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Nils Thonemann
Fraunhofer Institute for Environmental, Safety, and Energy Technology UMSICHT, 46047 Oberhausen, Germany

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Journal article
Published: 17 January 2021 in Sustainability
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Sustaining value after the end-of-life to improve products’ circularity and sustainability has attracted an increasing number of industrial actors, policymakers, and researchers. Medical products are considered to have great remanufacturing potential because they are often designated as single-use products and consist of various complex materials that cannot be reused and are not significant in municipal recycling infrastructure. The remanufacturing of electrophysiology catheters is a well-established process guaranteeing equivalent quality compared to virgin-produced catheters. In order to measure if using a remanufactured product is environmentally beneficial compared to using a virgin product, life cycle assessment (LCA) is often used. However, focusing on one life cycle to inform on the environmental-beneficial use fails to guide policymakers from a system perspective. This study analyzes the environmental consequences of electrophysiology catheters considering two modeling perspectives, the implementation of LCA, including a cut-off approach and combining LCA and a circularity indicator measuring multiple life cycles. Investigating the LCA results of using a remanufactured as an alternative to a newly-manufactured catheter shows that the global warming impact is reduced by 50.4% and the abiotic resource use by 28.8%. The findings from the system perspective suggest that the environmental savings increase with increasing collection rates of catheters.

ACS Style

Anna Schulte; Daniel Maga; Nils Thonemann. Combining Life Cycle Assessment and Circularity Assessment to Analyze Environmental Impacts of the Medical Remanufacturing of Electrophysiology Catheters. Sustainability 2021, 13, 898 .

AMA Style

Anna Schulte, Daniel Maga, Nils Thonemann. Combining Life Cycle Assessment and Circularity Assessment to Analyze Environmental Impacts of the Medical Remanufacturing of Electrophysiology Catheters. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (2):898.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Anna Schulte; Daniel Maga; Nils Thonemann. 2021. "Combining Life Cycle Assessment and Circularity Assessment to Analyze Environmental Impacts of the Medical Remanufacturing of Electrophysiology Catheters." Sustainability 13, no. 2: 898.

Short review
Published: 04 December 2020 in Resources, Conservation and Recycling
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ACS Style

Daniel Maga; Nils Thonemann; Philip Strothmann; Guido Sonnemann. How to account for plastic emissions in life cycle inventory analysis? Resources, Conservation and Recycling 2020, 168, 105331 .

AMA Style

Daniel Maga, Nils Thonemann, Philip Strothmann, Guido Sonnemann. How to account for plastic emissions in life cycle inventory analysis? Resources, Conservation and Recycling. 2020; 168 ():105331.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Daniel Maga; Nils Thonemann; Philip Strothmann; Guido Sonnemann. 2020. "How to account for plastic emissions in life cycle inventory analysis?" Resources, Conservation and Recycling 168, no. : 105331.

Journal article
Published: 03 September 2020 in Energies
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Fuel production from hydrogen and carbon dioxide is considered an attractive solution as long-term storage of electric energy and as temporary storage of carbon dioxide. A large variety of CO2 sources are suitable for Carbon Capture Utilization (CCU), and the process energy intensity depends on the separation technology and, ultimately, on the CO2 concentration in the flue gas. Since the carbon capture process emits more CO2 than the expected demand for CO2 utilization, the most sustainable CO2 sources must be selected. This work aimed at modeling a Power-to-Gas (PtG) plant and assessing the most suitable carbon sources from a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) perspective. The PtG plant was supplied by electricity from a 2030 scenario for Italian electricity generation. The plant impacts were assessed using data from the ecoinvent database version 3.5, for different CO2 sources (e.g., air, cement, iron, and steel plants). A detailed discussion on how to handle multi-functionality was also carried out. The results showed that capturing CO2 from hydrogen production plants and integrated pulp and paper mills led to the lowest impacts concerning all investigated indicators. The choice of how to handle multi-functional activities had a crucial impact on the assessment.

ACS Style

Eleonora Bargiacchi; Nils Thonemann; Jutta Geldermann; Marco Antonelli; Umberto Desideri. Life Cycle Assessment of Synthetic Natural Gas Production from Different CO2 Sources: A Cradle-to-Gate Study. Energies 2020, 13, 4579 .

AMA Style

Eleonora Bargiacchi, Nils Thonemann, Jutta Geldermann, Marco Antonelli, Umberto Desideri. Life Cycle Assessment of Synthetic Natural Gas Production from Different CO2 Sources: A Cradle-to-Gate Study. Energies. 2020; 13 (17):4579.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Eleonora Bargiacchi; Nils Thonemann; Jutta Geldermann; Marco Antonelli; Umberto Desideri. 2020. "Life Cycle Assessment of Synthetic Natural Gas Production from Different CO2 Sources: A Cradle-to-Gate Study." Energies 13, no. 17: 4579.

Research article
Published: 10 August 2020 in Chemie Ingenieur Technik
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Within the Carbon2Chem® project, new processes have been developed to valorize steel mill gases by producing methanol. This article compares the global warming impact of integrated steel and methanol production to the stand‐alone production of steel and methanol. In order to generate mass and energy balances of the cross‐industrial network, several simulation approaches were conducted, and two power sources investigated. In the case of a power mix in 2030, the conventional production of steel and methanol is favorable, and in the case of wind power, the integrated production of steel and methanol shows greater benefit. If an electricity mix with a carbon intensity of less than 0.23 kgCO2‐eq.kWh−1 electricity is used, the integrated production of steel and methanol has a lower global warming impact than stand‐alone steel and methanol production.

ACS Style

Nils Thonemann; Daniel Maga. Life Cycle Assessment of Steel Mill Gas‐Based Methanol Production within the Carbon2Chem® Project. Chemie Ingenieur Technik 2020, 92, 1425 -1430.

AMA Style

Nils Thonemann, Daniel Maga. Life Cycle Assessment of Steel Mill Gas‐Based Methanol Production within the Carbon2Chem® Project. Chemie Ingenieur Technik. 2020; 92 (10):1425-1430.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nils Thonemann; Daniel Maga. 2020. "Life Cycle Assessment of Steel Mill Gas‐Based Methanol Production within the Carbon2Chem® Project." Chemie Ingenieur Technik 92, no. 10: 1425-1430.

Journal article
Published: 20 May 2020 in Journal of Industrial Ecology
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Life cycle interpretation is the fourth and last phase of life cycle assessment (LCA). Being a “pivot” phase linking all other phases and the conclusions and recommendations from an LCA study, it represents a challenging task for practitioners, who miss harmonized guidelines that are sufficiently complete, detailed, and practical to conduct its different steps effectively. Here, we aim to bridge this gap. We review available literature describing the life cycle interpretation phase, including standards, LCA books, technical reports, and relevant scientific literature. On this basis, we evaluate and clarify the definition and purposes of the interpretation phase and propose an array of methods supporting its conduct in LCA practice. The five steps of interpretation defined in ISO 14040–44 are proposed to be reorganized around a framework that offers a more pragmatic approach to interpretation. It orders the steps as follows: (i) completeness check, (ii) consistency check, (iii) sensitivity check, (iv) identification of significant issues, and (v) conclusions, limitations, and recommendations. We provide toolboxes, consisting of methods and procedures supporting the analyses, computations, points to evaluate or check, and reflective processes for each of these steps. All methods are succinctly discussed with relevant referencing for further details of their applications. This proposed framework, substantiated with the large variety of methods, is envisioned to help LCA practitioners increase the relevance of their interpretation and the soundness of their conclusions and recommendations. It is a first step toward a more comprehensive and harmonized LCA practice to improve the reliability and credibility of LCA studies.

ACS Style

Alexis Laurent; Bo P. Weidema; Jane Bare; Xun Liao; Danielle Maia de Souza; Massimo Pizzol; Serenella Sala; Hanna Schreiber; Nils Thonemann; Francesca Verones. Methodological review and detailed guidance for the life cycle interpretation phase. Journal of Industrial Ecology 2020, 24, 986 -1003.

AMA Style

Alexis Laurent, Bo P. Weidema, Jane Bare, Xun Liao, Danielle Maia de Souza, Massimo Pizzol, Serenella Sala, Hanna Schreiber, Nils Thonemann, Francesca Verones. Methodological review and detailed guidance for the life cycle interpretation phase. Journal of Industrial Ecology. 2020; 24 (5):986-1003.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Alexis Laurent; Bo P. Weidema; Jane Bare; Xun Liao; Danielle Maia de Souza; Massimo Pizzol; Serenella Sala; Hanna Schreiber; Nils Thonemann; Francesca Verones. 2020. "Methodological review and detailed guidance for the life cycle interpretation phase." Journal of Industrial Ecology 24, no. 5: 986-1003.

Journal article
Published: 18 February 2020 in Applied Energy
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Carbon capture and utilization (CCU) is perceived as a technology to mitigate climate change and conserve non-renewable resources, especially in the chemical industry. Numerous life cycle assessments (LCA) of individual CCU systems have been carried out. The goal of this review is to understand the environmental effects of CO2-based chemical production comprehensively. In order to achieve this goal, a systematic literature review and a meta-analysis were conducted. 52 peer-reviewed articles were found that deal with LCA and CO2-based chemical production. Amongst the case studies found, the methodological choices and technological parameters differ. The meta-analysis reveals that there is no CO2-based chemical production technology that performs better in all analyzed impact categories (IC) compared to conventional production. Nevertheless, looking at the results from the meta-analysis, it has been found that the CO2-based production of formic acid (FA) via H2 is a promising CCU pathway. FA produced via hydrogenation performs better in 11 out of 15 ICs using the German grid mix as the electricity supplier and better in 14 out of 15 ICs using wind power as the electricity supplier compared to the conventional production. The global warming impact of FA production can be reduced by 95.01% when produced via CO2 hydrogenation. The meta-analysis also unveils CCU technologies that are not favorable from an environmental perspective because CO2-based kerosene and dimethyl carbonate (DMC) production lead to higher impacts in all ICs compared to conventional production. This study can inform decision-makers about the differences in published LCA studies on CCU and the harmonized environmental impacts of CO2based chemical production.

ACS Style

Nils Thonemann. Environmental impacts of CO2-based chemical production: A systematic literature review and meta-analysis. Applied Energy 2020, 263, 114599 .

AMA Style

Nils Thonemann. Environmental impacts of CO2-based chemical production: A systematic literature review and meta-analysis. Applied Energy. 2020; 263 ():114599.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nils Thonemann. 2020. "Environmental impacts of CO2-based chemical production: A systematic literature review and meta-analysis." Applied Energy 263, no. : 114599.

Review
Published: 07 February 2020 in Sustainability
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Emerging technologies are expected to contribute to environmental sustainable development. However, throughout the development of novel technologies, it is unknown whether emerging technologies can lead to reduced environmental impacts compared to a potentially displaced mature technology. Additionally, process steps suspected to be environmental hotspots can be improved by process engineers early in the development of the emerging technology. In order to determine the environmental impacts of emerging technologies at an early stage of development, prospective life cycle assessment (LCA) should be performed. However, consistency in prospective LCA methodology is lacking. Therefore, this article develops a framework for a prospective LCA in order to overcome the methodological inconsistencies regarding prospective LCAs. The methodological framework was developed using literature on prospective LCAs of emerging technologies, and therefore, a literature review on prospective LCAs was conducted. We found 44 case studies, four review papers, and 17 papers on methodological guidance. Three main challenges for conducting prospective LCAs are identified: Comparability, data, and uncertainty challenges. The issues in defining the aim, functionality, and system boundaries of the prospective LCAs, as well as problems with specifying LCIA methodologies, comprise the comparability challenge. Data availability, quality, and scaling are issues within the data challenge. Finally, uncertainty exists as an overarching challenge when applying a prospective LCA. These three challenges are especially crucial for the prospective assessment of emerging technologies. However, this review also shows that within the methodological papers and case studies, several approaches exist to tackle these challenges. These approaches were systematically summarized within a framework to give guidance on how to overcome the issues when conducting prospective LCAs of emerging technologies. Accordingly, this framework is useful for LCA practitioners who are analyzing early-stage technologies. Nevertheless, further research is needed to develop appropriate scale-up schemes and to include uncertainty analyses for a more in-depth interpretation of results.

ACS Style

Nils Thonemann; Anna Schulte; Daniel Maga. How to Conduct Prospective Life Cycle Assessment for Emerging Technologies? A Systematic Review and Methodological Guidance. Sustainability 2020, 12, 1192 .

AMA Style

Nils Thonemann, Anna Schulte, Daniel Maga. How to Conduct Prospective Life Cycle Assessment for Emerging Technologies? A Systematic Review and Methodological Guidance. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (3):1192.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nils Thonemann; Anna Schulte; Daniel Maga. 2020. "How to Conduct Prospective Life Cycle Assessment for Emerging Technologies? A Systematic Review and Methodological Guidance." Sustainability 12, no. 3: 1192.

Research article
Published: 19 December 2019 in Chemical Engineering & Technology
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The use of CO2 as a raw material is increasingly important as an option for climate protection and as an alternative raw material feedstock. Both electrochemical direct syntheses and thermochemical processes are associated with a high demand for electrical energy. A contribution to climate protection is only possible in the case of low‐carbon power generation, as can be achieved, for example, by wind power or solar energy. This article presents a methodology for identifying suitable locations for the CO2‐based production of olefins in Germany. Based on electricity and CO2 requirements, locations are identified that can provide sufficient CO2 and renewable energy for the conversion of CO2 to olefins. In addition, the use of existing infrastructures is taken into account. The analysis shows that the regional, technical renewable energy potential in Germany is sufficient to produce around approximately 800 kt of olefins from CO2‐based methanol per year in one plant. This plant capacity corresponds to the currently largest methanol‐to‐olefins plant in the world. On the other hand, the currently available CO2 point sources with high CO2 concentrations of around 100 % are not sufficient to meet the CO2 requirement of an 800 kt/a methanol‐to‐olefins plant. Therefore, much larger CO2 point sources such as coal‐fired power plants or steel mills with lower CO2 concentrations of less than 35 % are needed. If existing refineries are preferred due to existing infrastructure services, locations in the north of Cologne, in Lower Saxony and in Brandenburg are particularly suitable. The analysis also shows that a full substitution of fossil olefins by CO2‐based olefins is possible in Germany. The challenge is to provide sufficient renewable electricity of more than 244 TWh/a for the production of H2 with a low CO2 intensity.

ACS Style

Nils Thonemann; Sebastian Stießel; Daniel Maga; Boris Dresen; Markus Hiebel; Björn Hunstock; Görge Deerberg; Eckhard Weidner. Location Planning for the Production of CO 2 ‐Based Chemicals Using the Example of Olefin Production. Chemical Engineering & Technology 2019, 43, 502 -513.

AMA Style

Nils Thonemann, Sebastian Stießel, Daniel Maga, Boris Dresen, Markus Hiebel, Björn Hunstock, Görge Deerberg, Eckhard Weidner. Location Planning for the Production of CO 2 ‐Based Chemicals Using the Example of Olefin Production. Chemical Engineering & Technology. 2019; 43 (3):502-513.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nils Thonemann; Sebastian Stießel; Daniel Maga; Boris Dresen; Markus Hiebel; Björn Hunstock; Görge Deerberg; Eckhard Weidner. 2019. "Location Planning for the Production of CO 2 ‐Based Chemicals Using the Example of Olefin Production." Chemical Engineering & Technology 43, no. 3: 502-513.

Research article
Published: 11 October 2019 in Environmental Science & Technology
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CO2-based production technologies unveil the possibility of sustainable production in the chemical industry. However, so-called carbon capture and utilization (CCU) options do not inevitably lead to improved environmental performance, which is especially uncertain for emerging technologies compared to present production practices. Thus far, emerging CCU technologies have been environmentally assessed with conventional life cycle assessment (LCA). Therefore, this study aims to develop a methodology for applying prospective LCA to emerging production technologies from the laboratory to industrial scale. The developed four-step approach for implementing prospective LCA is applied to the case of electrochemical formic acid (FA) production via supercritical CO2 (scCO2) under consideration of different reactor designs to guide process engineers from an environmental standpoint. While using prospective LCA, the underlying modeling approach relies on consequential LCA (cLCA). Fourteen out of the fifteen analyzed impact categories (IC) reveal lower environmental impacts for the scale-ups, which are based on the best-case assumptions and on a flow-through regime compared to the conventional FA production. Nevertheless, the impacts of the scale-ups that are based on a batch reactor (BR) and a three compartment cell (TCC) are higher than for the best case and the flow-through reactor scale-up.

ACS Style

Nils Thonemann; Anna Schulte. From Laboratory to Industrial Scale: A Prospective LCA for Electrochemical Reduction of CO2 to Formic Acid. Environmental Science & Technology 2019, 53, 12320 -12329.

AMA Style

Nils Thonemann, Anna Schulte. From Laboratory to Industrial Scale: A Prospective LCA for Electrochemical Reduction of CO2 to Formic Acid. Environmental Science & Technology. 2019; 53 (21):12320-12329.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nils Thonemann; Anna Schulte. 2019. "From Laboratory to Industrial Scale: A Prospective LCA for Electrochemical Reduction of CO2 to Formic Acid." Environmental Science & Technology 53, no. 21: 12320-12329.

Forschungsarbeit
Published: 24 July 2019 in Chemie Ingenieur Technik
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Die rohstoffliche Nutzung von CO2 gewinnt in Anbetracht des Klimaschutzes und als alternative Rohstoffbasis zunehmend an Bedeutung. Sowohl elektrochemische Direktsynthesen als auch thermochemische Verfahren zur CO2‐Konversion gehen mit einem hohen Bedarf an elektrischer Energie einher. Ein Beitrag zum Klimaschutz ist nur im Fall einer CO2‐armen Stromerzeugung möglich, wie sie z. B. durch die Nutzung von Windkraft oder Solarenergie realisiert werden kann. Vor diesem Hintergrund präsentiert der vorliegende Artikel eine Methodik zur Identifizierung von geeigneten Standorten für die CO2‐basierte Produktion von Olefinen in Deutschland.

ACS Style

Nils Thonemann; Sebastian Stießel; Daniel Maga; Markus Hiebel; Boris Dresen; Björn Hunstock; Görge Deerberg; Eckhard Weidner. Standortplanung für die Herstellung CO 2 ‐basierter Chemikalien am Beispiel der Olefinproduktion. Chemie Ingenieur Technik 2019, 91, 1238 -1250.

AMA Style

Nils Thonemann, Sebastian Stießel, Daniel Maga, Markus Hiebel, Boris Dresen, Björn Hunstock, Görge Deerberg, Eckhard Weidner. Standortplanung für die Herstellung CO 2 ‐basierter Chemikalien am Beispiel der Olefinproduktion. Chemie Ingenieur Technik. 2019; 91 (9):1238-1250.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nils Thonemann; Sebastian Stießel; Daniel Maga; Markus Hiebel; Boris Dresen; Björn Hunstock; Görge Deerberg; Eckhard Weidner. 2019. "Standortplanung für die Herstellung CO 2 ‐basierter Chemikalien am Beispiel der Olefinproduktion." Chemie Ingenieur Technik 91, no. 9: 1238-1250.

Journals
Published: 08 May 2019 in Energy & Environmental Science
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Carbon capture and utilization is recommendable within the chemical industry from an environmental perspective.

ACS Style

Nils Thonemann; Massimo Pizzol. Consequential life cycle assessment of carbon capture and utilization technologies within the chemical industry. Energy & Environmental Science 2019, 12, 2253 -2263.

AMA Style

Nils Thonemann, Massimo Pizzol. Consequential life cycle assessment of carbon capture and utilization technologies within the chemical industry. Energy & Environmental Science. 2019; 12 (7):2253-2263.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nils Thonemann; Massimo Pizzol. 2019. "Consequential life cycle assessment of carbon capture and utilization technologies within the chemical industry." Energy & Environmental Science 12, no. 7: 2253-2263.

Chapter
Published: 23 September 2018 in Sustainable Production, Life Cycle Engineering and Management
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The transition of the German energy system is in full swing. Although the targets for the so-called “Energiewende” are set by the German Federal Government, different development paths are drawn by studies on energy scenarios. One major goal of the “Energiewende” is providing an electricity mix with reduced environmental impacts. Consequently, the goal of this study is to environmentally analyze the different energy scenarios. In a first step, a systematic literature review was followed to come up with 14 studies and 26 energy scenarios. After reducing the number of scenarios to five due to selection criteria, the environmental impacts of these five scenarios were analyzed applying life cycle assessment. Assumptions were made to transfer the scenarios into a sound life cycle assessment model. The life cycle assessment was conducted using the GaBi software as well as the GaBi database to investigate the environmental impacts of future electricity mixes in the years 2020, 2030, 2040, and 2050. The results show that the calculated impact on global warming of electricity generation in the different scenarios is higher compared to the greenhouse gas emissions presented in the respective studies. The differences can be explained, for example, by neglecting transmission losses in the calculation of the global warming impact in the studies.

ACS Style

Nils Thonemann; Daniel Maga. Life Cycle Assessment of German Energy Scenarios. Sustainable Production, Life Cycle Engineering and Management 2018, 165 -175.

AMA Style

Nils Thonemann, Daniel Maga. Life Cycle Assessment of German Energy Scenarios. Sustainable Production, Life Cycle Engineering and Management. 2018; ():165-175.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nils Thonemann; Daniel Maga. 2018. "Life Cycle Assessment of German Energy Scenarios." Sustainable Production, Life Cycle Engineering and Management , no. : 165-175.

Research article
Published: 05 September 2018 in Chemie Ingenieur Technik
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Decarbonization of electricity generation is crucial especially for energy‐intensive technologies such as steel mill gas‐based methanol production. The Energy System Development Plan is able to forecast the contribution of electricity producers to the power mix in a quarter‐hourly resolution. Integration of this forecasts in life cycle assessment enables to prospectively assess the impact on climate change of steel mill gas‐based methanol production. The analysis shows that if using power in hours with a high share of renewable energy, the global warming impact of steel mill gas‐based methanol production can be lowered.

ACS Style

Nils Thonemann; Daniel Maga; Cornelia Petermann. Integration of Results from the Energy System Development Plan into Life Cycle Assessment. Chemie Ingenieur Technik 2018, 90, 1587 -1593.

AMA Style

Nils Thonemann, Daniel Maga, Cornelia Petermann. Integration of Results from the Energy System Development Plan into Life Cycle Assessment. Chemie Ingenieur Technik. 2018; 90 (10):1587-1593.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nils Thonemann; Daniel Maga; Cornelia Petermann. 2018. "Integration of Results from the Energy System Development Plan into Life Cycle Assessment." Chemie Ingenieur Technik 90, no. 10: 1587-1593.

Research article
Published: 19 July 2018 in Chemie Ingenieur Technik
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Life cycle assessment is needed for quantifying potential greenhouse gas savings through material utilization of steel mill gases. However, methodological guidance for this purpose is lacking. Therefore, the article presents different approaches to handle multi‐functionality. The investigation of steel mill gas based‐methanol shows varying impacts on climate change due to handling multi‐functionality differently. System expansion is recommended for assessing cross‐sectoral cooperation and substitution as well as economic allocation for product‐specific analyses.

ACS Style

Nils Thonemann; Daniel Maga; Cornelia Petermann. Handling of Multi-Functionality in Life Cycle Assessments for Steel Mill Gas Based Chemical Production. Chemie Ingenieur Technik 2018, 90, 1576 -1586.

AMA Style

Nils Thonemann, Daniel Maga, Cornelia Petermann. Handling of Multi-Functionality in Life Cycle Assessments for Steel Mill Gas Based Chemical Production. Chemie Ingenieur Technik. 2018; 90 (10):1576-1586.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nils Thonemann; Daniel Maga; Cornelia Petermann. 2018. "Handling of Multi-Functionality in Life Cycle Assessments for Steel Mill Gas Based Chemical Production." Chemie Ingenieur Technik 90, no. 10: 1576-1586.

Journal article
Published: 01 May 2016 in Journal of Cleaner Production
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In the future, the capacities of renewable SNG (synthetic natural gas) will expand significantly. Pilot plants are underway to use surplus renewable power, mainly from wind, for electrolysis and the production of hydrogen, which is methanated and fed into the existing gas pipeline grid. Pilot projects aim at the energetic use of SNG for households and transport in particular for gas fueled cars. Another option could be the use of SNG as feedstock in chemical industry. The early stage of development raises the question of whether SNG should be better used for mobility or the production of chemicals. This study compares the global warming potential (GWP) of the production of fossil natural gas (NG) and carbon-dioxide (CO2)-based SNG and its use for car transport versus chemical use in the form of synthesis gas. Since the potential of wind energy for SNG production is mainly located in northern Germany, the consequences by a growing distance between production in the North and transport to the South of Germany are also examined. The results indicate that CO2-based SNG produced with wind power would lead to lower GWP when substituting NG for both uses in either transport or chemical production. Differences of the savings potential occur in short-distance pipeline transport. The critical factor is the energy required for compression along the process chain.

ACS Style

Wieland Hoppe; Stefan Bringezu; Nils Thonemann. Comparison of global warming potential between conventionally produced and CO2-based natural gas used in transport versus chemical production. Journal of Cleaner Production 2016, 121, 231 -237.

AMA Style

Wieland Hoppe, Stefan Bringezu, Nils Thonemann. Comparison of global warming potential between conventionally produced and CO2-based natural gas used in transport versus chemical production. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2016; 121 ():231-237.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Wieland Hoppe; Stefan Bringezu; Nils Thonemann. 2016. "Comparison of global warming potential between conventionally produced and CO2-based natural gas used in transport versus chemical production." Journal of Cleaner Production 121, no. : 231-237.