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Sudden cardiac arrest is one of the leading causes of death globally. The recommended clinical management in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest cases is the immediate initiation of high-quality cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). Training mannequins should be combined with technology that provides students with detailed immediate feedback on the quality of CPR performance. This study aimed to verify the impacts of the type of feedback (basic or detailed) the responders receive from the device while learning CPR and how it influences the quality of their performance and the motivation to improve their skills. The study was conducted at the Medical University of Lublin among 694 multi-professional health students during first aid classes on basic life support (BLS). The students first practiced on an adult mannequin with a basic control panel; afterward, the same mannequin was connected to a laptop, ensuring a detailed record of the performed activities through a projector. Next, the participants expressed their subjective opinion on how the feedback provided during the classes, basic vs. detailed, motivated them to improve the quality of their CPR performance. Additionally, during the classes, the instructor conducted an extended observation of students’ work and behavior. In the students’ opinion, the CPR training with detailed feedback devices provided motivation for learning and improving CPR proficiency than that with a basic control panel. Furthermore, the comments given from devices seemed to be more acceptable to the students, who did not see any bias in the device’s evaluation compared to that of the instructor. Detailed device feedback motivates student health practitioners to learn and improve the overall quality of CPR. The use of mannequins that provide detailed feedback during BLS courses can improve survival in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest.
Patrycja Misztal-Okońska; Krzysztof Goniewicz; Mariusz Goniewicz; Jamie Ranse; Attila Hertelendy; Lesley Gray; Eric Carlström; Jarle Løwe Sørensen; Amir Khorram-Manesh. Importance of Immediate Electronic-Based Feedback to Enhance Feedback for First-Time CPR Trainees. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2021, 18, 3885 .
AMA StylePatrycja Misztal-Okońska, Krzysztof Goniewicz, Mariusz Goniewicz, Jamie Ranse, Attila Hertelendy, Lesley Gray, Eric Carlström, Jarle Løwe Sørensen, Amir Khorram-Manesh. Importance of Immediate Electronic-Based Feedback to Enhance Feedback for First-Time CPR Trainees. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18 (8):3885.
Chicago/Turabian StylePatrycja Misztal-Okońska; Krzysztof Goniewicz; Mariusz Goniewicz; Jamie Ranse; Attila Hertelendy; Lesley Gray; Eric Carlström; Jarle Løwe Sørensen; Amir Khorram-Manesh. 2021. "Importance of Immediate Electronic-Based Feedback to Enhance Feedback for First-Time CPR Trainees." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 8: 3885.
Jarle Løwe Sørensen; Brita Bjørkelo. We Didn’t Win the Battle, but We Are Gonna Win the War! Nordic Journal of Studies in Policing 2020, 7, 160 -165.
AMA StyleJarle Løwe Sørensen, Brita Bjørkelo. We Didn’t Win the Battle, but We Are Gonna Win the War! Nordic Journal of Studies in Policing. 2020; 7 (2):160-165.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJarle Løwe Sørensen; Brita Bjørkelo. 2020. "We Didn’t Win the Battle, but We Are Gonna Win the War!" Nordic Journal of Studies in Policing 7, no. 2: 160-165.
This study evaluates the perceptions of preparedness and willingness to work during disasters and public health emergencies among 213 healthcare workers at hospitals in the southern region of Saudi Arabia by using a quantitative survey (Fight or Flight). The results showed that participants’ willingness to work unconditionally during disasters and emergencies varied based on the type of condition: natural disasters (61.97%), seasonal influenza pandemic (52.58%), smallpox pandemic (47.89%), SARS/COVID-19 pandemic (43.56%), special flu pandemic (36.15%), mass shooting (37.56%), chemical incident and bombing threats (31.92%), biological events (28.17%), Ebola outbreaks (27.7%), and nuclear incident (24.88%). A lack of confidence and the absence of safety assurance for healthcare workers and their family members were the most important reasons cited. The co-variation between age and education versus risk and danger by Spearman’s rho confirmed a small negative correlation between education and danger at a 95% level of significance, meaning that educated healthcare workers have less fear to work under dangerous events. Although the causes of unsuccessful management of disasters and emergencies may vary, individuals’ characteristics, such as lack of confidence and emotional distractions because of uncertainty about the safety issues, may also play a significant role. Besides educational initiatives, other measures, which guarantee the safety of healthcare providers and their family members, should be established and implemented.
Mohammed Sultan; Jarle Løwe Sørensen; Eric Carlström; Luc Mortelmans; Amir Khorram-Manesh. Emergency Healthcare Providers’ Perceptions of Preparedness and Willingness to Work during Disasters and Public Health Emergencies. Healthcare 2020, 8, 442 .
AMA StyleMohammed Sultan, Jarle Løwe Sørensen, Eric Carlström, Luc Mortelmans, Amir Khorram-Manesh. Emergency Healthcare Providers’ Perceptions of Preparedness and Willingness to Work during Disasters and Public Health Emergencies. Healthcare. 2020; 8 (4):442.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMohammed Sultan; Jarle Løwe Sørensen; Eric Carlström; Luc Mortelmans; Amir Khorram-Manesh. 2020. "Emergency Healthcare Providers’ Perceptions of Preparedness and Willingness to Work during Disasters and Public Health Emergencies." Healthcare 8, no. 4: 442.
This study was aimed at assessing the readiness of 200 emergency nurses in the southern part of Saudi Arabia in the management of public health emergencies, major incidents, and disasters by using quantitative research through a self-reporting validated questionnaire containing 10 different dimensions. All registered nurses working in emergency departments who were willing to participate, of all ages and gender groups, were included. Nurses who were not present during the study period because of vacation or maternity leave, nurses at the managerial level, and nursing aides were excluded. The participating nurses reported good knowledge in almost all investigated aspects of the theoretical dimensions of emergency management. However, they revealed perceived weaknesses in practical dimensions of emergency management and difficulties in assessing their own efforts. There was a significant correlation between qualification and the dimensions of emergency preparedness, epidemiology and surveillance, isolation and quarantine and critical resources, which indicates a need for strengthening their practical contribution as well as their theoretical knowledge. Educational initiatives combining theoretical and practical aspects of emergency management may provide an opportunity to examine nurses’ knowledge, skills, and abilities continuously in an environment with no harm to patients.
Mohammed Sultan; Amir Khorram-Manesh; Eric Carlström; Jarle Sørensen; Hadi Sulayyim; Fabian Taube. Nurses’ Readiness for Emergencies and Public Health Challenges—The Case of Saudi Arabia. Sustainability 2020, 12, 7874 .
AMA StyleMohammed Sultan, Amir Khorram-Manesh, Eric Carlström, Jarle Sørensen, Hadi Sulayyim, Fabian Taube. Nurses’ Readiness for Emergencies and Public Health Challenges—The Case of Saudi Arabia. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (19):7874.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMohammed Sultan; Amir Khorram-Manesh; Eric Carlström; Jarle Sørensen; Hadi Sulayyim; Fabian Taube. 2020. "Nurses’ Readiness for Emergencies and Public Health Challenges—The Case of Saudi Arabia." Sustainability 12, no. 19: 7874.
Based on the assumption that crisis collaboration exercises lead to better team-integration and more efficient problem solving, the aim of this study is to test whether there is a relationship between exercise participation and perceived levels of learning and utility. Online survey data was collected from participants in a 2018 two-day, full-scale, wildland-fire collaboration exercise in southeastern Norway. The instrument of choice was the collaboration, learning, and utility (CLU) scale. Findings indicate a strong covariation between participation in Norwegian wildland-fire collaboration exercises and the perceived level of learning, with a medium to small covariation between perceived learning and utility. The results indicate the importance of giving clear instructions, focus on collaboration, and sufficient forms of discussion during and after the exercise in order to gain learning. However, learning had a limited impact on utility. The study indicates joint evaluations, improvising, and testing of new and alternative strategies across sectors are important when exercises are constructed. The data was retrieved from a questionnaire, observations and interviews can add more and comprehensive insight into the studied phenomenon.
Jarle Løwe Sørensen; Carina Halvorsen; Jens Petter W. Aas; Eric Carlström. “Share Your Tools”—A Utility Study of a Norwegian Wildland-Fire Collaboration Exercise. Sustainability 2020, 12, 6512 .
AMA StyleJarle Løwe Sørensen, Carina Halvorsen, Jens Petter W. Aas, Eric Carlström. “Share Your Tools”—A Utility Study of a Norwegian Wildland-Fire Collaboration Exercise. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (16):6512.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJarle Løwe Sørensen; Carina Halvorsen; Jens Petter W. Aas; Eric Carlström. 2020. "“Share Your Tools”—A Utility Study of a Norwegian Wildland-Fire Collaboration Exercise." Sustainability 12, no. 16: 6512.
This is a study of inter-organisational exercises arranged by on-shore organisations (ONSOs) and off-shore organisations (OFFSOs). The aim was to compare findings from trained emergency staffs’ perceptions of the impact of exercises. The data were retrieved from surveys conducted by the research team in conjunction with exercises. The surveys included staff from the coast guard, sea rescue, police department, fire department and ambulance services. A total of 94 professional emergency personnel participated in the ONSO exercises and 252 in the OFFSO exercises. The study was based on the suggestion that collaborative elements during an inter-organisational exercise promote learning, and learning is important to make the exercises useful. Collaboration proved to be a predictor for some of the items in learning, and learning was a predictor for some of the items in utility. There was, however, a stronger covariation between collaboration, learning and utility in the OFFSOs exercises than in the ONSOs. One reason might be the different cultures of emergency staff involved in on-shore and off-shore organisations. The OFFSOs’ qualifications may be dominated by seamanship, together with professional practice, and all parties are expected to act as first responders. ONSOs, on the other hand, practice exercises from a strict professional and legal perspective.
Eric Carlström; Leif Magnussen; Elsa Kristiansen; Johan Berlin; Jarle Sørensen. Inter-Organisational Exercises in Dry and Wet Context—Why Do Maritime Response Organisations Gain More Knowledge from Exercises at Sea Than Those on Shore? Sustainability 2020, 12, 5604 .
AMA StyleEric Carlström, Leif Magnussen, Elsa Kristiansen, Johan Berlin, Jarle Sørensen. Inter-Organisational Exercises in Dry and Wet Context—Why Do Maritime Response Organisations Gain More Knowledge from Exercises at Sea Than Those on Shore? Sustainability. 2020; 12 (14):5604.
Chicago/Turabian StyleEric Carlström; Leif Magnussen; Elsa Kristiansen; Johan Berlin; Jarle Sørensen. 2020. "Inter-Organisational Exercises in Dry and Wet Context—Why Do Maritime Response Organisations Gain More Knowledge from Exercises at Sea Than Those on Shore?" Sustainability 12, no. 14: 5604.
This organizational study aims to explore whistleblowing in Norwegian Municipalities. The purpose is to explore whether employees perceive that their workplace has a well-functioning reporting system, to investigate what kind of rewards, if any, the employees considered most desirable, and to map, if any, the relationship between all types of compensation and the willingness to notify within one’s own organization. This study reports on 2018 interview data from a medium-sized Norwegian municipality. The main findings indicated that the municipally exhibits little perceived every-day focus on fighting corruption and that the employees have limited knowledge of the systems and routines available to them. Further, results showed that multiple factors influenced the employee’s willingness to report and receive compensation. Especially was increased management recognition and a more clearly formalized reporting processes perceived as important motivation factors. This study contributes to organization and leadership studies and identifies problem areas, possibly helping managers and organizers focus further on the importance of anti-corruption work and whistleblowing processes within organizations. Further studies are recommended to increase the field of knowledge related to employees’ willingness and motivation to notify when they witness workplace corruption.
Jarle Løwe Sørensen; Ann Mari Nilsen Gaup; Leif Inge Magnussen. Whistleblowing in Norwegian Municipalities—Can Offers of Reward Influence Employees’ Willingness and Motivation to Report Wrongdoings? Sustainability 2020, 12, 3479 .
AMA StyleJarle Løwe Sørensen, Ann Mari Nilsen Gaup, Leif Inge Magnussen. Whistleblowing in Norwegian Municipalities—Can Offers of Reward Influence Employees’ Willingness and Motivation to Report Wrongdoings? Sustainability. 2020; 12 (8):3479.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJarle Løwe Sørensen; Ann Mari Nilsen Gaup; Leif Inge Magnussen. 2020. "Whistleblowing in Norwegian Municipalities—Can Offers of Reward Influence Employees’ Willingness and Motivation to Report Wrongdoings?" Sustainability 12, no. 8: 3479.
Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the perceived effects of a maritime cross-sector collaboration exercise. More specifically, this study aims to examine whether past exercise experience had an impact on the operative exercise participant’s perceived levels of collaboration, learning and usefulness. Design/methodology/approach This was a non-experimental quantitative survey-based study. A quantitative methodology was chosen over qualitative or mixed-methods methodologies as it was considered more suitable for data extraction from larger population groups, and allowed for the measurement and testing of variables using statistical methods and procedures (McCusker and Gunaydin, 2015). Data were collected from a two-day 2017 Norwegian full-scale maritime chemical oil-spill pollution exercise with partners from Norway, Germany, Iceland, Denmark and Sweden. The exercise included international public emergency response organizations and Norwegian non-governmental organizations. The study was approved by the Norwegian Centre for Research Data (ref. 44815) and the exercise planning organization. Data were collected using the collaboration, learning and utility (CLU) scale, which is a validated instrument designed to measure exercise participant’s perceived levels of collaboration, learning and usefulness (Berlin and Carlström, 2015). Findings The perceived focus on collaboration, learning and usefulness changed with the number of previous exercises attended. All CLU dimensions experienced decreases and increases, but while perceived levels of collaboration and utility reached their somewhat modest peaks among those with the most exercise experience, perceived learning was at its highest among those with none or little exercise experience, and at its lowest among those with most. These findings indicated that collaboration exercises in their current form have too little focus on collaborative learning. Research limitations/implications Several limitations of the current study deserve to be mentioned. First, this study was limited in scope as data were collected from a limited number of participants belonging to only one organization and during one exercise. Second, demographical variables such as age and gender were not taken into consideration. Third, limitation in performing a face-to-face data collection may have resulted in missing capturing of cues, verbal and non-verbal signs, which could have resulted in a more accurate screening. Moreover, the measurements were based on the predefined CLU-items, which left room for individual interpretation and, in turn, may cause somewhat lower term validity. As the number of international and national studies on exercise effects is scarce, it is important to increase further knowledge and to learn more about the causes as to why the perceived effects of collaboration exercises are considered somewhat limited. Practical implications Exercise designers may be stimulated to have a stronger...
Jarle Lowe Sorensen; Eric D. Carlström; Leif Inge Magnussen; Tae-Eun Kim; Atle Martin Christiansen; Glenn-Egil Torgersen. Old dogs, new tricks? A Norwegian study on whether previous collaboration exercise experience impacted participant’s perceived exercise effect. International Journal of Emergency Services 2019, 8, 122 -133.
AMA StyleJarle Lowe Sorensen, Eric D. Carlström, Leif Inge Magnussen, Tae-Eun Kim, Atle Martin Christiansen, Glenn-Egil Torgersen. Old dogs, new tricks? A Norwegian study on whether previous collaboration exercise experience impacted participant’s perceived exercise effect. International Journal of Emergency Services. 2019; 8 (2):122-133.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJarle Lowe Sorensen; Eric D. Carlström; Leif Inge Magnussen; Tae-Eun Kim; Atle Martin Christiansen; Glenn-Egil Torgersen. 2019. "Old dogs, new tricks? A Norwegian study on whether previous collaboration exercise experience impacted participant’s perceived exercise effect." International Journal of Emergency Services 8, no. 2: 122-133.
In crisis management, cross-sector collaboration exercises are perceived as improving preparedness and develop team-integration efforts. However, studies show that exercises may tend to produce results with limited learning and usefulness. The purpose of this nonexperimental, survey-based study was to measure the difference in perceived exercise effect between participants belonging to the exercise planning organizations and participants belonging to other participating groups. Surveys were distributed and collected from participants in a 2017 chemical oil-spill exercise set off the southern coast of Norway. The target population was operational staff, excluding exercise management and directing staff. The sample population consisted of operatives associated with the exercise organizer organization and others belonging to external public and nongovernmental emergency organizations. The data collection instrument was the “Collaboration, Learning, and Utility Scale” (CLU-scale). Findings indicated that the levels of CLU were higher among external participants than among those individuals who belong to the exercise planning organizations. This study recommends the development and adoption of a national maritime collaboration exercise framework. A practical implication is a recommendation to evaluate exercises to secure the outcome regarding collaboration skill using the same instrument.
Jarle Løwe Sørensen; Eric D. Carlström; Glenn-Egil Torgersen; Atle M. Christiansen; Tae-Eun Kim; Stig Wahlstrøm; Leif Inge Magnussen. The Organizer Dilemma: Outcomes from a Collaboration Exercise. International Journal of Disaster Risk Science 2019, 10, 261 -269.
AMA StyleJarle Løwe Sørensen, Eric D. Carlström, Glenn-Egil Torgersen, Atle M. Christiansen, Tae-Eun Kim, Stig Wahlstrøm, Leif Inge Magnussen. The Organizer Dilemma: Outcomes from a Collaboration Exercise. International Journal of Disaster Risk Science. 2019; 10 (2):261-269.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJarle Løwe Sørensen; Eric D. Carlström; Glenn-Egil Torgersen; Atle M. Christiansen; Tae-Eun Kim; Stig Wahlstrøm; Leif Inge Magnussen. 2019. "The Organizer Dilemma: Outcomes from a Collaboration Exercise." International Journal of Disaster Risk Science 10, no. 2: 261-269.
The aim of this exploratory case study was to examine whether sensemaking processes may influence decision-making of emergency call center dispatchers when dealing with maritime crises. This article focuses on sensemaking and decision-making in an emergency services context using Norwegian operators as a case and reports on data collected from five focus-group interviews with emergency dispatchers at five different locations. Each focus group consisted of three dispatchers, representing the three main Norwegian emergency response dispatch centers: police, fire and rescue, and the Emergency Medical Communication Centre (AMK). The study’s purpose was to see whether choices made when responding to maritime crisis calls are influenced by sensemaking processes, and whether these processes may have influenced the dispatcher’s choice of which search and rescue resources to contact. The study found that the sensemaking processes that occurred prior to the decision-making might have been influenced by the dispatcher’s past experiences, in particular, experiences from land-based operations. The findings also suggested that the emergency dispatchers made decisions based on intuitive sensemaking, as they were perceived pressed on time and experienced maritime crisis in a more transboundary nature than everyday land-based emergencies. The effects of sensemaking processes and intuitive decision-making shown in this study are of possible relevance to emergency services educators and managers outside a Norwegian framework.
Leif Inge Magnussen; Eric Carlstrøm; Msc Ann-Kristin Berge; Msc Frode Wegger; Jarle Løwe Sørensen. Help we are sinking! Stories from Norwegian dispatch centers on decision-making in unfamiliar and ambiguous situations. Journal of Emergency Management 2018, 16, 245 -254.
AMA StyleLeif Inge Magnussen, Eric Carlstrøm, Msc Ann-Kristin Berge, Msc Frode Wegger, Jarle Løwe Sørensen. Help we are sinking! Stories from Norwegian dispatch centers on decision-making in unfamiliar and ambiguous situations. Journal of Emergency Management. 2018; 16 (4):245-254.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLeif Inge Magnussen; Eric Carlstrøm; Msc Ann-Kristin Berge; Msc Frode Wegger; Jarle Løwe Sørensen. 2018. "Help we are sinking! Stories from Norwegian dispatch centers on decision-making in unfamiliar and ambiguous situations." Journal of Emergency Management 16, no. 4: 245-254.
Purpose This research investigates the perceived collaboration between public, private, and volunteer organisations during maritime crisis work, with an emphasis on learning and collaboration. The purpose of this paper is to investigate participants’ perceived collaboration training in relation to learning and usefulness. Design/methodology/approach The exercise studied in this research was run in the far North in Norway. It was estimated by the participants to be Europe’s most extensive exercise in 2016. Mixed methods research approach was applied, i.e. on-site observations, photos and interviews were conducted during the exercise. After the exercise, an online survey was distributed to emergency personnel holding different positions in conjunction with this exercise. Findings As reported, the exercise contributed to new insights on the relationship between collaboration and learning. The study showed that collaborative elements in exercises contribute to perceived learning (R=0.86, R2=0.74), and that learning in turn had a perceived beneficial effect on actual emergency work (R=0.79, R2=0.62). Research limitations/implications The possible research implications from this study include more focus on collaboration and new training schemes that could increase learning and usefulness. Practical implications Collaboration between actors seemed to suffer from the size of the exercise. A smaller exercise, less dependency on predetermined scripts, and more receptivity towards improvisation could improve collaboration. Social implications Increased awareness on the outcomes of collaboration exercise might increase their learning and usefulness, providing societies with improved rescue services. Originality/value This research implies that increased perceived collaboration has an effect on learning and usefulness in maritime exercises.
Leif Inge Magnussen; Eric Carlstrøm; Jarle Løwe Sørensen; Glenn-Egil Torgersen; Erlend Fritjof Hagenes; Elsa Kristiansen. Learning and usefulness stemming from collaboration in a maritime crisis management exercise in Northern Norway. Disaster Prevention and Management: An International Journal 2018, 27, 129 -140.
AMA StyleLeif Inge Magnussen, Eric Carlstrøm, Jarle Løwe Sørensen, Glenn-Egil Torgersen, Erlend Fritjof Hagenes, Elsa Kristiansen. Learning and usefulness stemming from collaboration in a maritime crisis management exercise in Northern Norway. Disaster Prevention and Management: An International Journal. 2018; 27 (1):129-140.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLeif Inge Magnussen; Eric Carlstrøm; Jarle Løwe Sørensen; Glenn-Egil Torgersen; Erlend Fritjof Hagenes; Elsa Kristiansen. 2018. "Learning and usefulness stemming from collaboration in a maritime crisis management exercise in Northern Norway." Disaster Prevention and Management: An International Journal 27, no. 1: 129-140.
Jarle Lowe Sorensen; Leif Inge Magnussen; Glenn-Egil Torgersen; Atle M Christiansen; Eric D Carlström. Perceived Usefulness of Maritime Cross-Border Collaboration Exercises. Arts and Social Sciences Journal 2018, 9, 1 -5.
AMA StyleJarle Lowe Sorensen, Leif Inge Magnussen, Glenn-Egil Torgersen, Atle M Christiansen, Eric D Carlström. Perceived Usefulness of Maritime Cross-Border Collaboration Exercises. Arts and Social Sciences Journal. 2018; 9 (4):1-5.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJarle Lowe Sorensen; Leif Inge Magnussen; Glenn-Egil Torgersen; Atle M Christiansen; Eric D Carlström. 2018. "Perceived Usefulness of Maritime Cross-Border Collaboration Exercises." Arts and Social Sciences Journal 9, no. 4: 1-5.
Purpose This case study maps the perceived collaboration between public, private and volunteer organizations during maritime crisis work, with a substantive focus on communication, information flow and distribution of activities. The exercise studied was held in the far north in Norway. It was estimated to be Europe’s most extensive exercise in 2016. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach The data were collected through observations, semi-structured interviews and reviews of associated frameworks and evaluation reports. Data were collected simultaneously at five different sites. Findings The key findings showed an intra-organizational focus, a predominance of drills and different informal exercises instead of a cohesive exercise. This made evaluation difficult. Reasons for the fragmentation of the exercise appear to be the size of the exercise and the script. Research limitations/implications Generalization of findings is problematic as this study involved only one exercise. However, this study has national significance, as it involved 22 public, private and volunteer stakeholder organizations, including civil emergency response units, the military, the Norwegian Civil Defence, and major maritime volunteer organizations such as the Norwegian Society for Sea Rescue. Collaboration between actors suffered from the size of the exercise. A smaller exercise, less dependency on predetermined scripts, and more receptivity toward improvisation could improve collaboration. Originality/value The study shows how collaboration fails as an effect of strict agendas and scripts to accomplish an impressive but complex and oversized exercise.
Elsa Kristiansen; Jarle Løwe Sørensen; Eric Carlström; Leif Inge Magnussen. Time to rethink Norwegian maritime collaboration exercises. International Journal of Emergency Services 2017, 6, 14 -28.
AMA StyleElsa Kristiansen, Jarle Løwe Sørensen, Eric Carlström, Leif Inge Magnussen. Time to rethink Norwegian maritime collaboration exercises. International Journal of Emergency Services. 2017; 6 (1):14-28.
Chicago/Turabian StyleElsa Kristiansen; Jarle Løwe Sørensen; Eric Carlström; Leif Inge Magnussen. 2017. "Time to rethink Norwegian maritime collaboration exercises." International Journal of Emergency Services 6, no. 1: 14-28.