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The minimization of sludge produced by municipal wastewater treatment plants (MWWTPs) is critical as its handling accounts for approximately 50% of the total operating cost. The challenges in predicting dewatering performance can be overcome by optimizing the sludge treatment process, especially conditioning and dewatering. This study aimed to investigate sludge dewaterability at four different MWWTPs, using a gravity drainage test unit and a bench-scale press. The effect of differently treated effluent used as a solvent to mix the flocculation polymers was observed during dewatering. The membrane bioreactor (MBR) treated effluent yielded the highest filtrate volume in the lowest amount of time, with the least polymer flocculant dosage. The Box Behnken Design model fitted the data and proved a relationship between polymer dosage, cake solids concentration, and cake height during the bench-scale press tests.
Megan Abrahams; Mujahid Aziz; Godwill Kasongo. Investigating the effects of different cationic charge flocculation polymers on municipal wastewater sludge dewatering. Water Practice and Technology 2021, 1 .
AMA StyleMegan Abrahams, Mujahid Aziz, Godwill Kasongo. Investigating the effects of different cationic charge flocculation polymers on municipal wastewater sludge dewatering. Water Practice and Technology. 2021; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMegan Abrahams; Mujahid Aziz; Godwill Kasongo. 2021. "Investigating the effects of different cationic charge flocculation polymers on municipal wastewater sludge dewatering." Water Practice and Technology , no. : 1.
Electrochemical oxidation (EO) investigated chemical oxygen demand (COD) subtraction from petroleum refinery wastewater (PRW) as a capable remediation process. Titanium substrates coated with iridium–tantalum oxide mixtures (Ti/IrO2–Ta2O5) were used as the dimensional stable anode (DSA). The Box-Behnken Design (BBD), a statistical experimental design and response surface methodology (RSM), was used to matrix the current density, temperature, and electrolyte (NaCl) concentration variables, with COD removal efficiency as the response factor. A second-order verifiable relationship between the response and independent variables was derived where the analysis of variance displayed a high coefficient of determination value (R2 = 0.9799). The predicted values calculated with the model equations were very close to the experimental values where the model was highly significant. Based on the BBD for current density, the optimum process conditions, temperature and electrolyte (NaCl) concentration were 7.5 mA/cm2, 42 °C and 4.5 g/L, respectively. They were resulting in a COD removal efficiency of 99.83% after a 12-hour EO period.
Sharon Chakawa; Mujahid Aziz. Investigating the Result of Current Density, Temperature, and Electrolyte Concentration on COD: Subtraction of Petroleum Refinery Wastewater Using Response Surface Methodology. Water 2021, 13, 835 .
AMA StyleSharon Chakawa, Mujahid Aziz. Investigating the Result of Current Density, Temperature, and Electrolyte Concentration on COD: Subtraction of Petroleum Refinery Wastewater Using Response Surface Methodology. Water. 2021; 13 (6):835.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSharon Chakawa; Mujahid Aziz. 2021. "Investigating the Result of Current Density, Temperature, and Electrolyte Concentration on COD: Subtraction of Petroleum Refinery Wastewater Using Response Surface Methodology." Water 13, no. 6: 835.
Membrane technology has advanced substantially as a preferred choice for the exclusion of widespread pollutants for reclaiming water from various treatment effluent. Currently, little information is available about Ultrafiltration (UF)/Nanofiltration (NF)/Reverse Osmosis (RO) performance at a pilot scale as a practical engineering application. In this study, the effluent from a full-scale membrane bioreactor (MBR) municipal wastewater treatment works (MWWTWs) was treated with an RO pilot plant. The aim was to evaluate the effect of operating conditions in the removal of selected inorganics as a potential indirect water reuse application. The influent pH, flux, and membrane recovery were the operating conditions varied to measure its influence on the rejection rate. MBR/RO exhibited excellent removal rates (>90%) for all selected inorganics and met the standard requirements for reuse in cooling and irrigation system applications. The UF and NF reduction of inorganics was shown to be limited to meet water standards for some of the reuse applications due to the high Electron Conductivity (EC > 250 μS·cm−1) levels. The MBR/NF was irrigation and cooling system compliant, while for the MBR/UF, only the cooling system was compliant.
Mujahid Aziz; Godwill Kasongo. The Removal of Selected Inorganics from Municipal Membrane Bioreactor Wastewater Using UF/NF/RO Membranes for Water Reuse Application: A Pilot-Scale Study. Membranes 2021, 11, 117 .
AMA StyleMujahid Aziz, Godwill Kasongo. The Removal of Selected Inorganics from Municipal Membrane Bioreactor Wastewater Using UF/NF/RO Membranes for Water Reuse Application: A Pilot-Scale Study. Membranes. 2021; 11 (2):117.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMujahid Aziz; Godwill Kasongo. 2021. "The Removal of Selected Inorganics from Municipal Membrane Bioreactor Wastewater Using UF/NF/RO Membranes for Water Reuse Application: A Pilot-Scale Study." Membranes 11, no. 2: 117.
In the context of water scarcity, domestic secondary effluent reuse may be an option as a reliable source for alleviating acute water shortage. The increasing risks linked with the presence of natural steroid hormones and many emerging anthropogenic micropollutants (MPs) passing through municipal wastewater treatment works (MWWTWs) are of concern for their endocrine-disrupting activities. In this study, domestic wastewater treated by a full-scale membrane bioreactor (MBR) at an MWWTW in the Western Cape Province, South Africa, was used directly as the influent to a reverse osmosis (RO) pilot plant for the removal of selected natural steroid hormones 17β-estradiol (E2) and testosterone (T) as a potential indirect water recycling application. Estrogenicity and androgenicity were assessed using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) and the recombinant yeast estrogen receptor binding assays (YES). The influent pH and flux did not influence the rejection of E2 and T, which was most likely due to adsorption, size exclusion, and diffusion simultaneously. RO and nanofiltration (NF) exhibited excellent removal rates (>95%) for E2 and T. All the E2 effluent samples with MBR/ultrafiltration (UF), MBR/NF, and MBR/RO were lower than the US EPA and WHO trigger value of 0.7 ng/L, as well as the predicted no-effect concentration (PNEC) values for fish (1 ng E2/L).
Mujahid Aziz; Tunde Ojumu. Exclusion of Estrogenic and Androgenic Steroid Hormones from Municipal Membrane Bioreactor Wastewater Using UF/NF/RO Membranes for Water Reuse Application. Membranes 2020, 10, 37 .
AMA StyleMujahid Aziz, Tunde Ojumu. Exclusion of Estrogenic and Androgenic Steroid Hormones from Municipal Membrane Bioreactor Wastewater Using UF/NF/RO Membranes for Water Reuse Application. Membranes. 2020; 10 (3):37.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMujahid Aziz; Tunde Ojumu. 2020. "Exclusion of Estrogenic and Androgenic Steroid Hormones from Municipal Membrane Bioreactor Wastewater Using UF/NF/RO Membranes for Water Reuse Application." Membranes 10, no. 3: 37.
The production of biodiesel is an energy and water-intensive process that produces wastewater with high concentrations of COD, BOD, and FOG. Conventional treatment processes are not capable of treating contaminants and pollutants in biodiesel wastewater to satisfactory concentrations, and hence, advanced treatment processes are necessary. Untreated discharge of biodiesel wastewater results in additional costs during the production of biodiesel when penalties and fines are applied. In this research, a lab-scale integrated treatment process was used to investigate the successful abatement of contaminants, COD, BOD and FOG, present in industrial biodiesel wastewater. The integrated treatment process consisted of three consecutive steps: acidification, electrochemical oxidation, and adsorption. Acidification as a pre-treatment occurred at a pH of 2. Electrochemical oxidation using IrO2-Ta2O5/Ti anodes at a current density of 1 mA/cm2 and NaCl concentration of 0.08 M was followed by three consecutive adsorption stages using Chitosan powder at a concentration of 4.5 g/L. The experimental results show that the integrated treatment process could reduce COD, BOD and FOG levels by 94%, 86% and 95%, respectively. The treated effluent complies with local industrial effluent discharge standards, which could be disposed of safely without further treatment.
D. P. Myburgh; M. Aziz; F. Roman; J. Jardim; S. Chakawa. Removal of COD from Industrial Biodiesel Wastewater Using an Integrated Process: Electrochemical-Oxidation with IrO2-Ta2O5/Ti Anodes and Chitosan Powder as an Adsorbent. Environmental Processes 2019, 6, 819 -840.
AMA StyleD. P. Myburgh, M. Aziz, F. Roman, J. Jardim, S. Chakawa. Removal of COD from Industrial Biodiesel Wastewater Using an Integrated Process: Electrochemical-Oxidation with IrO2-Ta2O5/Ti Anodes and Chitosan Powder as an Adsorbent. Environmental Processes. 2019; 6 (4):819-840.
Chicago/Turabian StyleD. P. Myburgh; M. Aziz; F. Roman; J. Jardim; S. Chakawa. 2019. "Removal of COD from Industrial Biodiesel Wastewater Using an Integrated Process: Electrochemical-Oxidation with IrO2-Ta2O5/Ti Anodes and Chitosan Powder as an Adsorbent." Environmental Processes 6, no. 4: 819-840.
Membrane surface modification is a favourable method to handle fouling during wastewater treatment processes. In this study, grafting of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) through cross-link with Glutaraldehyde was applied to a thin film composite reverse osmosis membrane to enhance the resistance to flux decline. The analytical analyses attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy were performed to evaluate the impact of surface modification. Biofouling using Escherichia coli (E. coli) bacterial solution and fouling tests using a bench scale reverse osmosis system with a simulated secondary effluent from a membrane bioreactor were used to assess the impact of the surface modification initiated on antifouling properties of the membrane. It was shown that the morphological structure and the chemical properties of the membrane were altered, whereas the pure water flux slightly decreased after modification. Although a slight decrease of salt rejection was observed, the membrane resistance to fouling improved and the biofouling model used revealed the anti-biofouling capacity of the membrane. The flux decline and flux recovery ratios improved with an increase in PVA concentration. The sterilization ratio increased from 33.8 to 36.8% and the pure water flux decline decreased from 46.04 to 25.94% after modification.
Godwill Kasongo; Chad Steenberg; Bradley Morris; Gracia Kapenda; NuraH Jacobs; Mujahid Aziz. Surface grafting of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) cross-linked with glutaraldehyde (GA) to improve resistance to fouling of aromatic polyamide thin film composite reverse osmosis membranes using municipal membrane bioreactor effluent. Water Practice and Technology 2019, 14, 614 -624.
AMA StyleGodwill Kasongo, Chad Steenberg, Bradley Morris, Gracia Kapenda, NuraH Jacobs, Mujahid Aziz. Surface grafting of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) cross-linked with glutaraldehyde (GA) to improve resistance to fouling of aromatic polyamide thin film composite reverse osmosis membranes using municipal membrane bioreactor effluent. Water Practice and Technology. 2019; 14 (3):614-624.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGodwill Kasongo; Chad Steenberg; Bradley Morris; Gracia Kapenda; NuraH Jacobs; Mujahid Aziz. 2019. "Surface grafting of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) cross-linked with glutaraldehyde (GA) to improve resistance to fouling of aromatic polyamide thin film composite reverse osmosis membranes using municipal membrane bioreactor effluent." Water Practice and Technology 14, no. 3: 614-624.
On the West Coast of South Africa, there is an abundance of brackish groundwater. Reverse Osmosis membrane systems are used to make the borehole water fresh. Unfortunately, the salts that are removed from the water, precipitates on the membrane surface, thus, decreasing the overall process efficiency. In this study, the use of Zn2+ ions as an anti-scalant was investigated in terms of feasibility in the treatment of brackish water influent. Experimental tests were conducted on a bench scale unit, followed with a pilot plant thereafter. Three commercial membranes were exposed to natural groundwater scaling. The first, commercial anti-scalant treatment, second, anti-scalant treatment with Zn2+ ions and the third, untreated. The results, after a period of close to 5 months, showed that the flux of the membranes treated with commercial (32.78 L·m−2·h−1) and zinc (30.80 L·m−2·h−1) ions anti-scalant was higher than the untreated membrane flux (25.56 L·m−2·h−1), which decreased continuously.
Mujahid Aziz; Godwill Kasongo. Scaling prevention of thin film composite polyamide Reverse Osmosis membranes by Zn ions. Desalination 2019, 464, 76 -83.
AMA StyleMujahid Aziz, Godwill Kasongo. Scaling prevention of thin film composite polyamide Reverse Osmosis membranes by Zn ions. Desalination. 2019; 464 ():76-83.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMujahid Aziz; Godwill Kasongo. 2019. "Scaling prevention of thin film composite polyamide Reverse Osmosis membranes by Zn ions." Desalination 464, no. : 76-83.
The extraction of copper ions in a tubular supported liquid membrane using LIX 984NC as a mobile carrier was studied, evaluating the effect of the feed characteristics (flowrate, density, viscosity) on the feedside laminar layer of the membrane. A vertical countercurrent, double pipe perspex benchscale reactor consisting of a single hydrophobic PVDF tubular membrane mounted inside was used in all test work. The membrane was impregnated with LIX 984NC and became the support for this organic transport medium. Dilute Copper solution passed through the centre pipe and sulphuric acid as strippant passed through the shell side. Copper was successfully transported from the feedside to the stripside and from the data obtained, a relationship between Schmidt, Reynolds and Sherwood number was achieved of.
S. Makaka; Mujahid Aziz; A. Nesbitt. Copper recovery in a bench-scale carrier facilitated tubular supported liquid membrane system. Journal of Mining and Metallurgy, Section B: Metallurgy 2010, 46, 67 -73.
AMA StyleS. Makaka, Mujahid Aziz, A. Nesbitt. Copper recovery in a bench-scale carrier facilitated tubular supported liquid membrane system. Journal of Mining and Metallurgy, Section B: Metallurgy. 2010; 46 (1):67-73.
Chicago/Turabian StyleS. Makaka; Mujahid Aziz; A. Nesbitt. 2010. "Copper recovery in a bench-scale carrier facilitated tubular supported liquid membrane system." Journal of Mining and Metallurgy, Section B: Metallurgy 46, no. 1: 67-73.