; Julia Kocheleva. First-year adaptation of female, expatriate religious and humanitarian aid workers: a mixed methods analysis. Mental Health, Religion & Culture 2009, 12, 639 -661.

AMA Style

Lynette H. Bikos, Michael J. Klemens, Leigh A. Randa, Alyson Barry, Thomas Bore, Renee Gibbs, Julia Kocheleva. First-year adaptation of female, expatriate religious and humanitarian aid workers: a mixed methods analysis. Mental Health, Religion & Culture. 2009; 12 (7):639-661.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lynette H. Bikos; Michael J. Klemens; Leigh A. Randa; Alyson Barry; Thomas Bore; Renee Gibbs; Julia Kocheleva. 2009. "First-year adaptation of female, expatriate religious and humanitarian aid workers: a mixed methods analysis." Mental Health, Religion & Culture 12, no. 7: 639-661.

Original articles
Published: 20 October 2009 in Mental Health, Religion & Culture
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A growing body of literature has documented the repatriation difficulties of children who have spent some portion of their developmental years outside their passport country; this cultural crisis is particularly evident for the repatriated missionary kid (MK). Our study employed a constructivist-interpretivist approach with Consensual Qualitative Research (CQR) to interview young adult, repatriated MKs (n = 9) and those who support them (n = 4). CQR analysis of the MK data resulted in three domains (adjusting to the home country, MK identity and personal growth, and support systems) and 16 core ideas which elaborate on those themes. Separate CQR analysis of the MK supporter interviews resulted in four similar domains (adjustment, identity, relationships, support systems) and 16 core ideas. Our results have been useful in better integrating the foregoing research and in providing suggestions for facilitating positive MK repatriation.

ACS Style

Lynette H. Bikos; Julia Kocheleva; David King; Glenna C. Chang; Anne McKenzie; Chris Roenicke; Victoria Campbell; Katrina Eckard. A consensual qualitative investigation into the repatriation experiences of young adult, missionary kids. Mental Health, Religion & Culture 2009, 12, 735 -754.

AMA Style

Lynette H. Bikos, Julia Kocheleva, David King, Glenna C. Chang, Anne McKenzie, Chris Roenicke, Victoria Campbell, Katrina Eckard. A consensual qualitative investigation into the repatriation experiences of young adult, missionary kids. Mental Health, Religion & Culture. 2009; 12 (7):735-754.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lynette H. Bikos; Julia Kocheleva; David King; Glenna C. Chang; Anne McKenzie; Chris Roenicke; Victoria Campbell; Katrina Eckard. 2009. "A consensual qualitative investigation into the repatriation experiences of young adult, missionary kids." Mental Health, Religion & Culture 12, no. 7: 735-754.

Dataset
Published: 01 January 2009 in PsycEXTRA Dataset
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ACS Style

Lynette H. Bikos; David R. King; Nicola DePaul; Rebekah Forman. Qualitative Investigation of Internationalizing the Undergraduate and Graduate Psychology Curricula. PsycEXTRA Dataset 2009, 1 .

AMA Style

Lynette H. Bikos, David R. King, Nicola DePaul, Rebekah Forman. Qualitative Investigation of Internationalizing the Undergraduate and Graduate Psychology Curricula. PsycEXTRA Dataset. 2009; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lynette H. Bikos; David R. King; Nicola DePaul; Rebekah Forman. 2009. "Qualitative Investigation of Internationalizing the Undergraduate and Graduate Psychology Curricula." PsycEXTRA Dataset , no. : 1.

Dataset
Published: 01 January 2008 in PsycEXTRA Dataset
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ACS Style

Renee Gibbs; Lynette H. Bikos; Julia Kocheleva. Toward a career adaptability model of understanding the expatriate transition. PsycEXTRA Dataset 2008, 1 .

AMA Style

Renee Gibbs, Lynette H. Bikos, Julia Kocheleva. Toward a career adaptability model of understanding the expatriate transition. PsycEXTRA Dataset. 2008; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Renee Gibbs; Lynette H. Bikos; Julia Kocheleva. 2008. "Toward a career adaptability model of understanding the expatriate transition." PsycEXTRA Dataset , no. : 1.

Other
Published: 01 September 2007 in Journal of Career Development
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Using a 1-year longitudinal-panel design, 32 American, female expatriate spouses who relocated to Ankara, Turkey, completed measures of global functioning and were interviewed at just-arrived, 3-, 6-, 9-, and 12-month stages. Because of the mixed methods approach of this project, results of the Naturalistic Inquiry are reported in a companion manuscript (Bikos et al., 2007, this issue). Differences in the importance and expectation of life roles (i.e., occupational, parent, marital, homecare) were found. Quantitative results indicated no differences in life roles importance, alcohol use, marital satisfaction, or mental health functioning as a function of time-in-country. Analyses do not support the culture shock/ U-curve model as a predictable pattern of adaptation. The authors conclude that time-in-country is only one of a myriad of variables that could be used to predict adaptation. Future expatriate research should use models that offer greater complexity.

ACS Style

Lynette H. Bikos; Ayşe Çiftçi; Oya Yerin Güneri; Cennet Engin Demir; Zeynep Hatipoglu Sümer; Sharrie Danielson; Shelly Devries; Wendy A. Bilgen. A Repeated Measures Investigation of the First-Year Adaptation Experiences of the Female Expatriate Spouse Living in Turkey. Journal of Career Development 2007, 34, 5 -26.

AMA Style

Lynette H. Bikos, Ayşe Çiftçi, Oya Yerin Güneri, Cennet Engin Demir, Zeynep Hatipoglu Sümer, Sharrie Danielson, Shelly Devries, Wendy A. Bilgen. A Repeated Measures Investigation of the First-Year Adaptation Experiences of the Female Expatriate Spouse Living in Turkey. Journal of Career Development. 2007; 34 (1):5-26.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lynette H. Bikos; Ayşe Çiftçi; Oya Yerin Güneri; Cennet Engin Demir; Zeynep Hatipoglu Sümer; Sharrie Danielson; Shelly Devries; Wendy A. Bilgen. 2007. "A Repeated Measures Investigation of the First-Year Adaptation Experiences of the Female Expatriate Spouse Living in Turkey." Journal of Career Development 34, no. 1: 5-26.

Research article
Published: 01 September 2007 in Journal of Career Development
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Using a one-year longitudinal-panel design, 32 American, female, expatriate spouses who relocated to Ankara, Turkey, were interviewed at just-arrived, 3-, 6-, 9-, and 12-months stages. This project utilized mixed methods research design. Results of the quantitative, repeated measures component is reported in Bikos et al. (2007, this issue). Results of the Naturalistic Inquiry provided rich, thick descriptions of eight themes as they unfolded through the first year of this expatriate assignment. The resulting themes included predeparture preparation, settling in, impact of expatriation on the wife's life roles, social emotional functioning, approaches to coping, supportive systems, language, and interaction with the host culture. The authors interpreted the results in light of the life role salience and career adaptability constructs of Super's Life-Span, Life-Space approach to career development. In addition, results of this project integrated well with previous research about expatriate spouse adjustment.

ACS Style

Lynette H. Bikos; Ayşe Çiftçi; Oya Yerin Güneri; Cennet Engin Demir; Zeynep Hatipoglu Sümer; Sharrie Danielson; Shelly Devries; Wendy A. Bilgen. A Longitudinal, Naturalistic Inquiry of the Adaptation Experiences of the Female Expatriate Spouse Living in Turkey. Journal of Career Development 2007, 34, 28 -58.

AMA Style

Lynette H. Bikos, Ayşe Çiftçi, Oya Yerin Güneri, Cennet Engin Demir, Zeynep Hatipoglu Sümer, Sharrie Danielson, Shelly Devries, Wendy A. Bilgen. A Longitudinal, Naturalistic Inquiry of the Adaptation Experiences of the Female Expatriate Spouse Living in Turkey. Journal of Career Development. 2007; 34 (1):28-58.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lynette H. Bikos; Ayşe Çiftçi; Oya Yerin Güneri; Cennet Engin Demir; Zeynep Hatipoglu Sümer; Sharrie Danielson; Shelly Devries; Wendy A. Bilgen. 2007. "A Longitudinal, Naturalistic Inquiry of the Adaptation Experiences of the Female Expatriate Spouse Living in Turkey." Journal of Career Development 34, no. 1: 28-58.

Dataset
Published: 01 January 2007 in PsycEXTRA Dataset
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ACS Style

Lynette H. Bikos; Michael Klemens; Leigh Randa; Alyson Barry; Thomas Bore. Sojourn Abroad: Adjustment Experiences of Missionaries and Humanitarian Aid Workers. PsycEXTRA Dataset 2007, 1 .

AMA Style

Lynette H. Bikos, Michael Klemens, Leigh Randa, Alyson Barry, Thomas Bore. Sojourn Abroad: Adjustment Experiences of Missionaries and Humanitarian Aid Workers. PsycEXTRA Dataset. 2007; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lynette H. Bikos; Michael Klemens; Leigh Randa; Alyson Barry; Thomas Bore. 2007. "Sojourn Abroad: Adjustment Experiences of Missionaries and Humanitarian Aid Workers." PsycEXTRA Dataset , no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 01 December 2005 in International Journal for the Advancement of Counselling
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This study tested the proposition that national similarity between counselor and client results in improved counseling outcome. Using a repeated-measures, quasi-experimental design, eight female counselors (four Turkish, four American) saw 16 volunteer, expatriate female American clients for single, individual counseling sessions. Results indicated no differences on (a) clients’ and counselors’ ratings of working alliance and of progress on goals, or (b) clients’ ratings of utilization intent as a function of counselor nationality. Irrespective of nationality, clients’ ratings of working alliance were higher than their counselors. These results echo a trend suggesting that clients’ preferences for cultural/ethnic similarity dissipate as the research methodology approximates actual counseling sessions. Additionally, local mental health service providers may be a viable resource for expatriate Americans.

ACS Style

Lynette H. Bikos; Ayşe Çiftçi Uruk. Counseling Outcome as a Function of Counselor Nationality for American Expatriate Clients. International Journal for the Advancement of Counselling 2005, 27, 523 -539.

AMA Style

Lynette H. Bikos, Ayşe Çiftçi Uruk. Counseling Outcome as a Function of Counselor Nationality for American Expatriate Clients. International Journal for the Advancement of Counselling. 2005; 27 (4):523-539.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lynette H. Bikos; Ayşe Çiftçi Uruk. 2005. "Counseling Outcome as a Function of Counselor Nationality for American Expatriate Clients." International Journal for the Advancement of Counselling 27, no. 4: 523-539.