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Si-Tong Chen
Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia

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Research article
Published: 05 February 2021 in Jornal de Pediatria
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This study aimed to examine the association between physical education classes and PA among adolescents from 50 low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). A self-reported questionnaire from the Global School-based Student Survey (GSHS) was used to collect information on participation frequency of physical education classes and being physically active over the last week, as well as other control variables (e.g., sex, age, country, sedentary behavior). Multivariable logistic regression and a pooled meta-analysis were performed to explore the association and compared country-wise differences. Included adolescents aged from 13 to 17 years (n = 187,386, %boys = 51.7; mean age = 14.6 years), the prevalence of sufficient PA (meeting the PA guidelines) was 14.9%. The prevalence of 5 days or more to engage in physical education classes was 16.5%. Compared with adolescents who had 0 days for physical education classes, higher participation frequency was more likely related to sufficient PA (OR: 1 day = 1.34, 2 days = 1.66, 3 days = 1.67, 4 days = 1.79, 5 days or more = 2.46), these findings were also observed in both sexes. A moderate inconsistency on the association across the included countries was found (I2 = 53%, p < 0.01), although the pooled OR was 1.50 (95% CI: 1.36–1.65). Participating in more physical education classes may be an effective approach to increase physical activity levels among adolescents in LMICs. However, promoting physical activity levels among adolescents in LMICs through physical education classes should consider more country-specific factors.

ACS Style

Xuzhi Zhan; Cain C.T. Clark; Ran Bao; Micheal Duncan; Jin-Tao Hong; Si-Tong Chen. Association between physical education classes and physical activity among 187,386 adolescents aged 13–17 years from 50 low- and middle-income countries. Jornal de Pediatria 2021, 1 .

AMA Style

Xuzhi Zhan, Cain C.T. Clark, Ran Bao, Micheal Duncan, Jin-Tao Hong, Si-Tong Chen. Association between physical education classes and physical activity among 187,386 adolescents aged 13–17 years from 50 low- and middle-income countries. Jornal de Pediatria. 2021; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Xuzhi Zhan; Cain C.T. Clark; Ran Bao; Micheal Duncan; Jin-Tao Hong; Si-Tong Chen. 2021. "Association between physical education classes and physical activity among 187,386 adolescents aged 13–17 years from 50 low- and middle-income countries." Jornal de Pediatria , no. : 1.

Preprint content
Published: 28 January 2021
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Studies based on western population have indicated that muscle-strengthening exercise (MSE) has positive roles against mental disorders, but little is known about that in Chinese adults. This study, thus, aimed to explore the association between MSE and depression in Chinese university students (aged 18-24 years). A convenient sample of 1794 university students (mean age: 20.67 years) were recruited into this study. A self-reported questionnaire was used to collect information on participants’ sociodemographic information (e.g., sex, body mass index) and MSE. Physical activity and sleep were measured using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire-Short Form and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. Study participants’ depression severity was assessed using the Patient Health Questionnaire-9. A multilevel linear regression was performed to examine the association between MSE and depression. Only 24.87% of study participants met the World Health Organization MSE guidelines of more than 2 days/week. The mean score of depression was 6.80 (± 5.19). More days for MSE (0-7 days) was negatively associated with depression (beta = -0.17, 95%CI: -0.31 ─ -0.03, p = 0.015). Students who did not meet MSE guidelines were more likely to have higher risks for depression (beta = 0.63, 95%CI: 0.09-0.19, p = 0.027). The results indicate that engaging in MSE could be related to decreased depression in Chinese young adults. Interventions aiming at reducing depression could incorporate MSE as a strategic component.

ACS Style

Xinli Chi; Kimberley Curtin; Kaja Kastelic; Liuyue Huang; Cain Clark; Yanjie Zhang; Si-Tong Chen; Can Jiao; Liye Zou. Muscle-Strengthening Exercise and Depression in Chinese Young Adults. 2021, 1 .

AMA Style

Xinli Chi, Kimberley Curtin, Kaja Kastelic, Liuyue Huang, Cain Clark, Yanjie Zhang, Si-Tong Chen, Can Jiao, Liye Zou. Muscle-Strengthening Exercise and Depression in Chinese Young Adults. . 2021; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Xinli Chi; Kimberley Curtin; Kaja Kastelic; Liuyue Huang; Cain Clark; Yanjie Zhang; Si-Tong Chen; Can Jiao; Liye Zou. 2021. "Muscle-Strengthening Exercise and Depression in Chinese Young Adults." , no. : 1.

Review
Published: 20 May 2020 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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Background: The negative effects of sedentary behavior (SB) on public health have been extensively documented. A large number of studies have demonstrated that high prevalence of SB is a critical factor of all-cause mortality. Globally, the frequency of SB research has continued to rise, but little is known about SB in the Chinese population. Therefore, this review was conducted to scope the research situation and to fill the gaps related to the effects of SB in the Chinese population. Methods: Using a scoping review based on York methodology, a comprehensive search of published journal articles and grey literature was carried out through 12 databases. The literature research was conducted by two authors in July 2019, and included journal articles that targeted on the Chinese population were published between 1999 and 2019. The two authors screened the records independently and included those research topics related to SB in the Chinese population. Results: The number of included studies increased from 1 to 29 per year during the analyzed period, during which, a remarkable climb happened from 8 in 2013 to 19 in July 2019. Out of the 1303 screened studies, a total of 162 studies (81 English and 81 Chinese journal articles) met the inclusion criteria in this review. Most of the included studies (66.0%) reported the overall estimated prevalence of SB, in which, 43.2% of studies reported the average time of SB, and 40.0% of studies reported the cutoff point of SB. Besides this, 54.9% and 23.5% of studies focused on the outcomes and correlates/determinants of SB, and the proportions of studies based on testing the validation of measurement tools and on interventions were 3.7% and 4.9%, respectively. Nearly all of the reviewed articles used data from cross-sectional studies (75.9%) and longitudinal studies (13.6%), while intervention trials are less developed. The majority of the studies (64.8%) used self-reported surveys, and only 3.7% studies used device-based measurement tools. Furthermore, 35.8% of the included studies were focused on children and adolescents, while only a few studies investigated infants/toddlers and older adults. Both female and male were examined in most studies, and non-clinical populations were investigated in the context of SB in a relatively large number of studies. Conclusions: The number of research articles on SB in the Chinese population published per year has increased year by year, indicating a growing interest in this research area. More studies using population subgroup samples are needed, particularly among infants/toddlers, older adults, and clinical populations. To provide stronger evidence of the determinants and outcomes of SB, longitudinal studies using device-based measures of SB are required.

ACS Style

Ran Bao; Si-Tong Chen; Yanlei Wang; Jun Xu; Lei Wang; Liye Zou; Yujun Cai. Sedentary Behavior Research in the Chinese Population: A Systematic Scoping Review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020, 17, 3576 .

AMA Style

Ran Bao, Si-Tong Chen, Yanlei Wang, Jun Xu, Lei Wang, Liye Zou, Yujun Cai. Sedentary Behavior Research in the Chinese Population: A Systematic Scoping Review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17 (10):3576.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ran Bao; Si-Tong Chen; Yanlei Wang; Jun Xu; Lei Wang; Liye Zou; Yujun Cai. 2020. "Sedentary Behavior Research in the Chinese Population: A Systematic Scoping Review." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 10: 3576.

Review
Published: 19 May 2020 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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Preschool-aged children are in a critical period of developing fundamental movement skills (FMS). FMS have a close link with physical activity (PA). This study aimed to systematically review the associations between FMS and PA in preschool-aged children. Searching Cochrane Library, Web of Science, PubMed, ScienceDirect, and EBSCO (including SPORTDiscus, ERIC, and Academic Search Premier) was utilized to conduct a systematic review of the available literature. Studies were included if they examined associations between FMS and PA among typically developing children aged 3–6 years, published between January 2000 and April 2020. A total of 26 studies met the inclusion criteria, including 24 cross-sectional studies and two cohort studies. There was a strong level of evidence to support low to moderate associations between moderate to vigorous physical activity and components of FMS, specifically, the total FMS (r = 0.11–0.48, R2 = 16%–19%) and object control skill (r = 0.16–0.46, β = 0.28–0.49, R2 = 10.4%–16.9%). Similar associations were also found between the total physical activity and components of FMS, specifically, the total FMS (r = 0.10–0.45, R2 = 16%), locomotor skills (r = 0.14–0.46, R2 = 21.3%), and objective control skills (r = 0.16–0.44, β = 0.47, R2 = 19.2%). There was strong evidence that there is no significant association between light physical activity and FMS, specifically, total FMS and locomotor skills. The associations, including “stability skills–PA” and “locomotor skills–moderate to vigorous PA”, were uncertain due to insufficient evidence. Our findings provide strong evidence of associations between specific FMS components and a specific PA intensity. Future studies should consider using a longitudinal study design in order to explore the causal relationship between specific-intensity PA and the FMS subdomain.

ACS Style

Fei Xin; Si-Tong Chen; Cain Clark; Jin-Tao Hong; Yang Liu; Yu-Jun Cai. Relationship between Fundamental Movement Skills and Physical Activity in Preschool-aged Children: A Systematic Review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020, 17, 3566 .

AMA Style

Fei Xin, Si-Tong Chen, Cain Clark, Jin-Tao Hong, Yang Liu, Yu-Jun Cai. Relationship between Fundamental Movement Skills and Physical Activity in Preschool-aged Children: A Systematic Review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17 (10):3566.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Fei Xin; Si-Tong Chen; Cain Clark; Jin-Tao Hong; Yang Liu; Yu-Jun Cai. 2020. "Relationship between Fundamental Movement Skills and Physical Activity in Preschool-aged Children: A Systematic Review." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 10: 3566.

Journal article
Published: 02 May 2020 in Children
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Background: Although much evidence has demonstrated the positive relationship of active school travel (AST) and physical health, little is known about the relationship of AST and mental health indicators among early adolescents, especially in Chinese populations. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the relationship of AST with depressive symptoms and its sex as well as age difference among early adolescents from Shanghai urban areas, China. Methods: 6478 adolescents (mean age = 13.6) in urban area were recruited, of whom boys accounted for 46.2%. A self-reported questionnaire in Chinese was used to collect data on AST and depressive symptoms, and other control variables. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were used to explore the relationships of AST with depressive symptoms. Results: Of all included participants, 53.2% of adolescents reported being active in AST without sex difference. The prevalence of depressive symptoms was 19.2% without sex difference. AST was associated with reporting no depressive symptoms in adolescents (adjusted OR = 1.20, 95%CI: 1.06–1.36). However, the relationship was significant in boys (adjusted OR = 1.34, 95%CI: 1.11–1.60), in those who were grade 8 (adjusted OR = 1.25, 95%CI: 1.01–1.55) and 9 (adjusted OR = 1.29, 95%CI: 1.01–1.65) adolescents. Conclusions: AST may play an important role in preventing depressive symptoms among early adolescents. However, the relationship of AST with depressive symptoms differed by sex and age. More research is encouraged to explore the mechanism linking AST and depressive symptoms among adolescents, especially in different contexts.

ACS Style

Jiayi Gu; Si-Tong Chen. Association between Active Travel to School and Depressive Symptoms among Early Adolescents. Children 2020, 7, 41 .

AMA Style

Jiayi Gu, Si-Tong Chen. Association between Active Travel to School and Depressive Symptoms among Early Adolescents. Children. 2020; 7 (5):41.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jiayi Gu; Si-Tong Chen. 2020. "Association between Active Travel to School and Depressive Symptoms among Early Adolescents." Children 7, no. 5: 41.

Review
Published: 28 April 2020 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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Physical-activity (PA) and sedentary-behavior (SB) assessment is of particular importance in the promotion of health in young people. However, there is no comprehensive overview of PA and SB from national surveys among Chinese children and adolescents. Following a literature search for Chinese national health surveys, 11 papers from six national surveys were found. Of the included studies, the majority applied self-reported questionnaires to estimate the prevalence of PA and SB. Owing to different definitions of the prevalence of PA and SB and various measures, a large variation in prevalence of PA and SB was observed. Such variations were attributable to methodological and practical issues. This study highlights the current gaps in estimating the national prevalence of PA and SB among Chinese children and adolescents, which should be addressed. To improve the quality of PA and SB surveillance, standardized measurement protocols to estimate the prevalence of PA and SB more accurately among Chinese children and adolescents are urgently required.

ACS Style

Hejun Shen; Jin Yan; Jin-Tao Hong; Cain Clark; Xian-Nan Yang; Yang Liu; Si-Tong Chen. Prevalence of Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior among Chinese Children and Adolescents: Variations, Gaps, and Recommendations. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020, 17, 3066 .

AMA Style

Hejun Shen, Jin Yan, Jin-Tao Hong, Cain Clark, Xian-Nan Yang, Yang Liu, Si-Tong Chen. Prevalence of Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior among Chinese Children and Adolescents: Variations, Gaps, and Recommendations. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17 (9):3066.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hejun Shen; Jin Yan; Jin-Tao Hong; Cain Clark; Xian-Nan Yang; Yang Liu; Si-Tong Chen. 2020. "Prevalence of Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior among Chinese Children and Adolescents: Variations, Gaps, and Recommendations." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 9: 3066.

Journal article
Published: 16 April 2020 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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The aim of this study is to introduce the development of the Chinese Assessment and Evaluation of Physical Literacy (CAEPL), to present the theoretical model of the CAEPL, and to quantify the weight of each domain of the CAEPL. 34 experts took part in the Delphi survey, and 23 experts completed all the three rounds of the survey. Experts’ opinions are used to develop the theoretical model of the CAEPL. The analytical hierarchy process (AHP) was employed for determining the weights of subdomains and items of the CAEPL. The CAEPL is a comprehensive model, including intention of physical activity (IPA), knowledge of physical activity (KPA), motor/sport skill (MSS), behavior of physical activity (BPA) and physical fitness (PF). Specific weights of IPA, KPA, MSS, BPA and PF are 17.25%, 16.23%, 27.01%, 23.72% and 15.79%, respectively. The CAEPL provides an important and useful instrument to measure and improve physical literacy (PL) among young Chinese people. Studies on the feasibility, reliability, validity and sensitivity of the CAEPL should be conducted to improve it in the future.

ACS Style

Si-Tong Chen; Yan Tang; Pei-Jie Chen; Yang Liu. The Development of Chinese Assessment and Evaluation of Physical Literacy (CAEPL): A Study Using Delphi Method. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020, 17, 2720 .

AMA Style

Si-Tong Chen, Yan Tang, Pei-Jie Chen, Yang Liu. The Development of Chinese Assessment and Evaluation of Physical Literacy (CAEPL): A Study Using Delphi Method. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17 (8):2720.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Si-Tong Chen; Yan Tang; Pei-Jie Chen; Yang Liu. 2020. "The Development of Chinese Assessment and Evaluation of Physical Literacy (CAEPL): A Study Using Delphi Method." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 8: 2720.

Journal article
Published: 20 March 2020 in Children
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The purpose of this study was to examine the associations of social support and self-efficacy with physical Activity (PA) and the mediating effect of self-efficacy on the relationship between social support and PA in Chinese adolescents. Participants included a total of 2341 Chinese adolescents (aged 12.75 ± 1.46 years). Self-reported instruments, including the physical activity questionnaire for adolescents, the social support revalued scale and the exercise self-efficacy scale, were used to measure physical activity, social support and exercise self-efficacy. Results showed that social support (r = 0.29, p < 0.05) and exercise self-efficacy (r = 0.43, p < 0.05) were significant and positive predictors of PA among Chinese adolescents, and exercise self-efficacy was a significant mediator in the relationship between social support and PA (standardized effect size = 0.15, p < 0.001). Such findings were evident with similar patterns in both male and female adolescents. The findings of this study have indicated the importance of social support and exercise self-efficacy on PA promotion in adolescents, which will aid the development of effective interventions in this population.

ACS Style

Zhanbing Ren; Linlin Hu; Jane Yu; Qian Yu; Sitong Chen; Yudan Ma; Jingyuan Lin; Lin Yang; Xiaoyun Li; Liye Zou. The Influence of Social Support on Physical Activity in Chinese Adolescents: The Mediating Role of Exercise Self-Efficacy. Children 2020, 7, 23 .

AMA Style

Zhanbing Ren, Linlin Hu, Jane Yu, Qian Yu, Sitong Chen, Yudan Ma, Jingyuan Lin, Lin Yang, Xiaoyun Li, Liye Zou. The Influence of Social Support on Physical Activity in Chinese Adolescents: The Mediating Role of Exercise Self-Efficacy. Children. 2020; 7 (3):23.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zhanbing Ren; Linlin Hu; Jane Yu; Qian Yu; Sitong Chen; Yudan Ma; Jingyuan Lin; Lin Yang; Xiaoyun Li; Liye Zou. 2020. "The Influence of Social Support on Physical Activity in Chinese Adolescents: The Mediating Role of Exercise Self-Efficacy." Children 7, no. 3: 23.

Journal article
Published: 13 February 2020 in Children
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Background: To investigate the prevalence of meeting the 24-h movement guidelines and its sociodemographic correlates in youth from low- and middle-income families (LMIFs) in Nanjing, China. Methods: Cross-sectional data on moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA), screen time (ST), and sleep (SLP) were collected using the Chinese version of Health Behavior School-Aged Children questionnaire among grade schoolchildren of 4th–12th (mean age 13.6 years). The prevalence of meeting the 24-h movement guidelines was in line with the recommendations of the Canadian 24-h movement guidelines. Generalized linear models were used to explore the relationships of correlates with the prevalence of meeting the movement guidelines. Results: The prevalence of meeting the MVPA, ST, and SLP guidelines and their combination was 9.9%, 65.2%, 37.2%, and 2.9%, respectively. As for the prevalence of meeting the MVPA guidelines, boys, younger schoolchildren, and those living in urban areas had a higher chance of meeting them. With regards to the prevalence of meeting the ST guidelines, girls, urban schoolchildren, and the oldest participants were more likely to meet the guidelines. Residential areas and grades were two correlates of meeting the SLP guidelines as well as 24-h movement guidelines. Conclusions: The majority of schoolchildren from LMIFs in Nanjing, China had unhealthy movement behaviors. This concerning situation was mainly predicted by schoolchildren’s grades, indicating older schoolchildren exhibited lower levels of movement behavior. Improved studies are encouraged to identify the correlates of movement behaviors in schoolchildren, which in turn designs and implements effective interventions.

ACS Style

Si-Tong Chen; Jin Yan. Prevalence and Selected Sociodemographic of Movement Behaviors in Schoolchildren from Low- and Middle-Income Families in Nanjing, China: A Cross-Sectional Questionnaire Survey. Children 2020, 7, 13 .

AMA Style

Si-Tong Chen, Jin Yan. Prevalence and Selected Sociodemographic of Movement Behaviors in Schoolchildren from Low- and Middle-Income Families in Nanjing, China: A Cross-Sectional Questionnaire Survey. Children. 2020; 7 (2):13.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Si-Tong Chen; Jin Yan. 2020. "Prevalence and Selected Sociodemographic of Movement Behaviors in Schoolchildren from Low- and Middle-Income Families in Nanjing, China: A Cross-Sectional Questionnaire Survey." Children 7, no. 2: 13.