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This paper evaluates the effect of a large-capacity electrical energy storage, e.g., Li-ion battery, on optimal sailing routes, speeds, fuel choice, and emission abatement technology selection. Despite rapid cost reduction and performance improvement, current Li-ion chemistries are infeasible for providing the total energy demand for ocean-crossing ships because the energy density is up to two orders of magnitude less than in liquid hydrocarbon fuels. However, limited distance zero-emission port arrival, mooring, and port departure are attainable. In this context, we formulate two groups of numerical problems. First, the well-known Emission Control Area (ECA) routing problem is extended with battery-powered zero-emission legs. ECAs have incentivized ship operators to choose longer distance routes to avoid using expensive low sulfur fuel required for compliance, resulting in increased greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The second problem evaluates the trade-off between battery capacity and speed on battery-powered zero-emission port arrival and departure legs. We develop a mixed-integer quadratically constrained program to investigate the least cost system configuration and operation. We find that the optimal speed is up to 50% slower on battery-powered legs compared to the baseline without zero-emission constraint. The slower speed on the zero-emission legs is compensated by higher speed throughout the rest of the voyage, which may increase the total amount of GHG emissions.
Antti Ritari; Kirsi Spoof-Tuomi; Janne Huotari; Seppo Niemi; Kari Tammi. Emission Abatement Technology Selection, Routing and Speed Optimization of Hybrid Ships. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 2021, 9, 944 .
AMA StyleAntti Ritari, Kirsi Spoof-Tuomi, Janne Huotari, Seppo Niemi, Kari Tammi. Emission Abatement Technology Selection, Routing and Speed Optimization of Hybrid Ships. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering. 2021; 9 (9):944.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAntti Ritari; Kirsi Spoof-Tuomi; Janne Huotari; Seppo Niemi; Kari Tammi. 2021. "Emission Abatement Technology Selection, Routing and Speed Optimization of Hybrid Ships." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 9, no. 9: 944.
The shipping industry is looking for strategies to comply with increasingly stringent emission regulations. Fuel has a significant impact on emissions, so a switch to alternative fuels needs to be evaluated. This study investigated the emission performances of liquefied natural gas (LNG) and liquefied biogas (LBG) in shipping and compared them to conventional marine diesel oil (MDO) combined with selective catalytic reduction (SCR). For assessing the complete global warming potential of these fuels, the life-cycle approach was used. In addition, the study evaluated the local environmental impacts of combustion of these fuels, which is of particular importance for short sea shipping operations near coastal marine environment and residential areas. All three options examined are in compliance with the most stringent emission control area (ECA) regulations currently in force or entering into force from 2021. In terms of local environmental impacts, the two gaseous fuels had clear advantages over the MDO + SCR combination. However, the use of LNG as marine fuel achieved no significant CO2-equivalent reduction, thus making little progress towards the International Maritime Organization’s (IMO’s) visions of decarbonizing shipping. Major life cycle GHG emission benefits were identified by replacing fossil fuels with LBG. The most significant challenge facing LBG today is fuel availability in volumes needed for shipping. Without taxation or subsidies, LBG may also find it difficult to compete with the prices of fossil fuels.
Kirsi Spoof-Tuomi; Seppo Niemi. Environmental and Economic Evaluation of Fuel Choices for Short Sea Shipping. Clean Technologies 2020, 2, 34 -52.
AMA StyleKirsi Spoof-Tuomi, Seppo Niemi. Environmental and Economic Evaluation of Fuel Choices for Short Sea Shipping. Clean Technologies. 2020; 2 (1):34-52.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKirsi Spoof-Tuomi; Seppo Niemi. 2020. "Environmental and Economic Evaluation of Fuel Choices for Short Sea Shipping." Clean Technologies 2, no. 1: 34-52.