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Background The double burden of malnutrition is the co-occurrence of undernutrition (e.g. underweight, stunting, and micronutrient deficiencies) and over-nutrition (e.g. obesity, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease) at the population, household, or individual level. The objectives of this study were to determine the extent and determinants of individual-level co-morbid anemia and overweight and co-morbid anemia and diabetes in a population in rural Tamil Nadu, South India. Methods We undertook a cross-sectional study of adults (n = 753) in a rural region of Tamil Nadu, South India. A survey assessed socio-demographic factors, physical activity levels, and dietary intake. Clinical measurements included body-mass index, an oral glucose tolerance test, and blood hemoglobin assessments. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were used to determine associations between risk factors and two co-morbid double burden pairings: (1) anemia and overweight, and (2) anemia and diabetes. Results Prevalence of co-morbid anemia and overweight was 23.1% among women and 13.1% among men. Prevalence of co-morbid anemia and diabetes was 6.2% among women and 6.3% among men. The following variables were associated with co-morbid anemia and overweight in multivariable models [odds ratio (95% confidence interval)]: female sex [2.3 (1.4, 3.85)], high caste [3.2 (1.34, 7.49)], wealth index [1.1 (1.00, 1.12)], rurality (0.7 [0.56, 0.85]), tobacco consumption [0.6 (0.32, 0.96)], livestock ownership [0.5 (0.29, 0.89)], and energy-adjusted meat intake [1.8 (0.61, 0.94)]. The following variables were associated with co-morbid anemia and diabetes in multivariable models: age [1.1 (1.05, 1.11)], rurality [0.8 (0.57, 0.98)], and family history of diabetes [4.9 (1.86, 12.70). Conclusion This study determined the prevalence and factors associated with individual-level double burden of malnutrition. Women in rural regions of India may be particularly vulnerable to individual-level double burden of malnutrition and should be a target population for any nutrition interventions to address simultaneous over- and undernutrition.
Matthew Little; Sally Humphries; Warren Dodd; Kirit Patel; Cate Dewey. Socio-demographic patterning of the individual-level double burden of malnutrition in a rural population in South India: a cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health 2020, 20, 1 -14.
AMA StyleMatthew Little, Sally Humphries, Warren Dodd, Kirit Patel, Cate Dewey. Socio-demographic patterning of the individual-level double burden of malnutrition in a rural population in South India: a cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health. 2020; 20 (1):1-14.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMatthew Little; Sally Humphries; Warren Dodd; Kirit Patel; Cate Dewey. 2020. "Socio-demographic patterning of the individual-level double burden of malnutrition in a rural population in South India: a cross-sectional study." BMC Public Health 20, no. 1: 1-14.
Agricultural mechanization in developing countries has taken at least two contested innovation pathways—the “incumbent trajectory” that promotes industrial agriculture, and an “alternative pathway” that supports small-scale mechanization for sustainable development of hillside farming systems. Although both pathways can potentially reduce human and animal drudgery, the body of literature that assesses the sustainability impacts of these mechanization pathways in the local ecological, socio-economic, cultural, and historical contexts of hillside farms is either nonexistent or under-theorized. This paper addresses this missing literature by examining the case of Nepal’s first Agricultural Mechanization Promotion Policy 2014 (AMPP) using a conceptual framework of what will be defined as “responsible innovation”. The historical context of this assessment involves the incumbent trajectory of mechanization in the country since the late 1960s that neglected smallholder farms located in the hills and mountains and biased mechanization policy for flat areas only. Findings from this study suggest that the AMPP addressed issues for smallholder production, including gender inequality, exclusion of smallholder farmers, and biophysical challenges associated with hillside farming systems, but it remains unclear whether and how the policy promotes small-scale agricultural mechanization for sustainable development of agriculture in the hills and mountains of Nepal.
Rachana Devkota; Laxmi Prasad Pant; Hom Nath Gartaula; Kirit Patel; Devendra Gauchan; Helen Hambly-Odame; Balaram Thapa; Manish N. Raizada. Responsible Agricultural Mechanization Innovation for the Sustainable Development of Nepal’s Hillside Farming System. Sustainability 2020, 12, 374 .
AMA StyleRachana Devkota, Laxmi Prasad Pant, Hom Nath Gartaula, Kirit Patel, Devendra Gauchan, Helen Hambly-Odame, Balaram Thapa, Manish N. Raizada. Responsible Agricultural Mechanization Innovation for the Sustainable Development of Nepal’s Hillside Farming System. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (1):374.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRachana Devkota; Laxmi Prasad Pant; Hom Nath Gartaula; Kirit Patel; Devendra Gauchan; Helen Hambly-Odame; Balaram Thapa; Manish N. Raizada. 2020. "Responsible Agricultural Mechanization Innovation for the Sustainable Development of Nepal’s Hillside Farming System." Sustainability 12, no. 1: 374.
Food literacy among children and youth is configured by two knowledge domains: an informal community-based knowledge, and a formal curriculum-based knowledge. This paper examines how these two domains contribute to food literacy and strengthen food security among rural youth in Nepal. In consultation with schoolteachers and local farmers, a knowledge test was developed and administered to 226 high school students. Scores were collected on agro-ecological, cultivation and consumption-related knowledge on a locally grown staple crop, as contributor to food literacy. Sociocultural factors like age, gender, level of education, migration of household members, level of student interest, and spatial factor like location of school all have an influence on food literacy. While formal school-based education and community-based informal knowledge oppositely interact, there is space for these two domains to synergistically interact to enhance food literacy. Rural students have potential to enhance food literacy in the schools, provided the schools create supportive space for experiential learning that weaves community-based Indigenous knowledges of local foods. However, an effective promotion of food literacy can only be ensured by adopting a holistic approach that includes a wide range of actors such as students, parents, teachers, schools, community organizations and government institutions.
Hom Nath Gartaula; Kirit Patel; Shailesh Shukla; Rachana Devkota. Indigenous knowledge of traditional foods and food literacy among youth: Insights from rural Nepal. Journal of Rural Studies 2019, 73, 77 -86.
AMA StyleHom Nath Gartaula, Kirit Patel, Shailesh Shukla, Rachana Devkota. Indigenous knowledge of traditional foods and food literacy among youth: Insights from rural Nepal. Journal of Rural Studies. 2019; 73 ():77-86.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHom Nath Gartaula; Kirit Patel; Shailesh Shukla; Rachana Devkota. 2019. "Indigenous knowledge of traditional foods and food literacy among youth: Insights from rural Nepal." Journal of Rural Studies 73, no. : 77-86.
This paper scrutinizes environmental impact assessment (EIA) in India and its potential environmental justice implications. We focused on procedural aspects of environmental justice and concentrated specifically on public interest litigation. Using a qualitative case study (document review, semi-structured interviews, participant observation, transect walks, thematic analysis), we examined conflict and litigation in an EIA of a proposed industrial development affecting a wetland and agricultural livelihoods in the state of Gujarat. The study 1) describes aspects of the EIA that triggered opposition, including litigation before the National Green Tribunal (NGT), 2) explains the extent to which the EIA addressed concerns of potentially affected local communities, and 3) assesses the effectiveness of the court system and the NGT in resolving disputes arising from the EIA. We found: that important gaps in the EIA report and lack of public participation opportunities were important triggers for litigation; crucial disconnects between issues addressed in the EIA and concerns of affected communities; and formidable challenges to gaining full access to legal representation, technical expertise and judicial remedies. Addressing these shortcomings would improve the EIA regime, enhance procedural aspects of environmental justice in India, and improve the prospects for distributive, recognitional and restorative justice by ensuring that EIAs reflect local knowledge, values and aspirations.
Ariane Dilay; Alan P. Diduck; Kirit Patel. Environmental justice in India: a case study of environmental impact assessment, community engagement and public interest litigation. Impact Assessment and Project Appraisal 2019, 38, 16 -27.
AMA StyleAriane Dilay, Alan P. Diduck, Kirit Patel. Environmental justice in India: a case study of environmental impact assessment, community engagement and public interest litigation. Impact Assessment and Project Appraisal. 2019; 38 (1):16-27.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAriane Dilay; Alan P. Diduck; Kirit Patel. 2019. "Environmental justice in India: a case study of environmental impact assessment, community engagement and public interest litigation." Impact Assessment and Project Appraisal 38, no. 1: 16-27.
Background/Objectives. To determine the prevalence and determinants of blood haemoglobin level and mild, moderate, and severe anemia in a sample of adults from rural Tamil Nadu, India.Subjects/Methods. We recruited a sample of men and nonpregnant women aged 20 years and older. Clinical health measures included blood haemoglobin concentration and body mass index. We assessed associations between anemia outcomes and sociodemographic and dietary factors using linear and logistic regression modeling.Results. A total of 753 individuals (412 women and 341 men) participated in this study. The prevalence of anemia was 57.2% among women and 39.3% among men (PPP>0.05). Iron intake was low; 11.7% women and 24.1% of men reported iron intakes above recommended dietary allowances (PConclusion. Both women and men in this region may be particularly vulnerable to anemia, and future research must expand beyond dietary risk factors to examine the impacts of sociodemographic and environmental factors.
Matthew Little; Chloe Zivot; Sally Humphries; Warren Dodd; Kirit Patel; Cate Dewey. Burden and Determinants of Anemia in a Rural Population in South India: A Cross-Sectional Study. Anemia 2018, 2018, 1 -9.
AMA StyleMatthew Little, Chloe Zivot, Sally Humphries, Warren Dodd, Kirit Patel, Cate Dewey. Burden and Determinants of Anemia in a Rural Population in South India: A Cross-Sectional Study. Anemia. 2018; 2018 ():1-9.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMatthew Little; Chloe Zivot; Sally Humphries; Warren Dodd; Kirit Patel; Cate Dewey. 2018. "Burden and Determinants of Anemia in a Rural Population in South India: A Cross-Sectional Study." Anemia 2018, no. : 1-9.
India’s constitution contains provisions for the ‘right to work’ and the ‘right to movement’ for all citizens. Established in 2005, the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) is broadly considered to operationalize this ‘right to work’. At the same time, a public discourse persists that views MGNREGA as a substitute for internal labour migration. Drawing on the results from 300 household surveys in three panchayats in the Krishnagiri district of Tamil Nadu, we test the validity of this discourse in this setting. We find that households that rely exclusively on MGNREGA have different demographic and socioeconomic characteristics compared to households that rely exclusively on remittances from internal labour migration. Furthermore, 20 per cent of households surveyed use both MGNREGA and internal labour migration as complementary livelihood strategies. We argue that there is a need for better understanding and recognition of the complementary potential of MGNREGA and internal labour migration. La constitution de l’Inde contient des dispositions pour le «droit au travail» et le «droit de circuler» pour tous les citoyens. Créée en 2005, la loi nationale Mahatma Gandhi de garantie de l’emploi en milieu rural (MGNREGA) est largement considérée comme rendant opérationnel ce «droit au travail» . Dans le même temps, un discours public persistant considère la loi MGNREGA comme un substitut à la migration interne de main-d’œuvre. Sur la base des résultats de 300 enquêtes auprès des ménages dans trois panchayats du district de Krishnagiri au Tamil Nadu, nous testons la validité de ce discours dans ce contexte. Nous constatons que les ménages qui dépendent exclusivement de la loi MGNREGA ont des caractéristiques démographiques et socioéconomiques différentes de celles des ménages qui dépendent exclusivement des envois de fonds provenant de la migration interne de la main-d’œuvre. En outre, 20% des ménages interrogés utilisent à la fois la loi MGNREGA et la migration interne de main-d’œuvre comme stratégies de subsistance complémentaires. Nous soutenons qu’il est nécessaire de mieux comprendre et de reconnaître le potentiel de complémentarité de la loi MGNREGA et de la migration interne de main-d’œuvre.
Warren Dodd; Sara Wyngaarden; Sally Humphries; Kirit Patel; Shannon Majowicz; Matthew Little; Cate Dewey. The Relationship Between MGNREGA and Internal Labour Migration in Tamil Nadu, India. The European Journal of Development Research 2018, 30, 178 -194.
AMA StyleWarren Dodd, Sara Wyngaarden, Sally Humphries, Kirit Patel, Shannon Majowicz, Matthew Little, Cate Dewey. The Relationship Between MGNREGA and Internal Labour Migration in Tamil Nadu, India. The European Journal of Development Research. 2018; 30 (2):178-194.
Chicago/Turabian StyleWarren Dodd; Sara Wyngaarden; Sally Humphries; Kirit Patel; Shannon Majowicz; Matthew Little; Cate Dewey. 2018. "The Relationship Between MGNREGA and Internal Labour Migration in Tamil Nadu, India." The European Journal of Development Research 30, no. 2: 178-194.
Internal labour migration is an important and necessary livelihood strategy for millions of individuals and households in India. However, the precarious position of migrant workers within Indian society may have consequences for the health of these individuals. Previous research on the connections between health and labour mobility within India have primarily focused on the negative health outcomes associated with this practice. Thus, there is a need to better identify the determinants of internal migrant health and how these determinants shape migrant health outcomes. An exploratory mixed methods study was conducted in 26 villages in the Krishnagiri district of Tamil Nadu. Sixty-six semi-structured interviews were completed using snowball sampling, followed by 300 household surveys using multi-stage random sampling. For qualitative data, an analysis of themes and content was completed. For quantitative data, information on current participation in internal labour migration, in addition to self-reported morbidity and determinants of internal migrant health, was collected. Morbidity categories were compared between migrant and non-migrant adults (age 14-65 years) using a Fisher's exact test. Of the 300 households surveyed, 137 households (45.7%) had at least one current migrant member, with 205 migrant and 1012 non-migrant adults (age 14-65 years) included in this study. The health profile of migrant and non-migrants was similar in this setting, with 53 migrants (25.9%) currently suffering from a health problem compared to 273 non-migrants (27.0%). Migrant households identified both occupational and livelihood factors that contributed to changes in the health of their migrant members. These determinants of internal migrant health were corroborated and further expanded on through the semi-structured interviews. Internal labour migration in and of itself is not a determinant of health, as participation in labour mobility can contribute to an improvement in health, a decline in health, or no change in health among migrant workers. Targeted public health interventions should focus on addressing the determinants of internal migrant health to enhance the contributions these individuals can make to their households and villages of origin.
Warren Dodd; Sally Humphries; Kirit Patel; Shannon Majowicz; Matthew Little; Cate Dewey. Determinants of internal migrant health and the healthy migrant effect in South India: a mixed methods study. BMC International Health and Human Rights 2017, 17, 23 .
AMA StyleWarren Dodd, Sally Humphries, Kirit Patel, Shannon Majowicz, Matthew Little, Cate Dewey. Determinants of internal migrant health and the healthy migrant effect in South India: a mixed methods study. BMC International Health and Human Rights. 2017; 17 (1):23.
Chicago/Turabian StyleWarren Dodd; Sally Humphries; Kirit Patel; Shannon Majowicz; Matthew Little; Cate Dewey. 2017. "Determinants of internal migrant health and the healthy migrant effect in South India: a mixed methods study." BMC International Health and Human Rights 17, no. 1: 23.
This study examines the extent to which the internal migration-development nexus is operational in four panchayats or village councils in northwest Tamil Nadu. We investigate who participates in labor migration in this context and explore the experiences of and outcomes from labor migration for migrant workers and their households. In addition, we examine the motivations for migration among migrant households and the barriers to migration among non-migrant households. We argue that internal labor migration can contribute to development in this setting. However, recognition of the barriers to and within migration is needed to frame subsequent policy discussions and rural development planning.
Warren Dodd; Sally Humphries; Kirit Patel; Shannon Majowicz; Cate Dewey. The internal migration-development nexus: Evidence from southern India. Asian and Pacific Migration Journal 2016, 26, 56 -83.
AMA StyleWarren Dodd, Sally Humphries, Kirit Patel, Shannon Majowicz, Cate Dewey. The internal migration-development nexus: Evidence from southern India. Asian and Pacific Migration Journal. 2016; 26 (1):56-83.
Chicago/Turabian StyleWarren Dodd; Sally Humphries; Kirit Patel; Shannon Majowicz; Cate Dewey. 2016. "The internal migration-development nexus: Evidence from southern India." Asian and Pacific Migration Journal 26, no. 1: 56-83.
This paper argues that existing food security and food sovereignty approaches are inadequate to fully understand contradictory human development, nutrition, and productivity trends in Nepalese small-scale agriculture. In an attempt to bridge this gap, we developed a new food wellbeing approach that combines insights from food security, food sovereignty, and social wellbeing perspectives. We used the approach to frame 65 semi-structured interviews in a cluster of villages in Kaski district in the mid-hills of Nepal on various aspects of food security, agriculture, off-farm livelihood opportunities, and women’s wellbeing. Our results indicate that context-specific subjective and social relational factors highlighted by the food wellbeing approach are key to understanding a paradox of increased food security, yet decreasing sustainability of small-scale agriculture. Increased levels of male out-migration and opportunities for local off-farm work have increased local capacity to purchase food. The positive consequences for food security are indicated by evidence that households with non-farm income sources had better food sufficiency, absorption capacity, nutritional quality, and stability of food supply. These off-farm employment opportunities have also led to the greater involvement of low caste groups and women in small-scale agriculture. This has been empowering for both groups and led to an increase in wellbeing, particularly for those women who have become de facto heads of household. Yet, small landholdings, persistent patterns of unequal and absentee land ownership, sharecropping, women’s overwork, and the aspirations of low caste farmers and women away from agriculture are simultaneously driving the erosion of local small-scale agricultural productivity and ecological sustainability.
Hom Gartaula; Kirit Patel; Derek Johnson; Rachana Devkota; Kamal Khadka; Pashupati Chaudhary. From food security to food wellbeing: examining food security through the lens of food wellbeing in Nepal’s rapidly changing agrarian landscape. Agriculture and Human Values 2016, 34, 573 -589.
AMA StyleHom Gartaula, Kirit Patel, Derek Johnson, Rachana Devkota, Kamal Khadka, Pashupati Chaudhary. From food security to food wellbeing: examining food security through the lens of food wellbeing in Nepal’s rapidly changing agrarian landscape. Agriculture and Human Values. 2016; 34 (3):573-589.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHom Gartaula; Kirit Patel; Derek Johnson; Rachana Devkota; Kamal Khadka; Pashupati Chaudhary. 2016. "From food security to food wellbeing: examining food security through the lens of food wellbeing in Nepal’s rapidly changing agrarian landscape." Agriculture and Human Values 34, no. 3: 573-589.
Like many socially and economically disadvantaged farming communities around the world, the Anchetty region of Tamil Nadu, India, has been experiencing serious food security challenges mainly due to the loss of traditional foods such as small millets and associated crops (SMAC) and associated indigenous agricultural knowledge (IAK). Drawing on community-based participatory research conducted in Anchetty’s Pandurangdoddy village, this paper explores the local understanding of IAK related to SMAC through young learners (school-going students) and their mentors (local farmers and community members), using a case study of school-based competition. Follow-up interviews with participating students, mentors and teachers were organised to explore the potential of a school competition as a pedagogical strategy to promote learning of IAK in formal school settings in order to safeguard the existing and future food security of local communities. There was a general consensus among the teachers, participating students, mentors (community members) and NGOs anout the potential for a school competition to create an alternative pedagogical space where IAK and curriculum-based knowledge could be intertwined and exchanged. Pedagogical spaces that weave IAK into schools, however, bring together the different and contested perspectives of the participants to understandings of the potential values of IAK.
Shailesh Shukla; Janna Barkman; Kirit Patel. Weaving indigenous agricultural knowledge with formal education to enhance community food security: school competition as a pedagogical space in rural Anchetty, India. Pedagogy, Culture & Society 2016, 25, 87 -103.
AMA StyleShailesh Shukla, Janna Barkman, Kirit Patel. Weaving indigenous agricultural knowledge with formal education to enhance community food security: school competition as a pedagogical space in rural Anchetty, India. Pedagogy, Culture & Society. 2016; 25 (1):87-103.
Chicago/Turabian StyleShailesh Shukla; Janna Barkman; Kirit Patel. 2016. "Weaving indigenous agricultural knowledge with formal education to enhance community food security: school competition as a pedagogical space in rural Anchetty, India." Pedagogy, Culture & Society 25, no. 1: 87-103.
Warren Dodd; Sally Humphries; Kirit Patel; Shannon Majowicz; Cate Dewey. Determinants of temporary labour migration in Southern India. Asian Population Studies 2016, 12, 1 -18.
AMA StyleWarren Dodd, Sally Humphries, Kirit Patel, Shannon Majowicz, Cate Dewey. Determinants of temporary labour migration in Southern India. Asian Population Studies. 2016; 12 (3):1-18.
Chicago/Turabian StyleWarren Dodd; Sally Humphries; Kirit Patel; Shannon Majowicz; Cate Dewey. 2016. "Determinants of temporary labour migration in Southern India." Asian Population Studies 12, no. 3: 1-18.
Despite the extensive use of small millet landraces as an important source of nutrition for people living in semi-arid regions, they are presently marginalized and their diversity and distribution are threatened at a global scale. Local farmers have developed ancient breeding programs entrenched in traditional knowledge (TK) that has sustained rural cultures for thousands of years. The convention on biological diversity seeks fair and equitable sharing of genetic resources arising from local knowledge and requires signatory nations to provide appropriate policy and legal framework to farmers' rights over plant genetic resources and associated TK. DNA barcoding employed in this study is proposed as a model for conservation of genetic diversity and an essential step towards documenting and protecting farmers' rights and TK. Our study focuses on 32 landraces of small millets that are still used by indigenous farmers located in the rain fed areas of rural India and Nepal. Traditional knowledge of traits and utility was gathered using participatory methods and semi-structured interviews with key informants. DNA was extracted and sequenced (rbcL, trnH-psbA and ITS2) from 160 samples. Both multivariate analysis of traits and phylogenetic analyses were used to assess diversity among small millet landraces. Our research revealed considerable variation in traits and DNA sequences among the 32 small millet landraces. We utilized a tiered approach using ITS2 DNA barcode to make 100 % accurate landrace (32 landraces) and species (six species) assignments for all 160 blind samples in our study. We have also recorded precious TK of nutritional value, ecological and agricultural traits used by local farmers for each of these traditional landraces. This research demonstrates the potential of DNA barcoding as a reliable identification tool and for use in evaluating and conserving genetic diversity of small millets. We suggest ways in which DNA barcodes could be used in the Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers' Rights in India and Nepal.
Subramanyam Ragupathy; Shanmughanandhan Dhivya; Kirit Patel; Abiran Sritharan; Kathirvelu Sambandan; Hom Nath Gartaula; Ramalingam Sathishkumar; Kamal Khadka; Balasubramanian C. Nirmala; A. Nirmala Kumari; Steven G. Newmaster. DNA record of some traditional small millet landraces in India and Nepal. 3 Biotech 2016, 6, 133 .
AMA StyleSubramanyam Ragupathy, Shanmughanandhan Dhivya, Kirit Patel, Abiran Sritharan, Kathirvelu Sambandan, Hom Nath Gartaula, Ramalingam Sathishkumar, Kamal Khadka, Balasubramanian C. Nirmala, A. Nirmala Kumari, Steven G. Newmaster. DNA record of some traditional small millet landraces in India and Nepal. 3 Biotech. 2016; 6 (2):133.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSubramanyam Ragupathy; Shanmughanandhan Dhivya; Kirit Patel; Abiran Sritharan; Kathirvelu Sambandan; Hom Nath Gartaula; Ramalingam Sathishkumar; Kamal Khadka; Balasubramanian C. Nirmala; A. Nirmala Kumari; Steven G. Newmaster. 2016. "DNA record of some traditional small millet landraces in India and Nepal." 3 Biotech 6, no. 2: 133.
Type 2 diabetes mellitus is an escalating public health problem in India, associated with genetic susceptibility, dietary shift, and rapid lifestyle changes. Historically a disease of the urban elite, quantitative studies have recently confirmed rising prevalence rates among marginalized populations in rural India. To analyze the role of cultural and sociopolitical factors in diabetes onset and management, we employed in-depth interviews and focus groups within a rural community of Tamil Nadu. The objectives of the study were to understand sources and extent of health knowledge, diabetes explanatory models, and the impact of illness on individual, social, and familial roles. Several cultural, socioeconomic, and political factors appear to contribute to diabetes in rural regions of India, highlighting the need to address structural inequities and empower individuals to pursue health and well-being on their own terms.
Matthew Little; Sally Humphries; Kirit Patel; Cate Dewey. Decoding the Type 2 Diabetes Epidemic in Rural India. Medical Anthropology 2016, 36, 96 -110.
AMA StyleMatthew Little, Sally Humphries, Kirit Patel, Cate Dewey. Decoding the Type 2 Diabetes Epidemic in Rural India. Medical Anthropology. 2016; 36 (2):96-110.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMatthew Little; Sally Humphries; Kirit Patel; Cate Dewey. 2016. "Decoding the Type 2 Diabetes Epidemic in Rural India." Medical Anthropology 36, no. 2: 96-110.
India's national rural prevalence of type 2 diabetes has quadrupled in the past 25 years. Despite the growing rural burden, few studies have examined putative risk factors and their relationship with glucose intolerance and diabetes in rural areas. We undertook a cross-sectional study to determine the prevalence of impaired fasting glucose (IFG), impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), and type 2 diabetes in a rural area of south India. In addition, we determined which factors were associated with type 2 diabetes. We sampled 2 % of the adult population from 17 villages using a randomized household-level sampling technique. Each participant undertook a questionnaire that included basic descriptive information and an assessment of socioeconomic status, physical activity, and dietary intake. Height, weight, waist and hip circumference, and blood pressure measurements were taken. An oral glucose tolerance test was used to determine diabetes status. We used stepwise logistic model building techniques to determine associations between several putative factors and type 2 diabetes. 753 participants were included in the study. The age- and sex-standardized prevalence of IFG was 3.9 %, IGT was 5.6 %, and type 2 diabetes was 10.8 %. Factors associated with type 2 diabetes after adjusting for confounders included physical activity [OR 0.81], rurality [OR 0.76], polyunsaturated fat intake [OR 0.94], body mass index [OR 1.85], waist to hip ratio [OR 1.62], and tobacco consumption [OR 2.82]. Our study contributes to the growing body of research suggesting that diabetes is a significant concern in rural south India. Associated risk factors should be considered as potential targets for reducing health burdens in India.
Matthew Little; Sally Humphries; Kirit Patel; Warren Dodd; Cate Dewey. Factors associated with glucose tolerance, pre-diabetes, and type 2 diabetes in a rural community of south India: a cross-sectional study. Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome 2016, 8, 21 .
AMA StyleMatthew Little, Sally Humphries, Kirit Patel, Warren Dodd, Cate Dewey. Factors associated with glucose tolerance, pre-diabetes, and type 2 diabetes in a rural community of south India: a cross-sectional study. Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome. 2016; 8 (1):21.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMatthew Little; Sally Humphries; Kirit Patel; Warren Dodd; Cate Dewey. 2016. "Factors associated with glucose tolerance, pre-diabetes, and type 2 diabetes in a rural community of south India: a cross-sectional study." Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome 8, no. 1: 21.
Overweight, obesity, and related chronic diseases are becoming serious public health concerns in rural areas of India. Compounded with the existing issue of underweight, such concerns expose the double burden of disease and may put stress on rural healthcare. The purpose of this article was to present the prevalence and factors associated with underweight, overweight, and obesity in an area of rural south India. During 2013 and 2014, a random sample of adults aged 20–80 years were selected for participation in a cross-sectional study that collected information on diet (using a food frequency questionnaire), physical activity (using the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire), socioeconomic position (using a wealth index), rurality (using the MSU rurality index), education, and a variety of descriptive factors. BMI was measured using standard techniques. Using a multivariate linear regression analysis and multivariate logistic regression analyses, we examined associations between BMI, overweight, obesity, and underweight, and all potential risk factors included in the survey. Age and sex-adjusted prevalence of overweight, obesity class I, and obesity class II were 14.9, 16.1, and 3.3 % respectively. Prevalence of underweight was 22.7 %. The following variables were associated with higher BMI and/or increased odds of overweight, obesity class I, and/or obesity class II: Low physical activity, high wealth index, no livestock, low animal fat consumption, high n-6 polyunsaturated fat consumption, television ownership, time spent watching television, low rurality index, and high caste. The following variables were associated with increased odds of underweight: low wealth index, high rurality index, and low intake of n-6 PUFAs. Underweight, overweight, and obesity are prevalent in rural regions of southern India, indicating a village-level dual burden. A variety of variables are associated with these conditions, including physical activity, socioeconomic position, rurality, television use, and diet. To address the both underweight and obesity, policymakers must simultaneously focus on encouraging positive behaviour through education and addressing society-level risk factors that inhibit individuals from achieving optimal health.
Matthew Little; Sally Humphries; Kirit Patel; Cate Dewey. Factors associated with BMI, underweight, overweight, and obesity among adults in a population of rural south India: a cross-sectional study. BMC Obesity 2016, 3, 1 -13.
AMA StyleMatthew Little, Sally Humphries, Kirit Patel, Cate Dewey. Factors associated with BMI, underweight, overweight, and obesity among adults in a population of rural south India: a cross-sectional study. BMC Obesity. 2016; 3 (1):1-13.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMatthew Little; Sally Humphries; Kirit Patel; Cate Dewey. 2016. "Factors associated with BMI, underweight, overweight, and obesity among adults in a population of rural south India: a cross-sectional study." BMC Obesity 3, no. 1: 1-13.
Small-scale agriculture, government entitlements, and livelihood opportunities offered by rapid economic growth shape the food security and wellbeing of people in rural India. This paper analyses this ongoing process of agrarian development from the perspective of three major approaches: the food availability approach, the entitlement and livelihood approach, and food sovereignty. We draw on quantitative and qualitative data collected from 68 households in rural Tamil Nadu on landholding and management, farm diversity, agricultural production, food availability, off-farm employment, rural out-migration, objective and subjective wellbeing, and socioeconomic and demographic profile of respondents.
Kirit Patel; Hom Gartaula; Derek Johnson; M. Karthikeyan. The interplay between household food security and wellbeing among small-scale farmers in the context of rapid agrarian change in India. Agriculture & Food Security 2015, 4, 1 .
AMA StyleKirit Patel, Hom Gartaula, Derek Johnson, M. Karthikeyan. The interplay between household food security and wellbeing among small-scale farmers in the context of rapid agrarian change in India. Agriculture & Food Security. 2015; 4 (1):1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKirit Patel; Hom Gartaula; Derek Johnson; M. Karthikeyan. 2015. "The interplay between household food security and wellbeing among small-scale farmers in the context of rapid agrarian change in India." Agriculture & Food Security 4, no. 1: 1.
Although the street food sector plays an important role in urban food security, state-led food security measures in India have failed to provide a role for poor urban street food vendors to engage in the distribution and consumption of healthy foods. Instead, state-led food security schemes, whether production, distribution, or consumption oriented, have viewed the urban poor simply as beneficiaries of subsidized grain. This case study illustrates how the street food sector, operated by poor urban vendors selling ready-to-eat, healthy millet-based porridges in Madurai, has improved access to nutritious foods and created livelihood opportunities for the urban poor. The paper provides an overview of the informal street food sector, socioeconomic conditions of vendors, gender-based division of labour, as well as the food preferences and health awareness of consumers. Analysis of the data indicates the marginalization of street food vendors under the existing policy environment in urban India. The paper discusses how the state, as a regulatory body and a service delivery agent, as well as research and development organizations can strengthen the rights and capabilities of street vendors and, in doing so, improve urban food security.
Kirit Patel; David Guenther; Kyle Wiebe; Ruth-Anne Seburn. Promoting food security and livelihoods for urban poor through the informal sector: a case study of street food vendors in Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India. Food Security 2014, 6, 861 -878.
AMA StyleKirit Patel, David Guenther, Kyle Wiebe, Ruth-Anne Seburn. Promoting food security and livelihoods for urban poor through the informal sector: a case study of street food vendors in Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India. Food Security. 2014; 6 (6):861-878.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKirit Patel; David Guenther; Kyle Wiebe; Ruth-Anne Seburn. 2014. "Promoting food security and livelihoods for urban poor through the informal sector: a case study of street food vendors in Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India." Food Security 6, no. 6: 861-878.