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Nicolas Scelles, Senior Lecturer, Sport Policy Unit, Department of Economics, Policy and International Business, Manchester Metropolitan University. Ph.D., University of Caen, France, 2009. Dr. Scelles’s research interests include the economics, management and policies of professional team sports, women’s sports and esports.
Nicolas Scelles; Gertrud Pfister. Policy and politics of women’s sport and women in sport. International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics 2021, 13, 201 -206.
AMA StyleNicolas Scelles, Gertrud Pfister. Policy and politics of women’s sport and women in sport. International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics. 2021; 13 (2):201-206.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNicolas Scelles; Gertrud Pfister. 2021. "Policy and politics of women’s sport and women in sport." International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics 13, no. 2: 201-206.
In 2008 and 2014, UEFA decided to change the formats of its men’s national team competitions, with effect from Euro 2016. This article aims to evaluate the efficiency of these changes with two concepts related to outcome uncertainty: competitive balance and intensity. The study focuses on intra-match competitive balance and intensity in Euros 2012 and 2016 qualifying and final rounds. Results show that both dimensions have significantly increased between Euros 2012 and 2016 qualifying rounds. Besides, Euro 2016 final round was more intense than previously. In addition, the establishment of the Nations League in 2018 generated more games with sporting prizes. The changes made by UEFA have improved competitive intensity and encouraged competitive balance in European men’s national team games. This is consistent with UEFA’s objective to promote football in a spirit of unity and solidarity. UEFA could communicate on these positive evolutions to its stakeholders.
Nicolas Scelles. Intra-match competitive balance and intensity in UEFA men’s national team competitions: the impact of recent changes in formats. Soccer & Society 2021, 22, 314 -326.
AMA StyleNicolas Scelles. Intra-match competitive balance and intensity in UEFA men’s national team competitions: the impact of recent changes in formats. Soccer & Society. 2021; 22 (4):314-326.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNicolas Scelles. 2021. "Intra-match competitive balance and intensity in UEFA men’s national team competitions: the impact of recent changes in formats." Soccer & Society 22, no. 4: 314-326.
Competitive balance is a key concept in sports economics. It postulates the necessity of sporting equilibrium between playing strengths to generate outcome uncertainty and thus fan demand. When looking at national teams, policy and political factors can help explain competitive balance. This article is interested in the evolution of competitive balance in the FIFA women’s football World Cups over the 1991–2019 period. It aims to identify the policy, political and economic determinants of this evolution. The theoretical framework brings together the macro and sports policy factors leading to international sporting success, the historical policies and politics of gender equality and women’s football impacting participation, and the economics and politics of the evolution of competitive balance that is positively impacted by an increase in participation. The research adopts a mixed methods approach, with the data relying both on sources documenting the historical policies and politics of gender equality and women’s football, and the measurement and determinants of the competitive balance in the women’s football World Cups. The results show that competitive balance has increased over time, consistent with the idea that the growing participation internationally translates in a better quality of the different playing strengths that, ultimately, leads to a better competitive balance. This growing participation internationally is related to the different (sport) policies and politics across countries, and the decisions made by FIFA, in particular the number of teams taking part in the competition and the breakdown per confederation as incentives for national associations to develop their women’s football team.
Nicolas Scelles. Policy, political and economic determinants of the evolution of competitive balance in the FIFA women’s football World Cups. International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics 2021, 13, 281 -297.
AMA StyleNicolas Scelles. Policy, political and economic determinants of the evolution of competitive balance in the FIFA women’s football World Cups. International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics. 2021; 13 (2):281-297.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNicolas Scelles. 2021. "Policy, political and economic determinants of the evolution of competitive balance in the FIFA women’s football World Cups." International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics 13, no. 2: 281-297.
The present research aims to identify the main peculiar economics of professional team sports, reflect on whether they apply to esports, and derive some implications. To achieve this aim, two sequential snowballing literature reviews were conducted. First, the literature on the peculiar economics of professional team sports was reviewed and assessed by the authors, based on their degree of distinctiveness and how core they are for the sector. Second, based on the main peculiar economics identified, a similar process considering economic aspects in the esports literature was conducted. The first review enabled the identification of 50 peculiar economics of professional team sports, of which 12 were assessed as the most distinctive and core to the sector. These 12 main peculiar economics were then considered in relation to the esports literature. This second review enabled the identification of some economic similarities and differences between sports and esports, before deriving some implications.
Nicolas Scelles; Qi Peng; Maurizio Valenti. Do the Peculiar Economics of Professional Team Sports Apply to Esports? Sequential Snowballing Literature Reviews and Implications. Economies 2021, 9, 31 .
AMA StyleNicolas Scelles, Qi Peng, Maurizio Valenti. Do the Peculiar Economics of Professional Team Sports Apply to Esports? Sequential Snowballing Literature Reviews and Implications. Economies. 2021; 9 (1):31.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNicolas Scelles; Qi Peng; Maurizio Valenti. 2021. "Do the Peculiar Economics of Professional Team Sports Apply to Esports? Sequential Snowballing Literature Reviews and Implications." Economies 9, no. 1: 31.
Esports is a rapidly growing industry. However, the unidentifiable governance structure of the industry has contributed to a number of integrity-eroding activities. By exploring esports stakeholder dynamics, this paper answers the question, “Is the esports governance model sustainable?” Data were sourced from documentation, focus groups (N = 3) and semi-structured interviews (N = 6). Thematic analysis was conducted using Nvivo. The findings suggest that (1) the current esports governance framework features some attributes of the “lead organisation-governed network”, with the power residing mainly in game publishers; (2) the rising power of other stakeholders in the network seeking to address integrity issues has caused fragmentation of the esports governance framework; (3) esports governance is evolving towards a network administration organisation (NAO) model. Such evolution has a few challenges—most notably, the compliance of game publishers. Given the social impact of the integrity issues, governments should play a main role in facilitating a NAO model.
Qi Peng; Geoff Dickson; Nicolas Scelles; Jonathan Grix; Paul Brannagan. Esports Governance: Exploring Stakeholder Dynamics. Sustainability 2020, 12, 8270 .
AMA StyleQi Peng, Geoff Dickson, Nicolas Scelles, Jonathan Grix, Paul Brannagan. Esports Governance: Exploring Stakeholder Dynamics. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (19):8270.
Chicago/Turabian StyleQi Peng; Geoff Dickson; Nicolas Scelles; Jonathan Grix; Paul Brannagan. 2020. "Esports Governance: Exploring Stakeholder Dynamics." Sustainability 12, no. 19: 8270.
Objective This article aims at explaining national medal totals at the 1992–2016 Summer Olympic Games (n = 1,289 observations) and forecasting them in 2016 (based on 1992–2012 data) and 2020 with a set of variables similar to previous studies, as well as a regional (subcontinents) variable not tested previously in the literature in English. Method Econometric testing not only resorts to a Tobit model as usual but also to a Hurdle model. Results Most variables have a significant impact on national team medal totals; it appears to be negative for most regions other than North America except Western Europe and Oceania (not significant). Then, two models (Tobit and Hurdle) are implemented to forecast national medal totals at the 2016 and 2020 Summer Olympics. Conclusion Both models are complementary for the 2016 forecast. The 2020 forecast is consistent with Olympic Medals Predictions, although some striking differences are found.
Nicolas Scelles; Wladimir Andreff; Liliane Bonnal; Madeleine Andreff; Pascal Favard. Forecasting National Medal Totals at the Summer Olympic Games Reconsidered. Social Science Quarterly 2020, 101, 697 -711.
AMA StyleNicolas Scelles, Wladimir Andreff, Liliane Bonnal, Madeleine Andreff, Pascal Favard. Forecasting National Medal Totals at the Summer Olympic Games Reconsidered. Social Science Quarterly. 2020; 101 (2):697-711.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNicolas Scelles; Wladimir Andreff; Liliane Bonnal; Madeleine Andreff; Pascal Favard. 2020. "Forecasting National Medal Totals at the Summer Olympic Games Reconsidered." Social Science Quarterly 101, no. 2: 697-711.
This article consists of a comparative analysis of the evolution of TV rights in English Premier League and French Ligue 1 men’s football over the 1980–2020 period. It aims to understand the differences in this evolution in both leagues. It first reviews the literature on football TV rights in Europe then the history of pay-TV football in the UK and France. A framework to be tested is then suggested with the identification of 16 independent variables. Correlations are calculated between these variables and TV rights in England and France to test whether the suggested framework is supported by empirical evidence. These correlations enable to explain why TV rights for the Premier League have become much larger than for the Ligue 1. They show that the main driver for TV rights is the main domestic broadcaster’s turnover. They also enable the identification of a virtuous circle for the Premier League.
Nicolas Scelles; Nadine Dermit-Richard; Richard Haynes. What drives sports TV rights? A comparative analysis of their evolution in English and French men’s football first divisions, 1980–2020. Soccer & Society 2019, 21, 491 -509.
AMA StyleNicolas Scelles, Nadine Dermit-Richard, Richard Haynes. What drives sports TV rights? A comparative analysis of their evolution in English and French men’s football first divisions, 1980–2020. Soccer & Society. 2019; 21 (5):491-509.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNicolas Scelles; Nadine Dermit-Richard; Richard Haynes. 2019. "What drives sports TV rights? A comparative analysis of their evolution in English and French men’s football first divisions, 1980–2020." Soccer & Society 21, no. 5: 491-509.
Bastien Viollet; Nicolas Scelles; Alain Ferrand. The engagement of actors during the formulation of a national federation sport policy: an analysis within the French Rugby Union. International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics 2019, 12, 49 -71.
AMA StyleBastien Viollet, Nicolas Scelles, Alain Ferrand. The engagement of actors during the formulation of a national federation sport policy: an analysis within the French Rugby Union. International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics. 2019; 12 (1):49-71.
Chicago/Turabian StyleBastien Viollet; Nicolas Scelles; Alain Ferrand. 2019. "The engagement of actors during the formulation of a national federation sport policy: an analysis within the French Rugby Union." International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics 12, no. 1: 49-71.
Research question: While national sporting governing bodies are encouraged to implement programmes which seek to enhance their international sporting success, comparative studies on elite sport policies have provided limited empirical evidence in support of the relationship between such programmes and the achievement of sporting outcomes. Following the SPLISS framework, this study examines the longitudinal impact of four programme-level factors – financial support, human resources, coaching provision and foundation phase activity – on the international success of women’s national football teams. Research methods: Data from 55 Union of European Football Associations’ (UEFA) members were collected over a seven-year-period (2011-2017). The associations between programme-level factors and FIFA ranking points are verified through panel regression analyses. Controls for economic, talent pool, political, socio-cultural, climate and men’s football legacy variables are included. Results and Findings: The results reveal that highly specialised coaching provision has a significant and positive impact on international success in women’s football, while our proxies for financial support, human resources and foundation phase activity have no notable explanatory power for the success of women’s national teams. A country’s economic development, talent pool, climate and men’s football legacy are significant predictors of its women’s football performance level. Implications: This paper offers practical insights into the organisation and management of women’s football in UEFA nations and contributes to the theoretical debate on comparative analysis of the sporting performance of countries. This article confirms that an exclusively quantitative approach does not permit definitive conclusions to be drawn on the complex relationship between elite sport policies and international sporting outcomes.
Maurizio Valenti; Nicolas Scelles; Stephen Morrow. Elite sport policies and international sporting success: a panel data analysis of European women’s national football team performance. European Sport Management Quarterly 2019, 20, 300 -320.
AMA StyleMaurizio Valenti, Nicolas Scelles, Stephen Morrow. Elite sport policies and international sporting success: a panel data analysis of European women’s national football team performance. European Sport Management Quarterly. 2019; 20 (3):300-320.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMaurizio Valenti; Nicolas Scelles; Stephen Morrow. 2019. "Elite sport policies and international sporting success: a panel data analysis of European women’s national football team performance." European Sport Management Quarterly 20, no. 3: 300-320.
Women’s football struggles to build a solid platform in terms of fan interest. However, while an increase in gate receipts can help assist its long-term sustainability, there is limited evidence in the academic literature on the factors influencing spectator demand in women’s football. The authors investigate determinants of stadium attendance for UEFA Women's Champions League (UWCL) matches. Using regression models deployed on 554 UWCL games played between 2009/10 and 2017/18, the authors examine contextual and sport-related variables as the main predictors of stadium attendance. Findings show that there is no continuous growth of attendance over the period examined, and highlight that spectators’ interest is positively associated with five factors: stage of the competition, uncertainty of match outcome, competitive intensity, away club’s reputation and weather conditions. Football governing bodies should put in place initiatives to ensure match outcome uncertainty is maintained as this represents a key determinant to maximise stadium attendance. Based on the specific context of European women’s football, recommendations to foster its development are discussed. These include incentivising investment into the elite women’s game and designing sport policies to encourage participation at grassroots levels.
Maurizio Valenti; Nicolas Scelles; Stephen Morrow. The determinants of stadium attendance in elite women’s football: Evidence from the UEFA Women's Champions League. Sport Management Review 2019, 23, 509 -520.
AMA StyleMaurizio Valenti, Nicolas Scelles, Stephen Morrow. The determinants of stadium attendance in elite women’s football: Evidence from the UEFA Women's Champions League. Sport Management Review. 2019; 23 (3):509-520.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMaurizio Valenti; Nicolas Scelles; Stephen Morrow. 2019. "The determinants of stadium attendance in elite women’s football: Evidence from the UEFA Women's Champions League." Sport Management Review 23, no. 3: 509-520.
En analysant le comportement individuel des clubs, cette contribution en propose une typologie fondée sur leur niveau de contrainte budgétaire, induite par la capacité de leurs actionnaires à financer les pertes réalisées. Il est ainsi possible de conclure que seul un très petit nombre de clubs évoluent dans le cadre d’une contrainte budgétaire « lâche » (CBL) caractéristique d’une « mauvaise » gouvernance (R2bibrAndreff, 2009). Cette recherche permet aussi de montrer que les clubs adaptent leur comportement aux exigences de la régulation sectorielle auxquels ils sont soumis, transférant de fait à cette dernière, une part de responsabilité dans la gouvernance de ces organisations.
Nadine Dermit-Richard; Nicolas Scelles; Barbara Evrard. Gouvernance des clubs de football professionnels. Revue Française de Gestion 2019, 45, 53 -72.
AMA StyleNadine Dermit-Richard, Nicolas Scelles, Barbara Evrard. Gouvernance des clubs de football professionnels. Revue Française de Gestion. 2019; 45 (279):53-72.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNadine Dermit-Richard; Nicolas Scelles; Barbara Evrard. 2019. "Gouvernance des clubs de football professionnels." Revue Française de Gestion 45, no. 279: 53-72.
In the literature, several articles have focused on the socioeconomic and sporting determinants of national men's football team performance measured through FIFA points. In the present paper, knowledge improvement comes from focusing on goal difference in individual games. The main objectives are to verify that game outcomes have some determinants similar to FIFA points but also game specific variables (home advantage and sporting prizes). The methodology is based on regressions including all games over the 2011–2013 period (2,584 observations). The results confirm that game outcomes have some determinants similar to FIFA points but also game specific variables.
Nicolas Scelles; Wladimir Andreff. Determinants of national men's football team performance: a focus on goal difference between teams. International Journal of Sport Management and Marketing 2019, 19, 407 .
AMA StyleNicolas Scelles, Wladimir Andreff. Determinants of national men's football team performance: a focus on goal difference between teams. International Journal of Sport Management and Marketing. 2019; 19 (5/6):407.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNicolas Scelles; Wladimir Andreff. 2019. "Determinants of national men's football team performance: a focus on goal difference between teams." International Journal of Sport Management and Marketing 19, no. 5/6: 407.
Purpose Women’s football has received increasing attention in the academic literature, partly due to its growing popularity worldwide. However, women’s football research remains scattered across numerous academic domains. Focusing on the social sciences, humanities and management disciplines, the purpose of this paper is to map and organise contributions, and to identify research directions for future studies within these disciplines. Design/methodology/approach Using the keywords “women”, “girls”, “female” and “football” or “soccer” to initially identify articles, an integrative approach was followed to evaluate and analyse relevant literature. In all, 117 academic journals were classified and subsequently divided into 26 themes according to the subject area, topic and level examined. Findings Results of this integrative review show an increasing trend of journal publications since 1998, with a large representation of studies related to historical and sociological research, where qualitative methods are dominant. Articles investigating economic, managerial and marketing areas appeared in more recent times. Women’s football has been researched from different perspectives (players, fans, sport organisations) and across various countries. Research limitations/implications The restricted scope of this review (i.e. its focus on social sciences) and the manual classification of articles represent two limitations of this study. However, the synthesis of academic literature provided may assist scholars who are interested in women’s football and women’s sports research to fill identified research gaps and contribute to further advance academic investigations in this area. Originality/value This paper provides an overview of salient research avenues and represents the first attempt to critically appraise the direction of academic contributions in women’s football for the purpose of advancing scholarly inquiry in this sport.
Maurizio Valenti; Nicolas Scelles; Stephen Morrow. Women’s football studies: an integrative review. Sport, Business and Management: An International Journal 2018, 8, 511 -528.
AMA StyleMaurizio Valenti, Nicolas Scelles, Stephen Morrow. Women’s football studies: an integrative review. Sport, Business and Management: An International Journal. 2018; 8 (5):511-528.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMaurizio Valenti; Nicolas Scelles; Stephen Morrow. 2018. "Women’s football studies: an integrative review." Sport, Business and Management: An International Journal 8, no. 5: 511-528.
Antoine Feuillet; Nicolas Scelles; Christophe Durand. A winner’s curse in the bidding process for broadcasting rights in football? The cases of the French and UK markets. Sport in Society 2018, 22, 1198 -1224.
AMA StyleAntoine Feuillet, Nicolas Scelles, Christophe Durand. A winner’s curse in the bidding process for broadcasting rights in football? The cases of the French and UK markets. Sport in Society. 2018; 22 (7):1198-1224.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAntoine Feuillet; Nicolas Scelles; Christophe Durand. 2018. "A winner’s curse in the bidding process for broadcasting rights in football? The cases of the French and UK markets." Sport in Society 22, no. 7: 1198-1224.
Les théories du winner-take-all et des Superstars sont ici complémentaires dans une approche qui privilégie la concentration des revenus par les acteurs dominants. Les cas étudiés, tennis et golf masculins, rendent compte d’un déséquilibre plus fort en tennis des revenus entre joueurs. Ce déséquilibre ne s’explique pas par la structure de distribution des prix dans les tournois des deux sports mais par le turnover du rang sportif moins élevé en tennis qu’en golf. Il révèle la présence d’un marché du travail spécifique en tennis marqué par une concentration des gains sur un nombre de joueurs réduit, qui s’établit sur plusieurs saisons. The winner-take-all and Superstars theories are complementary here within an approach which favours the concentration of revenues by dominant actors. The cases studied men's tennis and golf, highlight that tennis players’ revenues are less balanced. This imbalance is not explained by the prize distribution structure in the tournaments of both sports but by the turnover lower in tennis than in golf. It establishes the existence of a specific labour market in tennis characterised by a concentration of revenues by a few players, including over time.
Antoine Feuillet; Nicolas Scelles; Christophe Durand. Revenus et Superstars dans les sports individuels. Revue Française de Gestion 2018, 44, 45 -60.
AMA StyleAntoine Feuillet, Nicolas Scelles, Christophe Durand. Revenus et Superstars dans les sports individuels. Revue Française de Gestion. 2018; 44 (276):45-60.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAntoine Feuillet; Nicolas Scelles; Christophe Durand. 2018. "Revenus et Superstars dans les sports individuels." Revue Française de Gestion 44, no. 276: 45-60.
The purpose of this study is to investigate the determinants of breakaway success in road cycling races. Descriptive statistics were computed, and a logit model of breakaway success was estimated based on a new kind of statistical data describing the development of each of the 268 breakaways that occurred in the 76 regular stages of the Tour de France 2013 to 2016. Breakaway success partly depends on the physics of cycling: breakaways are more successful when the stage is hilly or in mountain than flat. In addition, the likelihood of breakaway success depends on strategic moves such as attack timing and the percentage of riders with a teammate in the breakaway. Understanding why certain breakaways succeed and others do not is useful to comprehend cycling performance and to help coopetitive temporary organizational forms such as breakaways optimize their strategic behavior. A limitation is the focus on the Tour de France only. The present study adds to the literature on temporary organizational forms, coopetition and cycling performance by analyzing within-stage data in cycling and, as such, enabling to capture its strategic dimension.
Nicolas Scelles; Jean-François Mignot; Benjamin Cabaud; Aurélien François. Temporary organizational forms and coopetition in cycling. Team Performance Management: An International Journal 2018, 24, 122 -134.
AMA StyleNicolas Scelles, Jean-François Mignot, Benjamin Cabaud, Aurélien François. Temporary organizational forms and coopetition in cycling. Team Performance Management: An International Journal. 2018; 24 (3/4):122-134.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNicolas Scelles; Jean-François Mignot; Benjamin Cabaud; Aurélien François. 2018. "Temporary organizational forms and coopetition in cycling." Team Performance Management: An International Journal 24, no. 3/4: 122-134.
The aim of this article is to investigate the explanatory variables of the number of Facebook fans and Twitter followers for professional sports clubs based on the financial value literature. Such explanatory variables are related to local market conditions and on-field and off-field performance. Based upon a sample of North American major league clubs and the most valuable European soccer clubs as evaluated by Forbes over the 2011–2013 period (423 observations), our results indicate a range of variables with a significant positive impact on the number of social media fans: population, no competing team in the market, current sports performance, historical sports performance, facility age, attendance, operating income, expenses/league mean, and being an English football club. An improved understanding of the effectiveness of clubs’ social media presence is important for contemporary sport managers in terms of enhancing supporter communication, involvement, and accountability, as well as maximizing clubs’ revenue generation possibilities. Our findings could help sport managers to realize their clubs’ social media potential in pursuit of these objectives, specifically to understand which variables are under-exploited and why some clubs over-perform, which will allow managers to prioritize decisions to increase their number of social media fans and financial value.
Nicolas Scelles; Boris Helleu; Christophe Durand; Liliane Bonnal; Stephen Morrow. Explaining the Number of Social Media Fans for North American and European Professional Sports Clubs with Determinants of Their Financial Value. International Journal of Financial Studies 2017, 5, 25 .
AMA StyleNicolas Scelles, Boris Helleu, Christophe Durand, Liliane Bonnal, Stephen Morrow. Explaining the Number of Social Media Fans for North American and European Professional Sports Clubs with Determinants of Their Financial Value. International Journal of Financial Studies. 2017; 5 (4):25.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNicolas Scelles; Boris Helleu; Christophe Durand; Liliane Bonnal; Stephen Morrow. 2017. "Explaining the Number of Social Media Fans for North American and European Professional Sports Clubs with Determinants of Their Financial Value." International Journal of Financial Studies 5, no. 4: 25.
Purpose The purpose of this paper is twofold. First, to highlight the heterogeneity of the organizational aims within the professional football teams in Ligue 1. Second, to understand why some teams swing from a win orientation towards a soft budget constraint from year to year, and vice versa. Design/methodology/approach Financial data from annual reports for the period 2005/2015 was collected for the 35 Ligue 1 clubs. To define the degree of compliance with the intended strategy for those clubs, an efficiency analysis was conducted thanks to the data envelopment analysis method. This measure of performance was supplemented with the identification of productivity and demand shocks to identify whether clubs suffered from such shock or changed their strategy. It enables to precise the nature of the evolution in the utility function, with regards to the gap between expectation and actual performance. Findings The paper suggests that a team can switch from one orientation to another from year to year due to the uncertain nature of the sports industry. The club director’s utility function could also be maximized under inter temporal budget function in order to adjust the weight between win and profit according to the opportunities in the environment. Originality/value The paper sheds new light on the win/profit maximization. The theoretical model provides an assessment of the weight between win and profit in Ligue 1 and then identifies a new explanation for persistent losses in the sports industry.
Mickael Terrien; Nicolas Scelles; Stephen Morrow; Lionel Maltese; Christophe Durand. The win/profit maximization debate: strategic adaptation as the answer? Sport, Business and Management: An International Journal 2017, 7, 121 -140.
AMA StyleMickael Terrien, Nicolas Scelles, Stephen Morrow, Lionel Maltese, Christophe Durand. The win/profit maximization debate: strategic adaptation as the answer? Sport, Business and Management: An International Journal. 2017; 7 (2):121-140.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMickael Terrien; Nicolas Scelles; Stephen Morrow; Lionel Maltese; Christophe Durand. 2017. "The win/profit maximization debate: strategic adaptation as the answer?" Sport, Business and Management: An International Journal 7, no. 2: 121-140.
The French Football Federation was the first football governing body to put in place, in 1990, a financial regulation system. It might be expected that UEFA’s Financial Fair Play (FFP) system established in 2010 would be similar to French DNCG (National Direction for Management Control) regulations. However, while FFP is concerned with profitability, DNCG is focused on solvency. Hence, a French club may be loss-making and not compliant with FFP, while at the same time being solvent in accordance with DNCG rules. Our research confirms that most French clubs do not conform to FFP rules. As such, it provides further evidence that DNCG has not prevented poor financial management within French clubs. The coexistence of DNCG and FFP– or any other domestic financial regulation and FFP –may result in disparities between domestic clubs. As a consequence, there should be consistent financial regulation in all European leagues.
Nadine Dermit-Richard; Nicolas Scelles; Stephen Morrow. French DNCG management control versus UEFA Financial Fair Play: a divergent conception of financial regulation objectives. Soccer & Society 2017, 20, 408 -430.
AMA StyleNadine Dermit-Richard, Nicolas Scelles, Stephen Morrow. French DNCG management control versus UEFA Financial Fair Play: a divergent conception of financial regulation objectives. Soccer & Society. 2017; 20 (3):408-430.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNadine Dermit-Richard; Nicolas Scelles; Stephen Morrow. 2017. "French DNCG management control versus UEFA Financial Fair Play: a divergent conception of financial regulation objectives." Soccer & Society 20, no. 3: 408-430.
Nicolas Scelles; Wladimir Andreff. Economic Model of a Professional Football Club in France. Routledge Handbook of Football Marketing 2017, 60 -72.
AMA StyleNicolas Scelles, Wladimir Andreff. Economic Model of a Professional Football Club in France. Routledge Handbook of Football Marketing. 2017; ():60-72.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNicolas Scelles; Wladimir Andreff. 2017. "Economic Model of a Professional Football Club in France." Routledge Handbook of Football Marketing , no. : 60-72.