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Prof. Kota Kodama
Ritsumeikan University

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Preprint content
Published: 29 July 2021
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BACKGROUND Digital health has been advancing owing to technological progress by means of smart devices and artificial intelligence, amongst other developments. In the field of diabetes, especially, there are many active use cases of digital technology supporting the treatment of diabetes and improving lifestyle. In the innovation ecosystem, new alliance networks are formed not only by medical device companies and pharmaceutical companies, but also by information and communications technology (ICT) companies and start-ups. While understanding and utilizing the network structure is important to increase the competitive advantage of companies, there is a lack of previous research describing the structure of alliance networks and the factors that lead to their formation in digital health. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to explore the significance of alliance networks, focusing on digital health for diabetes, in effectively implementing processes, from the Research and Development (R&D) of products and/or services to their launch and market penetration. METHODS First, we listed the companies and contracts related to the digital health for diabetes, visualized the change in the number of companies and the connections between companies in each industry, and analyzed the overview of the network. Second, we calculated the degree, betweenness centrality, and eigenvector centrality of each company in each year. Next, we analyzed the relationship between network centrality and market competitiveness by using annual sales as a parameter of company competitiveness. We also compared the network centrality of each company by industry and/or headquarters location and analyze the characteristics of companies with higher centrality. Finally, we analyzed the relationship between network centrality and the number of products certified or approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). RESULTS We found the degree centrality of companies was correlated with an increase in their sales; The betweenness and eigenvector centrality of medical device companies located in the U.S. were significantly higher than those outside the U.S; Finally, the degree, betweenness and eigenvector centralities were correlated with an increase in the number of Class III, but not of Class I nor II medical device products. CONCLUSIONS These findings give rise to new insights on the industry ecosystem for digital health and its requirement and expect a contribution to R&D practices in the field of digital health.

ACS Style

Satoru Kikuchi; Kota Kodama; Shintaro Sengoku. Significance of Strategic Alliance in Research and Development of Digital Health Products for Diabetes (Preprint). 2021, 1 .

AMA Style

Satoru Kikuchi, Kota Kodama, Shintaro Sengoku. Significance of Strategic Alliance in Research and Development of Digital Health Products for Diabetes (Preprint). . 2021; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Satoru Kikuchi; Kota Kodama; Shintaro Sengoku. 2021. "Significance of Strategic Alliance in Research and Development of Digital Health Products for Diabetes (Preprint)." , no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 26 July 2021 in Journal of Personalized Medicine
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(1) Background: During the global spread of COVID-19, Japan has been among the top countries to maintain a relatively low number of infections, despite implementing limited institutional interventions and its high population density. This study investigated how limited intervention policies have affected public health and economic conditions in the COVID-19 context and aimed to gain insight into the effective and sustainable measures against new infectious diseases in densely inhabited areas. (2) Methods: A system dynamics approach was employed. Qualitative causal loop analysis and stock and quantitative flow model analysis were performed, using a Tokyo Metropolitan area dataset. (3) Results: A causal loop analysis suggested that there were risks in prematurely terminating such interventions. Based on this result and the subsequent quantitative modeling, we found that the short-term effectiveness of a short-term pre-emptive stay-at-home request caused a resurgence in the number of positive cases, whereas an additional request provided a limited negative add-on effect for economic measures (e.g., number of electronic word-of-mouth communications and restaurant visits). (4) Conclusions: These findings suggest the superiority of a mild and continuous intervention as a long-term countermeasure under epidemic pressures when compared with strong intermittent interventions.

ACS Style

Makoto Niwa; Yasushi Hara; Yusuke Matsuo; Hodaka Narita; Yeongjoo Lim; Shintaro Sengoku; Kota Kodama. Superiority of Mild Interventions against COVID-19 on Public Health and Economic Measures. Journal of Personalized Medicine 2021, 11, 719 .

AMA Style

Makoto Niwa, Yasushi Hara, Yusuke Matsuo, Hodaka Narita, Yeongjoo Lim, Shintaro Sengoku, Kota Kodama. Superiority of Mild Interventions against COVID-19 on Public Health and Economic Measures. Journal of Personalized Medicine. 2021; 11 (8):719.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Makoto Niwa; Yasushi Hara; Yusuke Matsuo; Hodaka Narita; Yeongjoo Lim; Shintaro Sengoku; Kota Kodama. 2021. "Superiority of Mild Interventions against COVID-19 on Public Health and Economic Measures." Journal of Personalized Medicine 11, no. 8: 719.

Journal article
Published: 09 July 2021 in Cancers
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This study investigated a case of Memorial Sloan Kettering-Integrated Mutation Profiling of Actionable Cancer Targets (MSK-IMPACT), a tumor profiling test approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2017, to examine what factors would contribute to healthcare innovation. First, we set the following three parameters to observe cases: (i) the FDA regulatory reforms, (ii) early application of new technologies, such as next-generation sequencing (NGS), to both research and clinical settings, and (iii) accumulation of open data. Then, we performed a comparative analysis of MSK-IMPACT with FoundationOne CDx and Oncomine Dx Target Test, both of which were FDA-approved tumor profiling tests launched in 2017. As a result, we found that MSK-IMPACT secures neutrality as a non-profit organization, achieves the active incorporation of basic research results, and performs superiorly in clinical operations, such as patient enrollment. On the contrary, we confirmed that FoundationOne CDx was the most prominent case in terms of the number of new drugs and expanded indications approved in which the FDA’s expedited approval programs were considerably utilized. Consequently, to uncover the full potential of MSK-IMPACT, it is suggested that more intersectoral collaborative activities between various healthcare stakeholders, in particular, pharmaceutical companies, for driving clinical development must be carried out based on an organizational framework that facilitates collaboration.

ACS Style

Takaharu Jibiki; Hayato Nishimura; Shintaro Sengoku; Kota Kodama. Regulations, Open Data and Healthcare Innovation: A Case of MSK-IMPACT and Its Implications for Better Cancer Care. Cancers 2021, 13, 3448 .

AMA Style

Takaharu Jibiki, Hayato Nishimura, Shintaro Sengoku, Kota Kodama. Regulations, Open Data and Healthcare Innovation: A Case of MSK-IMPACT and Its Implications for Better Cancer Care. Cancers. 2021; 13 (14):3448.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Takaharu Jibiki; Hayato Nishimura; Shintaro Sengoku; Kota Kodama. 2021. "Regulations, Open Data and Healthcare Innovation: A Case of MSK-IMPACT and Its Implications for Better Cancer Care." Cancers 13, no. 14: 3448.

Preprint content
Published: 29 June 2021
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BACKGROUND A construction method has emerged in which a camera is installed around a construction machine, and the operator remotely controls the machine while synchronizing the vibration of the machine with the images seen from the operator's seat using virtual reality (VR) technology. Indices related to changes in heart rate and physical vibration, such as heart rate variability (HRV) and multiscale entropy (MSE), can then be measured in the operators. As these indices are quantitative measures of autonomic regulation in the cardiovascular system, they can provide a useful means of assessing operational stress. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to improve the efficiency of machine operation by evaluating the changes in the heart rate and body vibration of the machine operators, while considering the psychological load on the operators. METHODS Nine remote operators (18–48 years old) participated in the experiment, which involved 42 measurements. A construction machine was driven on a test course simulating a construction site, and three patterns of operation—riding operation of the machine, remote operation using monitor images, and VR operation combining monitor images and machine vibration—were compared. The heartbeat, body vibration, and driving time of the participants were measured using a sensing wear made of woven film-like conductive material and a 3-axis acceleration measurement device (WHS-2). We used HRV analysis in the time and frequency domains, MSE analysis as a measure of the complexity of heart rate changes, and the ISO 2631 vibration index. Multiple regression analysis was used to model the relationship between HRV low frequency (LF)/high frequency (HF), MSE, vibration index, and driving time of construction equipment. Efficient driving time was investigated with a focus on stress reduction. RESULTS Multiple comparisons using the Bonferroni test and Kruskal-Wallis test showed statistically significant differences (P=.05) in HRV-LF/HF, the vibration indices Aw and motion sickness dose value (MSDV), and driving time among the three operation patterns. The riding operation was found to reduce the driving time of the machine, but the operation stress was the highest in this case; operation by the monitor image was found to have the lowest operation stress but the longest operation time. Multiple regression analysis showed that the explanatory variables (LH/HF), R-R interval (RRI), and vibration index (MSDVz by vertical oscillation of 0.5–5 Hz) had a negative effect on driving time (adjusted R2=0.449). CONCLUSIONS A new method was developed to calculate the appropriate operating time by considering operational stress and suppressing the physical vibration within an acceptable range. By focusing on the relationship between psychological load and physical vibration, which has left unexplored in previous studies, the relationship of these variables with the driving time of construction machines was clarified.

ACS Style

Nobuki Hashiguchi; Jianfei Cao; Yeongjoo Lim; Shinichi Kuroishi; Yasuhiro Miyazaki; Shigeo Kitahara; Shintaro Sengoku; Kota Kodama. Psychological Effects of Heart Rate and Physical Vibration on the Operation of Construction Machine: An Experimental Study (Preprint). 2021, 1 .

AMA Style

Nobuki Hashiguchi, Jianfei Cao, Yeongjoo Lim, Shinichi Kuroishi, Yasuhiro Miyazaki, Shigeo Kitahara, Shintaro Sengoku, Kota Kodama. Psychological Effects of Heart Rate and Physical Vibration on the Operation of Construction Machine: An Experimental Study (Preprint). . 2021; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nobuki Hashiguchi; Jianfei Cao; Yeongjoo Lim; Shinichi Kuroishi; Yasuhiro Miyazaki; Shigeo Kitahara; Shintaro Sengoku; Kota Kodama. 2021. "Psychological Effects of Heart Rate and Physical Vibration on the Operation of Construction Machine: An Experimental Study (Preprint)." , no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 29 June 2021 in JMIR mHealth and uHealth
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ACS Style

Nobuki Hashiguchi; Jianfei Cao; Yeongjoo Lim; Shinichi Kuroishi; Yasuhiro Miyazaki; Shigeo Kitahara; Shintaro Sengoku; Katsushi Matsubayashi; Kota Kodama. Psychological Effects of Heart Rate and Physical Vibration on the Operation of Construction Machine: An Experimental Study (Preprint). JMIR mHealth and uHealth 2021, 1 .

AMA Style

Nobuki Hashiguchi, Jianfei Cao, Yeongjoo Lim, Shinichi Kuroishi, Yasuhiro Miyazaki, Shigeo Kitahara, Shintaro Sengoku, Katsushi Matsubayashi, Kota Kodama. Psychological Effects of Heart Rate and Physical Vibration on the Operation of Construction Machine: An Experimental Study (Preprint). JMIR mHealth and uHealth. 2021; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nobuki Hashiguchi; Jianfei Cao; Yeongjoo Lim; Shinichi Kuroishi; Yasuhiro Miyazaki; Shigeo Kitahara; Shintaro Sengoku; Katsushi Matsubayashi; Kota Kodama. 2021. "Psychological Effects of Heart Rate and Physical Vibration on the Operation of Construction Machine: An Experimental Study (Preprint)." JMIR mHealth and uHealth , no. : 1.

Preprint content
Published: 10 June 2021
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BACKGROUND Smartphones have become an integral part of our lives with their unprecedented popularity and diversification of applications. The continuous upgrading of information technology has also enabled smartphones to display great potential in the field of healthcare. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to clarify the future research direction of mHealth by analyzing its research trends and latest research hotspots. METHODS This study collected mHealth-related literature published between 2000 and 2020 from the Web of Science database. Descriptive statistics of the literature were computed using Excel software. The publication trends of mHealth research were determined by analyzing the annual number of publications in the literature and annual number of publications categorized based on different countries. Finally, this study used the VOSviewer tool to construct visualization network maps of country/region collaborations and author keyword co-occurrences, and overlay visualization maps of the average publication year of author keywords to analyze the hotspots and research trends in mHealth research. RESULTS In this study, 12,593 mHealth-related research articles published between 2000 and 2020 were collected. The results showed an exponential growth trend in the number of annual publications in mHealth literature. The United States remained the leading contributor to the literature in this area (5,294/12,593, 42%), well ahead of other countries/regions. Other countries/regions also showed a clear trend of annual increases in the number of publications in mHealth literature. Regarding cooperation between countries, the four countries with the largest number of publications, the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, and Australia, were found to cooperate more closely. The rest of the countries/regions showed a clear geographical pattern of cooperation. The keyword co-occurrence analysis of the top 100 authors formed five clusters, namely: development of mHealth medical technology and its application in various diseases, use of mHealth technology to improve basic public health and health policy, mHealth self-health testing and management in daily life, adolescent use of mHealth, and mHealth in mental health. The research trends revealed a gradual shift in mHealth research from health policy and improving public healthcare to the development and social application of mHealth technologies. CONCLUSIONS To the best of our knowledge, the most current bibliometric analysis dates back to 2016. However, the number of mHealth researches published between 2017 and 2020 exceeds the previous total. Therefore, the results of this study shed light on the latest research hotspots and research trends in mHealth research. These findings provide a useful overview of the development of the field; they may also serve as a valuable reference and provide guidance for other researchers in the field.

ACS Style

Jianfei Cao; Yeongjoo Lim; Shintaro Sengoku; Xitong Guo; Kota Kodama. A Paradigm Shift in Healthcare Innovation as Revealed by Research Trends in Mobile Health: A Bibliometric Analysis. (Preprint). 2021, 1 .

AMA Style

Jianfei Cao, Yeongjoo Lim, Shintaro Sengoku, Xitong Guo, Kota Kodama. A Paradigm Shift in Healthcare Innovation as Revealed by Research Trends in Mobile Health: A Bibliometric Analysis. (Preprint). . 2021; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jianfei Cao; Yeongjoo Lim; Shintaro Sengoku; Xitong Guo; Kota Kodama. 2021. "A Paradigm Shift in Healthcare Innovation as Revealed by Research Trends in Mobile Health: A Bibliometric Analysis. (Preprint)." , no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 10 June 2021 in JMIR mHealth and uHealth
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ACS Style

Jianfei Cao; Yeongjoo Lim; Shintaro Sengoku; Xitong Guo; Kota Kodama. Exploring the Shift in International Trends in Mobile Health Research: A Bibliometric Analysis from 2000 to 2020 (Preprint). JMIR mHealth and uHealth 2021, 1 .

AMA Style

Jianfei Cao, Yeongjoo Lim, Shintaro Sengoku, Xitong Guo, Kota Kodama. Exploring the Shift in International Trends in Mobile Health Research: A Bibliometric Analysis from 2000 to 2020 (Preprint). JMIR mHealth and uHealth. 2021; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jianfei Cao; Yeongjoo Lim; Shintaro Sengoku; Xitong Guo; Kota Kodama. 2021. "Exploring the Shift in International Trends in Mobile Health Research: A Bibliometric Analysis from 2000 to 2020 (Preprint)." JMIR mHealth and uHealth , no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 24 May 2021 in Journal of Personalized Medicine
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We studied the overview of drug discovery and development to understand the recent trends and potential success factors of interorganizational collaboration by reviewing 1204 transactions performed until 2019 for 107 anticancer drugs approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) from 1999 to 2018. Immune checkpoint blockade was found to be a significantly active area in interorganizational transactions, especially the number of alliances, compared with other mechanisms of action of small molecules and biologics for cancer treatment. Furthermore, the analysis of pembrolizumab and nivolumab showed that the number of approved indications for these two drugs has been rapidly expanding since their first approval in 2014. Examination of the acquisitions and alliances regarding pembrolizumab and nivolumab showed that many combination partners were developed by US-based biotechnology or start-up companies, the majority of which were biologics. These findings suggest that immune checkpoint blockade is a paradigm for cancer treatment, resulting in huge product sales and continuous indication expansion. Additionally, interorganizational collaboration, especially trial collaboration, is a strategic approach for the development of immune checkpoint blockade agents. The translation of these empirical practices to new drug candidates is expected for the research and development of innovative drugs in the future.

ACS Style

Arisa Djurian; Tomohiro Makino; Yeongjoo Lim; Shintaro Sengoku; Kota Kodama. Dynamic Collaborations for the Development of Immune Checkpoint Blockade Agents. Journal of Personalized Medicine 2021, 11, 460 .

AMA Style

Arisa Djurian, Tomohiro Makino, Yeongjoo Lim, Shintaro Sengoku, Kota Kodama. Dynamic Collaborations for the Development of Immune Checkpoint Blockade Agents. Journal of Personalized Medicine. 2021; 11 (6):460.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Arisa Djurian; Tomohiro Makino; Yeongjoo Lim; Shintaro Sengoku; Kota Kodama. 2021. "Dynamic Collaborations for the Development of Immune Checkpoint Blockade Agents." Journal of Personalized Medicine 11, no. 6: 460.

Journal article
Published: 26 April 2021 in Sustainability
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In recent years, technological progress in smart devices and artificial intelligence has also led to advancements in digital health. Digital health tools are especially prevalent in diabetes treatment and improving lifestyle. In digital health’s innovation ecosystem, new alliance networks are formed not only by medical device companies and pharmaceutical companies but also by information and communications technology (ICT) companies and start-ups. Therefore, while focusing on digital health for diabetes, this study explored the characteristics of companies with high network centralities. Our analysis of the changes in degree, betweenness, and eigenvector centralities of the sample companies from 2011 to 2020 found drastic changes in the company rankings of those with high network centrality during this period. Accordingly, the following eight companies were identified and investigated as the top-ranking technology sector companies: IBM Watson Health, Glooko, DarioHealth, Welldoc, OneDrop, Fitbit, Voluntis, and Noom. Lastly, we characterized these cases into three business models: (i) intermediary model, (ii) substitute model, and (iii) direct-to-consumer model, and we analyzed their customer value.

ACS Style

Satoru Kikuchi; Kota Kadama; Shintaro Sengoku. Characteristics and Classification of Technology Sector Companies in Digital Health for Diabetes. Sustainability 2021, 13, 4839 .

AMA Style

Satoru Kikuchi, Kota Kadama, Shintaro Sengoku. Characteristics and Classification of Technology Sector Companies in Digital Health for Diabetes. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (9):4839.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Satoru Kikuchi; Kota Kadama; Shintaro Sengoku. 2021. "Characteristics and Classification of Technology Sector Companies in Digital Health for Diabetes." Sustainability 13, no. 9: 4839.

Preprint content
Published: 07 April 2021
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During the global spread of COVID-19, Japan has been among the top countries to maintain a relatively low number of infections, despite implementing limited institutional interventions. Using a Tokyo Metropolitan dataset, this study investigated how these limited intervention policies have affected public health and economic conditions in the COVID-19 context. A causal loop analysis suggested that there were risks to prematurely terminating such interventions. On the basis of this result and subsequent quantitative modelling, we found that the short-term effectiveness of a short-term pre-emptive stay-at-home request caused a resurgence in the number of positive cases, whereas an additional request provided a limited negative add-on effect for economic measures (e.g. the number of electronic word-of-mouth (eWOM) communications and restaurant visits). These findings suggest the superiority of a mild and continuous intervention as a long-term countermeasure under epidemic pressures when compared to strong intermittent interventions.

ACS Style

Makoto Niwa; Yasushi Hara; Yusuke Matsuo; Hodaka Narita; Yeongjoo Lim; Shintaro Sengoku; Kota Kodama. Superiority of Mild Interventions Against COVID-19 on Public Health and Economic Measures. 2021, 1 .

AMA Style

Makoto Niwa, Yasushi Hara, Yusuke Matsuo, Hodaka Narita, Yeongjoo Lim, Shintaro Sengoku, Kota Kodama. Superiority of Mild Interventions Against COVID-19 on Public Health and Economic Measures. . 2021; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Makoto Niwa; Yasushi Hara; Yusuke Matsuo; Hodaka Narita; Yeongjoo Lim; Shintaro Sengoku; Kota Kodama. 2021. "Superiority of Mild Interventions Against COVID-19 on Public Health and Economic Measures." , no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 24 March 2021 in Sustainability
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Biotech startup firms developing pharmaceutical seeds from scientific and technological innovation are burdened by significant Research & Development (R&D) expenses, long-term R&D operations, and low probability of R&D success. To address these challenges while sustainably creating innovations and new drugs, business alliances with existing pharmaceutical companies are one of the most important issues on the management agenda. The present study explores the necessity and significance of business alliances with pharmaceutical companies for the development of drug-discovery by Japanese biotech startup firms under high uncertainty. This study investigates the types of alliances to understand the origins of sustainability of these creative activities. First, we investigate and analyze the details of the partnership and its impact on the products under development based on the publicly available information of 16 drug discovery biotech startup firms in Japan that had become public since 2010. As a result, all firms continued their operations with the funds obtained from the business alliances with pharmaceutical firms at the time of their initial public offering (IPO). In addition, 56% of these firms’ alliance projects (n = 73) were seeded-out, and 32% seeded-in, indicating that they had adopted flexible alliance strategies not limited to seed-out ones. For sustainable going concern of the biotech startup business, it is valuable to consider multiple strategic options: “in-licensing and value up”, “best-in-class”, “platform leadership” and “first-in-class” depending on the characteristics of seeds and environmental restrictions.

ACS Style

Yoshimi Harada; Huayi Wang; Kota Kodama; Shintaro Sengoku. Drug Discovery Firms and Business Alliances for Sustainable Innovation. Sustainability 2021, 13, 3599 .

AMA Style

Yoshimi Harada, Huayi Wang, Kota Kodama, Shintaro Sengoku. Drug Discovery Firms and Business Alliances for Sustainable Innovation. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (7):3599.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yoshimi Harada; Huayi Wang; Kota Kodama; Shintaro Sengoku. 2021. "Drug Discovery Firms and Business Alliances for Sustainable Innovation." Sustainability 13, no. 7: 3599.

Journal article
Published: 26 December 2020 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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The increasing sophistication and complexity of construction technology have also increased workers’ physical risk and psychological stress. This study examined the relationships between health risks, work motivation, and productivity as perceived by construction workers. A hypothetical model of worker perceptions, and the psychological factors influencing these perceptions, was developed. A total of 324 construction workers at a Japanese construction company participated in the study and were divided into two groups: younger (45 years of age and below) and older adults (46 years of age and above). Data were collected using a questionnaire. The differences between the age groups were analyzed with regard to their perceptions of health risks, motivation, work skills, and productivity. Both younger and older workers were affected by intrinsic motivations and extrinsic motivations, but the effect of these motivations on work performance differed depending on age. Higher health risks are anticipated to affect the work motivation and productivity perceptions of older workers. The proposed model and findings of this study contribute to understanding worker motivations and have important implications for labor management of construction projects. By addressing construction workers’ intrinsic (e.g., interest) and extrinsic (e.g., reward) motivations, it is possible to sustainably improve project productivity.

ACS Style

Nobuki Hashiguchi; Shintaro Sengoku; Yasushi Kubota; Shigeo Kitahara; Yeongjoo Lim; Kota Kodama. Age-Dependent Influence of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivations on Construction Worker Performance. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020, 18, 111 .

AMA Style

Nobuki Hashiguchi, Shintaro Sengoku, Yasushi Kubota, Shigeo Kitahara, Yeongjoo Lim, Kota Kodama. Age-Dependent Influence of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivations on Construction Worker Performance. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 18 (1):111.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nobuki Hashiguchi; Shintaro Sengoku; Yasushi Kubota; Shigeo Kitahara; Yeongjoo Lim; Kota Kodama. 2020. "Age-Dependent Influence of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivations on Construction Worker Performance." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 1: 111.

Journal article
Published: 27 October 2020 in Sustainability
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An important agenda of pharmaceutical companies is the establishment of therapeutic area strategies, drug modality, and geographic strategies for research and development. It is worthwhile to understand the changes in therapeutic area, modality and internationalization of the top-selling pharmaceutical drugs over the past. Hence, the purposes of this study are to investigate changes in therapeutic area, modality and internationalization of the top-selling drugs and to identify their life cycle patterns. We compared the top-selling drugs between 2011 and 2017, and found that the percentages of nichebuster cancer drugs and home region-oriented drugs have increased whereas the proportions of traditional blockbuster cardiovascular drugs and global drugs have decreased. We compared product life cycle patterns via a Kruskal–Wallis test, and identified the features of product life cycle patterns per therapeutic area and modality. We performed a case study on drugs in the same class with the same pharmacological mechanism but found no differences across cases. Our results provide insights into therapeutic area strategies that consider life cycle patterns and geographic strategies that consider the competitive advantages of home region-oriented drugs. Finally, we presented new and simple models of life cycle patterns. This approach may help such enterprises establish and maintain sustainable growth.

ACS Style

Fumio Teramae; Tomohiro Makino; Shintaro Sengoku; Yeongjoo Lim; Takashi Natori; Kota Kodama. Research on Pharmaceutical Product Life Cycle Patterns for Sustainable Growth. Sustainability 2020, 12, 8938 .

AMA Style

Fumio Teramae, Tomohiro Makino, Shintaro Sengoku, Yeongjoo Lim, Takashi Natori, Kota Kodama. Research on Pharmaceutical Product Life Cycle Patterns for Sustainable Growth. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (21):8938.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Fumio Teramae; Tomohiro Makino; Shintaro Sengoku; Yeongjoo Lim; Takashi Natori; Kota Kodama. 2020. "Research on Pharmaceutical Product Life Cycle Patterns for Sustainable Growth." Sustainability 12, no. 21: 8938.

Journal article
Published: 27 August 2020 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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In Japan’s response to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), virus testing was limited to symptomatic patients due to limited capacity, resulting in uncertainty regarding the spread of infection and the appropriateness of countermeasures. System dynamic modelling, comprised of stock flow and infection modelling, was used to describe regional population dynamics and estimate assumed region-specific transmission rates. The estimated regional transmission rates were then mapped against actual patient data throughout the course of the interventions. This modelling, together with simulation studies, demonstrated the effectiveness of inbound traveler quarantine and resident self-isolation policies and practices. A causal loop approach was taken to link societal factors to infection control measures. This causal loop modelling suggested that the only effective measure against COVID-19 transmission in the Japanese context was intervention in the early stages of the outbreak by national and regional governments, and no social self-strengthening dynamics were demonstrated. These findings may contribute to an understanding of how social resilience to future infectious disease threats can be developed.

ACS Style

Makoto Niwa; Yasushi Hara; Shintaro Sengoku; Kota Kodama. Effectiveness of Social Measures against COVID-19 Outbreaks in Selected Japanese Regions Analyzed by System Dynamic Modeling. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020, 17, 6238 .

AMA Style

Makoto Niwa, Yasushi Hara, Shintaro Sengoku, Kota Kodama. Effectiveness of Social Measures against COVID-19 Outbreaks in Selected Japanese Regions Analyzed by System Dynamic Modeling. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17 (17):6238.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Makoto Niwa; Yasushi Hara; Shintaro Sengoku; Kota Kodama. 2020. "Effectiveness of Social Measures against COVID-19 Outbreaks in Selected Japanese Regions Analyzed by System Dynamic Modeling." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 17: 6238.

Journal article
Published: 09 July 2020 in Sustainability
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A key concept in the pharmaceutical industry is open innovation, in which pharmaceutical companies contribute to human health and adapt to a changing business environment by acquiring external knowledge. As successful drug discoveries and developments have become challenging, pharmaceutical companies must proactively pursue the open innovation of new drugs through various inter-firm partnerships to be more sustainable. This study aims to interpret the trend of inter-firm partnerships in the development of cancer drugs and to evaluate their effectiveness by examining inter-firm transactions related to cancer drugs approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). It is a novel approach to exercise this on each product instead of at the company level. The findings revealed that the number of inter-firm transactions in the oncology field has increased over the past 20 years. Furthermore, the annual number of transactions related to biologics has surpassed that of small molecules since 2015 and has been primarily driven by three PD-(L)1 inhibitors: Keytruda, Opdivo, and Tecentriq. Moreover, the average number of inter-firm transactions related to biologics is significantly higher than that of small molecules in total, in alliances, and in financing, suggesting that inter-firm transactions for biologic cancer drugs actively occur through various means. Additionally, a positive and significant correlation exists between the number of transactions and the average number of approved indications for biologics, but not for small molecules. These results suggest that the observed trend of active inter-firm transactions is key in increasing the probability of success in cancer drug research and development. This could provide a potential breakthrough in this industry for the successful development of innovative drug candidates to address unmet medical needs. Further study is necessary to confirm the applicability of this paradigm in broader drug discoveries and development.

ACS Style

Arisa Djurian; Tomohiro Makino; Yeongjoo Lim; Shintaro Sengoku; Kota Kodama. Trends of Business-to-Business Transactions to Develop Innovative Cancer Drugs. Sustainability 2020, 12, 5535 .

AMA Style

Arisa Djurian, Tomohiro Makino, Yeongjoo Lim, Shintaro Sengoku, Kota Kodama. Trends of Business-to-Business Transactions to Develop Innovative Cancer Drugs. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (14):5535.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Arisa Djurian; Tomohiro Makino; Yeongjoo Lim; Shintaro Sengoku; Kota Kodama. 2020. "Trends of Business-to-Business Transactions to Develop Innovative Cancer Drugs." Sustainability 12, no. 14: 5535.

Journal article
Published: 06 July 2020 in Sensors
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It is important for construction companies to sustain a productive workforce without sacrificing its health and safety. This study aims to develop a practical judgement method to estimate the workload risk of individual construction workers. Based on studies, we developed a workload model comprising a hygrothermal environment, behavioral information, and the physical characteristics of workers). The construction workers’ heart rate and physical activity were measured using the data collected from a wearable device equipped with a biosensor and an acceleration sensor. This study is the first report to use worker physical activity, age, and the wet bulb globe temperature (WBGT) to determine a worker’s physical workload. The accuracy of this health risk judgment result was 89.2%, indicating that it is possible to easily judge the health risk of workers even in an environment where it is difficult to measure the subject in advance. The proposed model and its findings can aid in monitoring the health impacts of working conditions during construction activities, and thereby contribute toward determining workers’ health damage. However, the sampled construction workers are 12 workers, further studies in other working conditions are required to accumulate more evidence and assure the accuracy of the models.

ACS Style

Nobuki Hashiguchi; Kota Kodama; Yeongjoo Lim; Chang Che; Shinichi Kuroishi; Yasuhiro Miyazaki; Taizo Kobayashi; Shigeo Kitahara; Kazuyoshi Tateyama. Practical Judgment of Workload Based on Physical Activity, Work Conditions, and Worker’s Age in Construction Site. Sensors 2020, 20, 3786 .

AMA Style

Nobuki Hashiguchi, Kota Kodama, Yeongjoo Lim, Chang Che, Shinichi Kuroishi, Yasuhiro Miyazaki, Taizo Kobayashi, Shigeo Kitahara, Kazuyoshi Tateyama. Practical Judgment of Workload Based on Physical Activity, Work Conditions, and Worker’s Age in Construction Site. Sensors. 2020; 20 (13):3786.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nobuki Hashiguchi; Kota Kodama; Yeongjoo Lim; Chang Che; Shinichi Kuroishi; Yasuhiro Miyazaki; Taizo Kobayashi; Shigeo Kitahara; Kazuyoshi Tateyama. 2020. "Practical Judgment of Workload Based on Physical Activity, Work Conditions, and Worker’s Age in Construction Site." Sensors 20, no. 13: 3786.

Journal article
Published: 02 July 2020 in Sustainability
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Research and development (R&D) productivity is continuously declining, and it is said that the conventional model of pharmaceutical business is becoming obsolete. Many research studies on R&D productivity focus on inputs (e.g., strategic transactions to absorb external innovation, R&D expenditures), outputs (e.g., approvals of a new drug), and outcomes (e.g., total sales, incomes). However, few prior studies address the relationship among these three components simultaneously. Therefore, we comprehensively analyzed factors affecting R&D productivity by statistically examining a sample of 30 large multinational companies. Our results show that strategic transactions do not increase the number of approved drugs and negatively affect growth in terms of total sales. Additionally, our results show that a home-region-oriented international strategy positively affects total sales, thus indicating that responsiveness to local medical needs is important for sustainable growth. This paper contributes to the body of research on R&D productivity in the pharmaceutical industry.

ACS Style

Fumio Teramae; Tomohiro Makino; Yeongjoo Lim; Shintaro Sengoku; Kota Kodama. Impact of Research and Development Strategy on Sustainable Growth in Multinational Pharmaceutical Companies. Sustainability 2020, 12, 5358 .

AMA Style

Fumio Teramae, Tomohiro Makino, Yeongjoo Lim, Shintaro Sengoku, Kota Kodama. Impact of Research and Development Strategy on Sustainable Growth in Multinational Pharmaceutical Companies. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (13):5358.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Fumio Teramae; Tomohiro Makino; Yeongjoo Lim; Shintaro Sengoku; Kota Kodama. 2020. "Impact of Research and Development Strategy on Sustainable Growth in Multinational Pharmaceutical Companies." Sustainability 12, no. 13: 5358.

Journal article
Published: 01 July 2020 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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Good manufacturing practice (GMP) is advocated and implemented as a standardized procedure for manufacturing dietary supplements. However, in Japan as a case, only half of the manufacturers in this field so far adopt it. To address this issue, the present study aims to explore the effect of key characteristics of a company on the adoption of and compliance with GMP for dietary supplements. The focus is on the effect of expertise in the pharmaceutical industry. The relationships between company characteristics and the adoption of GMP were analyzed for 90 manufacturers in the dietary supplement industry in Japan. A binomial logistic regression analysis showed that each of the following three factors had a positive and significant effect on the company’s adoption of GMP: company size in terms of revenue (odds ratio = 1.04, p = 0.019), possession of a manufacturing license for pharmaceutical products (13.7, p = 0.003), and number of own product categories manufactured (3.93, p = 0.00009). These findings strongly suggest that the company’s manufacturing capability of pharmaceutical products works as a key driver for the better adoption of a quality standard in the dietary supplement industry in Japan. Few considerations were made for conditions of the adoption and implementation of GMP. The present study empirically contributes by providing key clues for issues in the dietary supplement industry and by forming a theoretical base for policymakers and the regulatory authorities.

ACS Style

Keigo Sato; Kota Kodama; Shintaro Sengoku. Corporate Characteristics and Adoption of Good Manufacturing Practice for Dietary Supplements in Japan. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020, 17, 4748 .

AMA Style

Keigo Sato, Kota Kodama, Shintaro Sengoku. Corporate Characteristics and Adoption of Good Manufacturing Practice for Dietary Supplements in Japan. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17 (13):4748.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Keigo Sato; Kota Kodama; Shintaro Sengoku. 2020. "Corporate Characteristics and Adoption of Good Manufacturing Practice for Dietary Supplements in Japan." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 13: 4748.

Journal article
Published: 18 May 2020 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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The construction industry is a work environment that poses many dangers to workers, with many hidden factors that affect work awareness. It is important for construction companies to ensure a balance between productivity and safety in the work environment. The purpose of this study was to identify relationships between the feeling of safety in the work environment, proactive work behavior, job satisfaction, work skills, team performance, and health risk indicators, such as heart rate, among construction workers of different ages. Based on previous research, we examined the hypothetical perception model. We then administered a questionnaire survey to construction workers (N = 357) employed at a Japanese construction company. Using structural equation modeling (SEM), we investigated the impact of health risk indicators on worker perceptions among young and older workers. The results showed that workers’ heart rate and body mass index (BMI) had a negative effect on the feeling of safety and proactive work behavior among older workers, but showed no significant relationship among young workers. However, regardless of workers’ age, it was clear that the feeling of safety affects job satisfaction, and that work skills and proactive work behaviors affect perceptions regarding team performance.

ACS Style

Nobuki Hashiguchi; Jianfei Cao; Yeongjoo Lim; Yasushi Kubota; Shigeo Kitahara; Shuichi Ishida; Kota Kodama. The Effects of Psychological Factors on Perceptions of Productivity in Construction Sites in Japan by Worker Age. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020, 17, 3517 .

AMA Style

Nobuki Hashiguchi, Jianfei Cao, Yeongjoo Lim, Yasushi Kubota, Shigeo Kitahara, Shuichi Ishida, Kota Kodama. The Effects of Psychological Factors on Perceptions of Productivity in Construction Sites in Japan by Worker Age. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17 (10):3517.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nobuki Hashiguchi; Jianfei Cao; Yeongjoo Lim; Yasushi Kubota; Shigeo Kitahara; Shuichi Ishida; Kota Kodama. 2020. "The Effects of Psychological Factors on Perceptions of Productivity in Construction Sites in Japan by Worker Age." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 10: 3517.

Journal article
Published: 23 April 2020 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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Genetically edited food utilizes new techniques that may decrease all of the risks associated with genetically modified food, or “GMO” food. Safety and labeling regulations for genetically edited food are still new, and it is challenging for the consumer to differentiate it from conventional food. Although genetically edited food has the potential for reducing the risks associated with the gene introduction process, consumer perceptions toward it are still unclear. The research has compared the regulations governing GMO food and genetically edited food in Japan, Europe, and the United States. We found that the genetically edited food regulations in Japan are the most science-based, in the meaning that genetically edited food products are allowed to be sold without any safety evaluation. Based on the difference among regions, we further studied the potential acceptance level for such products among Japanese consumers, where regulation seemed science-based as policy. To understand the factors that may affect the adoption of genetically edited food among youth in Japan, we utilized the structural equation modeling (SEM) method with 180 surveys of Japanese university students to measure six factors: Knowledge, Attitude Towards Technology, Perceived Benefits, Perceived Risks, Trust, and Willingness to Purchase. The survey was conducted twice with an intervention in the middle to measure the effect of science communication, and we found significant differences when comparing the two datasets. The results of this survey indicate the importance of increasing knowledge and the positive role of science communication in increasing the adoption and trust of biotechnology products, such as genetically edited food.

ACS Style

Mohamed Farid; Jianfei Cao; Yeongjoo Lim; Teruyo Arato; Kota Kodama. Exploring Factors Affecting the Acceptance of Genetically Edited Food Among Youth in Japan. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020, 17, 2935 .

AMA Style

Mohamed Farid, Jianfei Cao, Yeongjoo Lim, Teruyo Arato, Kota Kodama. Exploring Factors Affecting the Acceptance of Genetically Edited Food Among Youth in Japan. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17 (8):2935.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mohamed Farid; Jianfei Cao; Yeongjoo Lim; Teruyo Arato; Kota Kodama. 2020. "Exploring Factors Affecting the Acceptance of Genetically Edited Food Among Youth in Japan." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 8: 2935.