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Chenlin Hu
College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Calhoun Road 4849, Houston, TX 77204, USA

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Journal article
Published: 27 July 2021 in Microorganisms
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Freshwater cyanobacterial blooms (e.g., Microcystis blooms) constitute a major global environmental problem because of their risks to public health and aquatic ecological systems. Current physicochemical treatments of toxic cyanobacteria cause the significant release of cyanotoxin microcystins from damaged cells. Biological control is a promising eco-friendly technology to manage harmful cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins. Here, we demonstrated an efficient biological control strategy at the laboratory scale to simultaneously remove Microcystis and microcystins via the combined use of the algicidal bacterial filtrate and the microcystin-degrading enzymatic agent. The algicidal indigenous bacterium Paenibacillus sp. SJ-73 was isolated from the sediment of northern Lake Taihu, China, and the microcystin-degrading enzymatic agent (MlrA) was prepared via the heterologous expression of the mlrA gene in the indigenous microcystin-degrading bacterium Sphingopyxis sp. HW isolated from Lake Taihu. The single use of a fermentation filtrate (5%, v/v) of Paenibacillus sp. SJ-73 for seven days removed the unicellular Microcystis aeruginosa PCC 7806 and the native colonial Microcystis strain TH1701 in Lake Taihu by 84% and 92%, respectively, whereas the single use of MlrA removed 85% of microcystins. Used in combination, the fermentation filtrate and MlrA removed Microcystis TH1701 and microcystins by 92% and 79%, respectively. The present biological control thus provides an important technical basis for the further development of safe, efficient, and effective measures to manage Microcystis blooms and microcystins in natural waterbodies.

ACS Style

Suqin Wang; Siyu Yang; Jun Zuo; Chenlin Hu; Lirong Song; Nanqin Gan; Peng Chen. Simultaneous Removal of the Freshwater Bloom-Forming Cyanobacterium Microcystis and Cyanotoxin Microcystins via Combined Use of Algicidal Bacterial Filtrate and the Microcystin-Degrading Enzymatic Agent, MlrA. Microorganisms 2021, 9, 1594 .

AMA Style

Suqin Wang, Siyu Yang, Jun Zuo, Chenlin Hu, Lirong Song, Nanqin Gan, Peng Chen. Simultaneous Removal of the Freshwater Bloom-Forming Cyanobacterium Microcystis and Cyanotoxin Microcystins via Combined Use of Algicidal Bacterial Filtrate and the Microcystin-Degrading Enzymatic Agent, MlrA. Microorganisms. 2021; 9 (8):1594.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Suqin Wang; Siyu Yang; Jun Zuo; Chenlin Hu; Lirong Song; Nanqin Gan; Peng Chen. 2021. "Simultaneous Removal of the Freshwater Bloom-Forming Cyanobacterium Microcystis and Cyanotoxin Microcystins via Combined Use of Algicidal Bacterial Filtrate and the Microcystin-Degrading Enzymatic Agent, MlrA." Microorganisms 9, no. 8: 1594.

Review
Published: 04 December 2019 in Toxins
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Microcystis is the most common freshwater bloom-forming cyanobacterium. Its massive blooms not only adversely affect the functionality of aquatic ecosystems, but are also associated with the production of microcystins (MCs), a group of potent toxins that become a threat to public health when cell-bound MCs are significantly released from the dying Microcystis into the water column. Managing Microcystis blooms thus requires sufficient knowledge regarding both the cell death modes and the release of toxins. Recently, more and more studies have demonstrated the occurrence of programmed cell death-like (or apoptosis-like) events in laboratory and field samples of Microcystis. Apoptosis is a genetically controlled process that is essential for the development and survival of metazoa; however, it has been gradually realized to be an existing phenomenon playing important ecological roles in unicellular microorganisms. Here, we review the current progress and the existing knowledge gap regarding apoptosis-like death in Microcystis. Specifically, we focus first on the tools utilized to characterize the apoptosis-related biochemical and morphological features in Microcystis. We further outline various stressful stimuli that trigger the occurrence of apoptosis and discuss the potential mechanisms of apoptosis in Microcystis. We then propose a conceptual model to describe the functional coupling of apoptosis and MC in Microcystis. This model could be useful for understanding both roles of MC and apoptosis in this species. Lastly, we conclude the review by highlighting the current knowledge gap and considering the direction of future research. Overall, this review provides a recent update with respect to the knowledge of apoptosis in Microcystis and also offers a guide for future investigations of its ecology and survival strategies.

ACS Style

Chenlin Hu; Piotr Rzymski. Programmed Cell Death-Like and Accompanying Release of Microcystin in Freshwater Bloom-Forming Cyanobacterium Microcystis: From Identification to Ecological Relevance. Toxins 2019, 11, 706 .

AMA Style

Chenlin Hu, Piotr Rzymski. Programmed Cell Death-Like and Accompanying Release of Microcystin in Freshwater Bloom-Forming Cyanobacterium Microcystis: From Identification to Ecological Relevance. Toxins. 2019; 11 (12):706.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chenlin Hu; Piotr Rzymski. 2019. "Programmed Cell Death-Like and Accompanying Release of Microcystin in Freshwater Bloom-Forming Cyanobacterium Microcystis: From Identification to Ecological Relevance." Toxins 11, no. 12: 706.

Review
Published: 16 November 2019 in Current Infectious Disease Reports
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The global emergence of antifungal resistance among Candida spp. and Aspergillus spp. is a growing threat to public health, driven largely by the expanding use of antifungals in both the clinical and agricultural settings. As treatment options remain limited, understanding mechanisms and risk factors for antifungal resistance is essential to retaining their clinical utility. Invasive candidiasis is increasingly caused by non-albicans Candida species with reduced susceptibility to first-line antifungals, making empiric treatment decisions difficult. Echinocandin resistance in C. glabrata is increasing at some high-risk centers, and multi-drug-resistant isolates are increasingly encountered. Of large concern is the rapid and global emergence of C. auris, a species associated with a high propensity for developing multi-drug resistance and nosocomial transmission. Azole resistance is now becoming more common in Aspergillus isolates as well, with breakthrough infections occurring in patients previously managed with azoles antifungals. The appearance of azole-resistant Aspergillus isolates in azole-naïve patients is also concerning, given it is now accepted that this may be due to the use of non-human azole compounds in pesticides. Due to the climbing use of antifungals in both the clinical and agricultural sectors, the frequency of encounters with antifungal-resistant isolates will undoubtedly rise in parallel. Antifungal stewardship will need to become a new priority for antimicrobial stewardship programs in order to preserve our current selection of antifungal agents. Rapid diagnostics may help stewardship efforts by decreasing the time it takes to determine if an antifungal agent is indicated for a patient.

ACS Style

Joshua Hendrickson; Chenlin Hu; Samuel L. Aitken; Nicholas Beyda. Antifungal Resistance: a Concerning Trend for the Present and Future. Current Infectious Disease Reports 2019, 21, 47 .

AMA Style

Joshua Hendrickson, Chenlin Hu, Samuel L. Aitken, Nicholas Beyda. Antifungal Resistance: a Concerning Trend for the Present and Future. Current Infectious Disease Reports. 2019; 21 (12):47.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Joshua Hendrickson; Chenlin Hu; Samuel L. Aitken; Nicholas Beyda. 2019. "Antifungal Resistance: a Concerning Trend for the Present and Future." Current Infectious Disease Reports 21, no. 12: 47.

Journal article
Published: 10 January 2019 in Analytical Sciences
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Japan's largest platform for academic e-journals: J-STAGE is a full text database for reviewed academic papers published by Japanese societies

ACS Style

Chenlin Hu; Jiyoung Lee. A Novel Proof-of-Concept Sandwich Immunoassay for Screening Microcystin in Cyanobacteria Based on Michael Addition Reaction. Analytical Sciences 2019, 35, 107 -111.

AMA Style

Chenlin Hu, Jiyoung Lee. A Novel Proof-of-Concept Sandwich Immunoassay for Screening Microcystin in Cyanobacteria Based on Michael Addition Reaction. Analytical Sciences. 2019; 35 (1):107-111.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chenlin Hu; Jiyoung Lee. 2019. "A Novel Proof-of-Concept Sandwich Immunoassay for Screening Microcystin in Cyanobacteria Based on Michael Addition Reaction." Analytical Sciences 35, no. 1: 107-111.

Journal article
Published: 01 July 2018 in Harmful Algae
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Mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs) are UV-absorbing metabolites found in cyanobacteria. While their protective role from UV in Microcystis has been studied in a laboratory setting, a full understanding of the ecology of MAA-producing versus non-MAA-producing Microcystis in natural environments is lacking. This study presents a new tool for quantifying MAA-producing Microcystis and applies it to obtain insight into the dynamics of MAA-producing and non-MAA-producing Microcystis in Lake Erie. This study first developed a sensitive, specific TaqMan real-time PCR assay that targets MAA synthetase gene C (mysC) of Microcystis (quantitative range: 1.7 × 101 to 1.7 × 107 copies/assay). Using this assay, Microcystis was quantified with a MAA-producing genotype (mysC+) in water samples (n = 96) collected during March-November 2013 from 21 Lake Erie sites (undetectable − 8.4 × 106 copies/ml). The mysC+ genotype comprised 0.3–37.8% of the Microcystis population in Lake Erie during the study period. The proportion of the mysC+ genotype during high solar UV irradiation periods (mean = 18.8%) was significantly higher than that during lower UV periods (mean = 9.7%). Among the MAAs, shinorine (major) and porphyra (minor) were detected with HPLC-PDA-MS/MS from the Microcystis isolates and water samples. However, no significant difference in the MAA concentrations existed between higher and lower solar UV periods when the MAA concentrations were normalized with Microcystis mysC abundance. Collectively, this study’s findings suggest that the MAA-producing Microcystis are present in Lake Erie, and they may be ecologically advantageous under high UV conditions, but not to the point that they exclusively predominate over the non-MAA-producers.

ACS Style

Chenlin Hu; Stuart A. Ludsin; Jay F. Martin; Elke Dittmann; Jiyoung Lee. Mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs)—producing Microcystis in Lake Erie: Development of a qPCR assay and insight into its ecology. Harmful Algae 2018, 77, 1 -10.

AMA Style

Chenlin Hu, Stuart A. Ludsin, Jay F. Martin, Elke Dittmann, Jiyoung Lee. Mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs)—producing Microcystis in Lake Erie: Development of a qPCR assay and insight into its ecology. Harmful Algae. 2018; 77 ():1-10.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chenlin Hu; Stuart A. Ludsin; Jay F. Martin; Elke Dittmann; Jiyoung Lee. 2018. "Mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs)—producing Microcystis in Lake Erie: Development of a qPCR assay and insight into its ecology." Harmful Algae 77, no. : 1-10.

Journal article
Published: 01 December 2017 in Journal of Great Lakes Research
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ACS Style

David M. Wituszynski; Chenlin Hu; Feng Zhang; Justin Chaffin; Jiyoung Lee; Stuart A. Ludsin; Jay F. Martin. Microcystin in Lake Erie fish: Risk to human health and relationship to cyanobacterial blooms. Journal of Great Lakes Research 2017, 43, 1084 -1090.

AMA Style

David M. Wituszynski, Chenlin Hu, Feng Zhang, Justin Chaffin, Jiyoung Lee, Stuart A. Ludsin, Jay F. Martin. Microcystin in Lake Erie fish: Risk to human health and relationship to cyanobacterial blooms. Journal of Great Lakes Research. 2017; 43 (6):1084-1090.

Chicago/Turabian Style

David M. Wituszynski; Chenlin Hu; Feng Zhang; Justin Chaffin; Jiyoung Lee; Stuart A. Ludsin; Jay F. Martin. 2017. "Microcystin in Lake Erie fish: Risk to human health and relationship to cyanobacterial blooms." Journal of Great Lakes Research 43, no. 6: 1084-1090.

Original research article
Published: 08 May 2017 in Frontiers in Marine Science
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The growth of toxic Cyanobacterium, Microcystis aeruginosa, and the production of toxins, microcystins, pose serious concerns for the ecological health of lakes, such as western Lake Erie. The toxins are also significant health hazards and could contaminate tap water when sufficient and effective water treatment fails. In this study, water from the intakes of two water treatment plants along Lake Erie (Toledo and Painesville) were collected and examined for microcystins concentration (µg/L) and M. aeruginosa abundance (gene copies/mL) in concert with the performance of satellite-based cyanobacteria bloom indicators, chlorophyll-a and Cyanobacteria Index, a spectral shape index for monitoring the severity of cyanobacterial blooms from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) from May to October in 2013. Good correlations were observed between toxic M. aeruginosa, microcystins, and MODIS-retrieved bloom indicators for the Toledo water plant intake, where blooms were much more severe with higher chlorophyll-a, phycocyanin and microcystins, but not for the Painesville water plant intake in central Lake Erie where the blooms were less severe. The Spearman’s correlation (0.815) suggested a high correlation between the level of microcystins and MODIS-retrieved chlorophyll-a concentration for the Toledo intake point in western Lake Erie. Both total and toxic Microcystis abundance showed a significant positive correlation with MODIS-retrieved chlorophyll-a for the Toledo water intake, as well as the two locations combined. This finding demonstrates the potential for satellite remote sensing for detection and monitoring of cyanobacterial blooms as a potential early warning for protection of human health from regional bloom-impacted waters.

ACS Style

Feng Zhang; Chenlin Hu; C. K. Shum; Song Liang; Jiyoung Lee. Satellite Remote Sensing of Drinking Water Intakes in Lake Erie for Cyanobacteria Population Using Two MODIS-Based Indicators as a Potential Tool for Toxin Tracking. Frontiers in Marine Science 2017, 4, 1 .

AMA Style

Feng Zhang, Chenlin Hu, C. K. Shum, Song Liang, Jiyoung Lee. Satellite Remote Sensing of Drinking Water Intakes in Lake Erie for Cyanobacteria Population Using Two MODIS-Based Indicators as a Potential Tool for Toxin Tracking. Frontiers in Marine Science. 2017; 4 ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Feng Zhang; Chenlin Hu; C. K. Shum; Song Liang; Jiyoung Lee. 2017. "Satellite Remote Sensing of Drinking Water Intakes in Lake Erie for Cyanobacteria Population Using Two MODIS-Based Indicators as a Potential Tool for Toxin Tracking." Frontiers in Marine Science 4, no. : 1.

Original article
Published: 23 October 2015 in Journal of Applied Microbiology
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Aims Microcystis population and microcystin (MC) dynamics were investigated in western Lake Erie coastal wetlands and downstream beach water. A three‐dimensional (3‐D) model was developed to quantify how Microcystis population size and structure affect MCs. Methods and Results Real‐time PCR, denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) and enzyme‐linked immunoabsorbent assay (ELISA) were used. A moderate‐low level of Microcystis abundance and MCs were detected with a significant increase along the wetland flow and the spatiotemporal homogeneity of Microcystis populations. The proportion of toxigenic and nontoxgenic genotypes appeared to be more affected by the variation in two major Microcystis PC‐IGS genotypes. MC dynamics was associated with the changing Microcystis population size and structure. The 3‐D model showed that Microcystis population with greater Microcystis PC‐IGS abundance (and simultaneously higher diversity) had more MCs. Conclusion Microcystin variation was significantly affected by Microcystis population size and structure. The 3‐D model also revealed the relative importance of Microcystis population size and structure in determining MCs in the Lake Erie costal wetland and downstream beach water. Significance and Impact of the Study This study enriches our understanding of Microcystis population and microcystin ecology in a western Lake Erie coastal wetland and downstream beach water. Our illustrative model brings a new perspective for understanding the ecological relationship between Microcystis population size and structure and MCs.

ACS Style

Chenlin Hu; Chris Rea; Zhongtang Yu; Jiyoung Lee. Relative importance of Microcystis abundance and diversity in determining microcystin dynamics in Lake Erie coastal wetland and downstream beach water. Journal of Applied Microbiology 2015, 120, 138 -151.

AMA Style

Chenlin Hu, Chris Rea, Zhongtang Yu, Jiyoung Lee. Relative importance of Microcystis abundance and diversity in determining microcystin dynamics in Lake Erie coastal wetland and downstream beach water. Journal of Applied Microbiology. 2015; 120 (1):138-151.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chenlin Hu; Chris Rea; Zhongtang Yu; Jiyoung Lee. 2015. "Relative importance of Microcystis abundance and diversity in determining microcystin dynamics in Lake Erie coastal wetland and downstream beach water." Journal of Applied Microbiology 120, no. 1: 138-151.

Journal article
Published: 27 August 2014 in Environmental Microbiology
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The biological role of the widespread mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs) in cyanobacteria is under debate. Here, we have constructed and characterized two mutants impaired in MAA biosynthesis in the bloom-forming cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa PCC 7806. We could identify shinorine as the sole MAA type of the strain, which is exclusively located in the extracellular matrix. Bioinformatic studies as wells as polymerase chain reaction screening revealed that the ability to produce MAAs is sporadically distributed within the genus. Growth experiments and reactive oxygen species quantification with wild-type and mutant strains did not support a role of shinorine in protection against UV or other stress conditions in M. aeruginosa PCC 7806. The shinorine content per dry weight of cells as well as transcription of the mys gene cluster was not significantly elevated in response to UV-A, UV-B or any other stress condition tested. Remarkably, both mutants exhibited pronounced morphological changes compared with the wild type. We observed an increased accumulation and an enhanced hydrophobicity of the extracellular matrix. Our study suggests that MAAs in Microcystis play a negligible role in protection against UV radiation but might be a strain-specific trait involved in extracellular matrix formation and cell-cell interaction.

ACS Style

Chenlin Hu; Ginka Völler; Roderich Süssmuth; Elke Dittmann; Jan-Christoph Kehr. Functional assessment of mycosporine-like amino acids inMicrocystis aeruginosastrain PCC 7806. Environmental Microbiology 2014, 17, 1548 -1559.

AMA Style

Chenlin Hu, Ginka Völler, Roderich Süssmuth, Elke Dittmann, Jan-Christoph Kehr. Functional assessment of mycosporine-like amino acids inMicrocystis aeruginosastrain PCC 7806. Environmental Microbiology. 2014; 17 (5):1548-1559.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chenlin Hu; Ginka Völler; Roderich Süssmuth; Elke Dittmann; Jan-Christoph Kehr. 2014. "Functional assessment of mycosporine-like amino acids inMicrocystis aeruginosastrain PCC 7806." Environmental Microbiology 17, no. 5: 1548-1559.

Journal article
Published: 31 October 2011 in Environmental Microbiology
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Microcystis is a cosmopolitan genus of cyanobacteria and occurs in many different forms. Large surface blooms of the cyanobacterium are well known in eutrophic lakes throughout the globe. We evaluated the role of microcystins (MCs) in promoting and maintaining bloom‐forming cell aggregates at environmentally relevant MC concentrations (0.25–10 µg l−1). MCs significantly enhanced Microcystis colony sizes. Colonial diameters in microcystin‐RR (MC‐RR)‐treated cultures (at 1 µg l−1) were significantly larger than control colonies, by factors of 1.5, 2.6 and 2.7 in Microcystis wesenbergii DC‐M1, M. ichthyoblabe TH‐M1 and Microcystis sp. FACHB1027 respectively. Depletion of extracellular MC concentrations caused Microcystis colony size to decrease, suggesting that released MCs are intimately involved in the maintenance of Microcystis colonial size. MC‐RR exposure did not influence Microcystis growth rate, but did significantly increase the production of extracellular polysaccharides (EPS). In addition, MC‐RR exposure appeared to trigger upregulation of certain parts of four polysaccharide biosynthesis‐related genes: capD, csaB, tagH and epsL. These results strongly indicate that induction of polysaccharides by MC‐RR was the major mechanism through which MCs enhanced colony formation in Microcystis spp. Cellular release of MCs, therefore, may play a key role in the persistence of algal colonies and the dominance of Microcystis.

ACS Style

Nanqin Gan; Yan Xiao; Lin Zhu; Zhongxing Wu; Jin Liu; Chenlin Hu; Lirong Song. The role of microcystins in maintaining colonies of bloom-forming Microcystis spp. Environmental Microbiology 2011, 14, 730 -742.

AMA Style

Nanqin Gan, Yan Xiao, Lin Zhu, Zhongxing Wu, Jin Liu, Chenlin Hu, Lirong Song. The role of microcystins in maintaining colonies of bloom-forming Microcystis spp. Environmental Microbiology. 2011; 14 (3):730-742.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nanqin Gan; Yan Xiao; Lin Zhu; Zhongxing Wu; Jin Liu; Chenlin Hu; Lirong Song. 2011. "The role of microcystins in maintaining colonies of bloom-forming Microcystis spp." Environmental Microbiology 14, no. 3: 730-742.

Short communication
Published: 15 November 2009 in Talanta
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An indirect inhibitive surface plasmon resonance (SPR) immunoassay was developed for the microcystins (MCs) detection. The bioconjugate of MC-LR and bovine serum albumin (BSA) was immobilized on a CM5 sensor chip. A serial premixture of MC-LR standards (or samples) and monoclonal antibody (mAb) were injected over the functional sensor surface, and the subsequent specific immunoreaction was monitored on the BIAcore 3000 biosensor and generated a signal with an increasing intensity in response to the decreasing MCs concentration. The developed SPR immunoassay has a wide quantitative range in 1–100 μg L−1. Although not as sensitive as conventional enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), the SPR biosensor offered unique advantages: (1) the sensor chip could be reusable without any significant loss in its binding activity after 50 assay-regeneration cycles, (2) one single assay could be accomplished in 50 min (including 30-min preincubation and 20-min BIAcore analysis), and (3) this method did not require multiple steps. The SPR biosensor was also used to detect MCs in environmental samples, and the results compared well with those obtained by ELISA. We conclude that the SPR biosensor offers outstanding advantages for the MCs detection and may be further developed as a field-portable sensor for real-time monitoring of MCs on site in the near future.

ACS Style

Chenlin Hu; Nanqin Gan; Yuanyuan Chen; Lijun Bi; Xianen Zhang; Lirong Song. Detection of microcystins in environmental samples using surface plasmon resonance biosensor. Talanta 2009, 80, 407 -410.

AMA Style

Chenlin Hu, Nanqin Gan, Yuanyuan Chen, Lijun Bi, Xianen Zhang, Lirong Song. Detection of microcystins in environmental samples using surface plasmon resonance biosensor. Talanta. 2009; 80 (1):407-410.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chenlin Hu; Nanqin Gan; Yuanyuan Chen; Lijun Bi; Xianen Zhang; Lirong Song. 2009. "Detection of microcystins in environmental samples using surface plasmon resonance biosensor." Talanta 80, no. 1: 407-410.

Original articles
Published: 29 February 2008 in International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry
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A novel chemiluminescent immunoassay method based on gold nanoparticles was developed for the detection of microcystins (MCs). The immunoassay included three main steps: indirect competitive immunoreaction, oxidative dissolution of gold nanoparticles, and indirect determination for MCs with Au3+-catalysed luminol chemiluminesent system. The method has a wide working range (0.05–10 µg L−1, r 2 = 0.9914), the limit of detection was determined to be 0.024 µg L−1, which is much lower than the World Health Organization's proposed guidelines (1 µg L−1) for drinking-water. The proposed method was applied to MC analysis in natural water and fish tissue samples, and most results in the proposed method were in agreement with the conventional indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method, which indicated that the new chemiluminescent immunoassay was sensitive, reliable, and suitable for MC analysis in natural water and fish tissue samples.

ACS Style

Chenlin Hu; Nanqin Gan; Zhike He; Lirong Song. A novel chemiluminescent immunoassay for microcystin (MC) detection based on gold nanoparticles label and its application to MC analysis in aquatic environmental samples. International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry 2008, 88, 267 -277.

AMA Style

Chenlin Hu, Nanqin Gan, Zhike He, Lirong Song. A novel chemiluminescent immunoassay for microcystin (MC) detection based on gold nanoparticles label and its application to MC analysis in aquatic environmental samples. International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry. 2008; 88 (4):267-277.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chenlin Hu; Nanqin Gan; Zhike He; Lirong Song. 2008. "A novel chemiluminescent immunoassay for microcystin (MC) detection based on gold nanoparticles label and its application to MC analysis in aquatic environmental samples." International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry 88, no. 4: 267-277.