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P. Riobó
Departamento de Fotobiología y Toxinología de Fitoplancton, Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas, CSIC, Vigo, 36208, Spain

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Communication
Published: 19 November 2020 in Toxins
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A paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) episode developed in summer 2018 in the Rías Baixas (Galicia, NW Spain). The outbreak was associated with an unprecedentedly intense and long-lasting harmful algal bloom (HAB) (~one month) caused by the dinoflagellate Alexandrium minutum. Paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs) were analyzed in extracts of 45 A. minutum strains isolated from the bloom by high-performance liquid chromatography with post-column oxidation and fluorescence detection (HPLC-PCOX-FLD). PSTs were also evaluated in tissues from marine fauna (invertebrates and fish) collected during the episode and in dolphin samples. The analysis of 45 A. minutum strains revealed a toxic profile including GTX1, GTX2, GTX3 and GTX4 toxins. With regard to the marine fauna samples, the highest PSTs levels were quantified in bivalve mollusks, but the toxins were also found in mullets, mackerels, starfish, squids and ascidians. This study reveals the potential accumulation of PSTs in marine invertebrates other than shellfish that could act as vectors in the trophic chain or pose a risk for human consumption. To our knowledge, this is the first time that PSTs are reported in ascidians and starfish from Spain. Moreover, it is the first time that evidence of PSTs in squids is described in Europe.

ACS Style

Begoña Ben-Gigirey; Araceli E. Rossignoli; Pilar Riobó; Francisco Rodríguez. First Report of Paralytic Shellfish Toxins in Marine Invertebrates and Fish in Spain. Toxins 2020, 12, 723 .

AMA Style

Begoña Ben-Gigirey, Araceli E. Rossignoli, Pilar Riobó, Francisco Rodríguez. First Report of Paralytic Shellfish Toxins in Marine Invertebrates and Fish in Spain. Toxins. 2020; 12 (11):723.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Begoña Ben-Gigirey; Araceli E. Rossignoli; Pilar Riobó; Francisco Rodríguez. 2020. "First Report of Paralytic Shellfish Toxins in Marine Invertebrates and Fish in Spain." Toxins 12, no. 11: 723.

Research article
Published: 01 November 2020 in Phycologia
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Two strains of Prorocentrum texanum (LPCc020 and LPCc032) were established from coastal waters of the Province of Buenos Aires, Argentina. Field and cultured materials were examined using light and scanning electron microscopy, and the planktonic species Prorocentrum texanum, a known okadaic acid producer, was identified. We compared morphology, genetics and toxin profile of P. texanum based on material from Argentina in relation to strains from the Gulf of México. Our specimens and those described in the protologue of P. texanum var. texanum had similar shape, thecal ornamentation distribution patterns of large and small pores, and morphology of wings supported by platelets 1 and 4, respectively. Morphometric differences occurred in the ranges of length, depth and diameter of thecal plate pores. Morphology of the periflagellar area was described from Argentinean strains. SSU, ITS and LSU rDNA-based phylogenies of strains LPCc020 and LPCc032 placed them with other sequences of P. texanum. ITS rDNA showed that the most closely species, in order, are P. micans, P. steidingerae, P. mexicanum/P. rhathymum, and P. koreanum. The ability of the Argentinian strains to produce marine biotoxins was assessed, but, no toxins were detected. This is the first report of P. texanum outside the Gulf of México.

ACS Style

Inés Sunesen; Francisco Rodríguez Hernández; Delfina Aguiar Juárez; Jonás Adrián Tardivo Kubis; Andrea Susana Lavigne; Araceli Rossignoli; Pilar Riobó; Eugenia A. Sar. Morphology, genetics and toxin profile of Prorocentrum texanum (Dinophyceae) from Argentinian marine coastal waters. Phycologia 2020, 59, 634 -650.

AMA Style

Inés Sunesen, Francisco Rodríguez Hernández, Delfina Aguiar Juárez, Jonás Adrián Tardivo Kubis, Andrea Susana Lavigne, Araceli Rossignoli, Pilar Riobó, Eugenia A. Sar. Morphology, genetics and toxin profile of Prorocentrum texanum (Dinophyceae) from Argentinian marine coastal waters. Phycologia. 2020; 59 (6):634-650.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Inés Sunesen; Francisco Rodríguez Hernández; Delfina Aguiar Juárez; Jonás Adrián Tardivo Kubis; Andrea Susana Lavigne; Araceli Rossignoli; Pilar Riobó; Eugenia A. Sar. 2020. "Morphology, genetics and toxin profile of Prorocentrum texanum (Dinophyceae) from Argentinian marine coastal waters." Phycologia 59, no. 6: 634-650.

Journal article
Published: 21 February 2020 in Toxins
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In the last decade, several outbreaks of ciguatera fish poisoning (CFP) have been reported in the Canary Islands (central northeast Atlantic Ocean), confirming ciguatera as an emerging alimentary risk in this region. Five Gambierdiscus species, G. australes, G. excentricus, G. silvae, G. carolinianus and G. caribaeus, have been detected in macrophytes from this area and are known to produce the ciguatoxins (CTXs) that cause CFP. A characterization of the toxicity of these species is the first step in identifying locations in the Canary Islands at risk of CFP. Therefore, in this study the toxicity of 63 strains of these five Gambierdiscus species were analysed using the erythrocyte lysis assay to evaluate their maitotoxin (MTX) content. In addition, 20 of the strains were also analysed in a neuroblastoma Neuro-2a (N2a) cytotoxicity assay to determine their CTX-like toxicity. The results allowed the different species to be grouped according to their ratios of CTX-like and MTX-like toxicity. MTX-like toxicity was especially high in G. excentricus and G. australes but much lower in the other species and lowest in G. silvae. CTX-like toxicity was highest in G. excentricus, which produced the toxin in amounts ranging between 128.2 ± 25.68 and 510.6 ± 134.2 fg CTX1B equivalents (eq) cell−1 (mean ± SD). In the other species, CTX concentrations were as follows: G. carolinianus (100.84 ± 18.05 fg CTX1B eq cell−1), G. australes (31.1 ± 0.56 to 107.16 ± 21.88 fg CTX1B eq cell−1), G. silvae (12.19 ± 0.62 to 76.79 ± 4.97 fg CTX1B eq cell−1) and G. caribaeus (

ACS Style

Araceli E. Rossignoli; Angels Tudó; Isabel Bravo; Patricio A. Díaz; Jorge Diogène; Pilar Riobó. Toxicity Characterisation of Gambierdiscus Species from the Canary Islands. Toxins 2020, 12, 134 .

AMA Style

Araceli E. Rossignoli, Angels Tudó, Isabel Bravo, Patricio A. Díaz, Jorge Diogène, Pilar Riobó. Toxicity Characterisation of Gambierdiscus Species from the Canary Islands. Toxins. 2020; 12 (2):134.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Araceli E. Rossignoli; Angels Tudó; Isabel Bravo; Patricio A. Díaz; Jorge Diogène; Pilar Riobó. 2020. "Toxicity Characterisation of Gambierdiscus Species from the Canary Islands." Toxins 12, no. 2: 134.

Journal article
Published: 19 October 2018 in Aquaculture
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The saxitoxin-producing dinoflagellate Alexandrium minutum is a well-known microalga that causes paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) in many coastal regions of the world. In this study, we measured the valve movements of cultivated mussels Mytilus galloprovincialis feeding on toxic A. minutum (n = 29 mussels, shell length = 67.1 ± 3.2 mm, x̅ ± SD) or a morphologically-similar, but toxin-free phytoplankton, Heterocapsa triquetra (n = 24 mussels, shell length = 68.3 ± 2.9 mm). Phytoplankton inoculations were conducted in three sequential “pulses” intended to increase microalgal cell concentrations in a stepwise manner up to ~5000 cells l−1 over a 9-h period. M. galloprovincialis was connected to a non-invasive valvometry apparatus that concurrently measured the magnitude of valve openness once every 0.1 s. It was found that M. galloprovincialis tended to keep its valves open over the course of the experiment, regardless of the phytoplankton species present in water. Standard valve opening metrics, such as the opening duration and opening amplitude, were not significantly affected by the species of phytoplankton. However, the frequency of brief and partial valve closure (microclosures) was significantly influenced by phytoplankton species (P < .01). M. galloprovincialis subjected to toxic A. minutum exhibited 20.3 ± 0.4 (x̅ ± SEM) microclosures per 3-h pulse period, whereas those exposed to the control H. triquetra exhibited 7.9 ± 0.4 (x̅ ± SEM) microclosures. This response was detectable over the 3 h following the first inoculation pulse that provided a phytoplankton concentration of 1000 cells l−1. Our findings are consistent with growing evidence that bivalves are sensitive to very low concentrations of harmful microalgae. Deploying in situ valvometry sensors with real-time monitoring capabilities may provide an early warning of harmful algal blooms.

ACS Style

Luc A. Comeau; Jose Babarro; Pilar Riobó; Michael Scarratt; Michel Starr; Rejean Tremblay. PSP-producing dinoflagellate Alexandrium minutum induces valve microclosures in the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis. Aquaculture 2018, 500, 407 -413.

AMA Style

Luc A. Comeau, Jose Babarro, Pilar Riobó, Michael Scarratt, Michel Starr, Rejean Tremblay. PSP-producing dinoflagellate Alexandrium minutum induces valve microclosures in the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis. Aquaculture. 2018; 500 ():407-413.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Luc A. Comeau; Jose Babarro; Pilar Riobó; Michael Scarratt; Michel Starr; Rejean Tremblay. 2018. "PSP-producing dinoflagellate Alexandrium minutum induces valve microclosures in the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis." Aquaculture 500, no. : 407-413.

Regular article
Published: 08 October 2018 in Journal of Phycology
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Dinoflagellates of the genus Dinophysis are the most persistent producers of lipophilic shellfish toxins in western Europe. Their mixotrophic nutrition requires a food‐chain of cryptophytes and plastid‐bearing ciliates for sustained growth and photosynthesis. In this study, cultures of D. acuminata and D. acuta, their ciliate prey Mesodinium rubrum and the cryptophyte, Teleaulax amphioxeia, were subject to three experimental settings to study their physiological response to different combinations of light intensity and quality. Growth rates, pigment analyses (HPLC), photosynthetic parameters (PAM‐fluorometry) and cellular toxin content (LC‐MS) were determined. Specific differences in photosynthetic parameters were observed in Dinophysis exposed to different photon fluxes (10‐650 μmol photons · m−2 · s−1), light quality (white, blue and green) and shifts in light regime. Dinophysis acuta was more susceptible to photodamage under high light intensities (370‐650 μmol photons · m−2· s−1) than D. acuminata but survived better with low light (10 μmol photons · m−2 · s−1) and to a prolonged period (28 d) of darkness. Mesodinium rubrum and T. amphioxeia showed their maximal growth rate and yield under white and high light whereas Dinophysis seemed better adapted to grow under green and blue. Toxin analyses in Dinophysis showed maximal toxin per cell under high light after prey depletion at the late exponential‐plateau phase. Changes observed in photosynthetic light curves of D. acuminata cultures after shifting light conditions from low intensity‐blue light to high intensity‐white light seemed compatible with photoacclimation in this species. Results obtained here are discussed in relation to different spatio‐temporal distributions observed in field populations of D. acuminata and D. acuta in northwestern Iberia. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

ACS Style

María García-Portela; Pilar Riobó; Beatriz Reguera; José Luis Garrido; Juan Blanco; Francisco Rodríguez. Comparative ecophysiology of Dinophysis acuminata and D. acuta (DINOPHYCEAE, DINOPHYSIALES): effect of light intensity and quality on growth, cellular toxin content, and photosynthesis. Journal of Phycology 2018, 54, 899 -917.

AMA Style

María García-Portela, Pilar Riobó, Beatriz Reguera, José Luis Garrido, Juan Blanco, Francisco Rodríguez. Comparative ecophysiology of Dinophysis acuminata and D. acuta (DINOPHYCEAE, DINOPHYSIALES): effect of light intensity and quality on growth, cellular toxin content, and photosynthesis. Journal of Phycology. 2018; 54 (6):899-917.

Chicago/Turabian Style

María García-Portela; Pilar Riobó; Beatriz Reguera; José Luis Garrido; Juan Blanco; Francisco Rodríguez. 2018. "Comparative ecophysiology of Dinophysis acuminata and D. acuta (DINOPHYCEAE, DINOPHYSIALES): effect of light intensity and quality on growth, cellular toxin content, and photosynthesis." Journal of Phycology 54, no. 6: 899-917.

Journal article
Published: 11 July 2018 in Harmful Algae
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Three strains of the toxic benthic dinoflagellate Prorocentrum hoffmannianum were isolated in the Canary Islands (north-east Atlantic Ocean, Spain). The identity of the strains was determined by phylogenetic analyses of partial LSU rDNA (D1-D2 regions) but their morphology based on SEM images corresponded to P. maculosum. Their toxin profiles were analyzed by liquid chromatography and high resolution mass spectrometry analysis (LC–HRMS) on cell extracts and culture media. Okadaic acid and three analogs were detected in all strains. Rather, in culture media the detected compounds were variable among strains, two of them being okadaic acid analogs not found on cell extracts. As a result, the taxonomy of the species was revised and P. maculosum is proposed as a junior synonym of P. hoffmannianum whose description is emended.

ACS Style

Francisco Rodríguez; Pilar Riobó; Guillermo D. Crespín; Antonio Hernandez Daranas; Caterina R. de Vera; Manuel Norte; Jose Javier Fernandez; Santiago Fraga. The toxic benthic dinoflagellate Prorocentrum maculosum Faust is a synonym of Prorocentrum hoffmannianum Faust. Harmful Algae 2018, 78, 1 -8.

AMA Style

Francisco Rodríguez, Pilar Riobó, Guillermo D. Crespín, Antonio Hernandez Daranas, Caterina R. de Vera, Manuel Norte, Jose Javier Fernandez, Santiago Fraga. The toxic benthic dinoflagellate Prorocentrum maculosum Faust is a synonym of Prorocentrum hoffmannianum Faust. Harmful Algae. 2018; 78 ():1-8.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Francisco Rodríguez; Pilar Riobó; Guillermo D. Crespín; Antonio Hernandez Daranas; Caterina R. de Vera; Manuel Norte; Jose Javier Fernandez; Santiago Fraga. 2018. "The toxic benthic dinoflagellate Prorocentrum maculosum Faust is a synonym of Prorocentrum hoffmannianum Faust." Harmful Algae 78, no. : 1-8.

Journal article
Published: 31 May 2018 in Current Organic Chemistry
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ACS Style

Antonio Gavalás-Olea; José Luis Garrido; Pilar Riobó; Susana Álvarez; Belen Vaz. Mass Spectrometry of Algal Chlorophyll c Compounds. Current Organic Chemistry 2018, 22, 836 -841.

AMA Style

Antonio Gavalás-Olea, José Luis Garrido, Pilar Riobó, Susana Álvarez, Belen Vaz. Mass Spectrometry of Algal Chlorophyll c Compounds. Current Organic Chemistry. 2018; 22 (9):836-841.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Antonio Gavalás-Olea; José Luis Garrido; Pilar Riobó; Susana Álvarez; Belen Vaz. 2018. "Mass Spectrometry of Algal Chlorophyll c Compounds." Current Organic Chemistry 22, no. 9: 836-841.

Journal article
Published: 01 December 2017 in Harmful Algae
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A new species of toxic benthic dinoflagellate is described based on laboratory cultures isolated from two locations from Brazil, Rio de Janeiro and Bahia. The morphology was studied with SEM and LM. Cells are elliptical in right thecal view and flat. They are 37-44μm long and 29-36μm wide. The right thecal plate has a V shaped indentation where six platelets can be identified. The thecal surface of both thecal plates is smooth and has round or kidney shaped and uniformly distributed pores except in the central area of the cell, and a line of marginal pores. Some cells present an elongated depression on the central area of the apical part of the right thecal plate. Prorocentrum caipirignum is similar to Prorocentrum lima in its morphology, but can be differentiated by the general cell shape, being elliptical while P. lima is ovoid. In the phylogenetic trees based on ITS and LSU rDNA sequences, the P. caipirignum clade appears close to the clades of P. lima and Prorocentrum hoffmannianum. The Brazilian strains of P. caipirignum formed a clade with strains from Cuba, Hainan Island and Malaysia and it is therefore likely that this new species has a broad tropical distribution. Prorocentrum caipirignum is a toxic species that produces okadaic acid and the fast acting toxin prorocentrolide.

ACS Style

Silvia M. Nascimento; M. Cristina Q. Mendes; Mariângela Menezes; Francisco Rodríguez; Catharina Alves-De-Souza; Suema Branco; Pilar Riobó; José Franco; José Marcos C. Nunes; Mariusz Huk; Steven Morris; Santiago Fraga. Morphology and phylogeny of Prorocentrum caipirignum sp. nov. (Dinophyceae), a new tropical toxic benthic dinoflagellate. Harmful Algae 2017, 70, 73 -89.

AMA Style

Silvia M. Nascimento, M. Cristina Q. Mendes, Mariângela Menezes, Francisco Rodríguez, Catharina Alves-De-Souza, Suema Branco, Pilar Riobó, José Franco, José Marcos C. Nunes, Mariusz Huk, Steven Morris, Santiago Fraga. Morphology and phylogeny of Prorocentrum caipirignum sp. nov. (Dinophyceae), a new tropical toxic benthic dinoflagellate. Harmful Algae. 2017; 70 ():73-89.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Silvia M. Nascimento; M. Cristina Q. Mendes; Mariângela Menezes; Francisco Rodríguez; Catharina Alves-De-Souza; Suema Branco; Pilar Riobó; José Franco; José Marcos C. Nunes; Mariusz Huk; Steven Morris; Santiago Fraga. 2017. "Morphology and phylogeny of Prorocentrum caipirignum sp. nov. (Dinophyceae), a new tropical toxic benthic dinoflagellate." Harmful Algae 70, no. : 73-89.

Regular article
Published: 01 December 2017 in Journal of Phycology
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The family Ceratocoryaceae includes the genera Ceratocorys, Protoceratium, and Schuettiella, whose phylogenetic relationships are poorly known. Here, the new non‐yessotoxin‐producing species of the genus Ceratocorys, Ceratocorys mariaovidiorum sp. nov., previously reported as the toxic Protoceratium reticulatum, is described from examinations by light and scanning electron microscopy, molecular phylogeny, and toxin analyses. The species description is made from culture samples of strains CCMP1740 and CCMP404 from USA waters. Ceratocorys mariaovidiorum is globular and has thick and strongly reticulated plates with one pore within each reticule, just like P. reticulatum, but the key difference between the two species is the presence of five precingular plates in C. mariaovidiorum instead of six as in P. reticulatum. The thecal plate formula is Po, 4′, 0a, 5″, 6c, ~7s, 5‴, 0p, 2′′′′. The apical pore plate is oval with a λ‐shaped pore. The first apical plate is narrow with a ventral pore on the right anterior side; it contacts the apical pore plate and its contact with the anterior sulcal plate is slight or absent. The fourth precingular plate of other Gonyaulacales is absent. Ceratocorys mariaovidiorum may have small spines on the second antapical plate. A phylogenetic study based on internal transcribed spacer/5.8SrDNA supports the morphological classification of C. mariaovidiorum as a new species of Ceratocorys and in a different clade from P. reticulatum.

ACS Style

Pablo Salgado; Santiago Fraga; Francisco Rodríguez; Pilar Riobó; Isabel Bravo. Ceratocorys mariaovidiorum sp. nov. (Gonyaulacales), a new dinoflagellate species previously reported as Protoceratium reticulatum. Journal of Phycology 2017, 54, 126 -137.

AMA Style

Pablo Salgado, Santiago Fraga, Francisco Rodríguez, Pilar Riobó, Isabel Bravo. Ceratocorys mariaovidiorum sp. nov. (Gonyaulacales), a new dinoflagellate species previously reported as Protoceratium reticulatum. Journal of Phycology. 2017; 54 (1):126-137.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Pablo Salgado; Santiago Fraga; Francisco Rodríguez; Pilar Riobó; Isabel Bravo. 2017. "Ceratocorys mariaovidiorum sp. nov. (Gonyaulacales), a new dinoflagellate species previously reported as Protoceratium reticulatum." Journal of Phycology 54, no. 1: 126-137.

Journal article
Published: 01 November 2017 in Toxicon
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The toxin profile and hemolytic activity of a strain of Ostreopsis cf. ovata (UFBA013) isolated from Todos os Santos Bay (northeastern Brazil) were evaluated under different levels of N and P. Phylogenetic analyses based on ITS rDNA region (ITS1-5.8S-ITS2) placed UFBA013 within the Atlantic/Mediterranean/Pacific clade of O. cf. ovata. Growth experiments were conducted in f/2 medium modified by adding N and P (P: 0-36 μM; N: 0-882 μM). The growth kinetics was adequately described by logistic equations. The best growth (highest Gm) was recorded under levels of N/P = 0/18, 129/5 and 441/36, while one of the lowest Gm was obtained under P-depletion. The maximum and specific maximum growth rates (as vm; cells mL(-1) d(-1) and μm; d(-1)) were achieved with N limitation (N/P = 441/36) and P-limitation/depletion (753/5.3 and 441/0) and are the highest values reported in the literature, most similar to isolates from Pacific and Mediterranean areas. The control experiment (N/P = 441/18) also yielded similar values to those from some Mediterranean isolates, but higher than formerly reported for Brazilian isolates. In all conditions assayed, no palytoxin (PLTX) was detected. The ovatoxins (OVTXs) a, b, c, d and e did not show significant differences in cell quota between exponential and stationary phases. A significant relationship was detected between OVTXs concentration and hemolytic activity.

ACS Style

Maria Cristina De Q. Mendes; José Marcos C. Nunes; Mariângela Menezes; Santiago Fraga; Francisco Rodriguez; José A. Vázquez; Juan Blanco; José M. Franco; Pilar Riobó. Toxin production, growth kinetics and molecular characterization of Ostreopsis cf. ovata isolated from Todos os Santos Bay, tropical southwestern Atlantic. Toxicon 2017, 138, 18 -30.

AMA Style

Maria Cristina De Q. Mendes, José Marcos C. Nunes, Mariângela Menezes, Santiago Fraga, Francisco Rodriguez, José A. Vázquez, Juan Blanco, José M. Franco, Pilar Riobó. Toxin production, growth kinetics and molecular characterization of Ostreopsis cf. ovata isolated from Todos os Santos Bay, tropical southwestern Atlantic. Toxicon. 2017; 138 ():18-30.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Maria Cristina De Q. Mendes; José Marcos C. Nunes; Mariângela Menezes; Santiago Fraga; Francisco Rodriguez; José A. Vázquez; Juan Blanco; José M. Franco; Pilar Riobó. 2017. "Toxin production, growth kinetics and molecular characterization of Ostreopsis cf. ovata isolated from Todos os Santos Bay, tropical southwestern Atlantic." Toxicon 138, no. : 18-30.

Published erratum
Published: 01 September 2017 in Harmful Algae
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ACS Style

Francisco Rodríguez; Santiago Fraga; Isabel Ramilo; Pilar Rial; Rosa Isabel Figueroa; Pilar Riobó; Isabel Bravo. Corrigendum to ‘Canary Islands (NE Atlantic) as a biodiversity hotspot of Gambierdiscus: Implications for future trends of ciguatera in the area’. Harmful Algae 2017, 68, 273 .

AMA Style

Francisco Rodríguez, Santiago Fraga, Isabel Ramilo, Pilar Rial, Rosa Isabel Figueroa, Pilar Riobó, Isabel Bravo. Corrigendum to ‘Canary Islands (NE Atlantic) as a biodiversity hotspot of Gambierdiscus: Implications for future trends of ciguatera in the area’. Harmful Algae. 2017; 68 ():273.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Francisco Rodríguez; Santiago Fraga; Isabel Ramilo; Pilar Rial; Rosa Isabel Figueroa; Pilar Riobó; Isabel Bravo. 2017. "Corrigendum to ‘Canary Islands (NE Atlantic) as a biodiversity hotspot of Gambierdiscus: Implications for future trends of ciguatera in the area’." Harmful Algae 68, no. : 273.

Journal article
Published: 01 July 2017 in Harmful Algae
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In the present study the geographical distribution, abundance and composition of Gambierdiscus was described over a 600km longitudinal scale in the Canary Islands. Samples for cell counts, isolation and identification of Gambierdiscus were obtained from five islands (El Hierro, Tenerife, Gran Canaria, Fuerteventura and Lanzarote). Average densities of Gambierdiscus spp. between 0 and 2200cellsg(-1) blot dry weight of macrophyte were recorded. Morphological (light microscopy and SEM techniques) and molecular analyses (LSU and SSU rDNA sequencing of cultures and single cells from the field) of Gambierdiscus was performed. Five Gambierdiscus species (G. australes, G. caribaeus, G. carolinianus, G. excentricus and G. silvae), together with a new putative species (Gambierdiscus ribotype 3) were identified. These results suggest that some cases of CFP in the region could be associated with the accumulation of ciguatoxins in the marine food web acquired from local populations of Gambierdiscus. This unexpected high diversity of Gambierdiscus species in an area which a priori is not under risk of ciguatera, hints at an ancient settlement of Gambierdiscus populations, likely favored by warmer climate conditions in the Miocene Epoch (when oldest current Canary Islands were created), in contrast with cooler present ones. Currently, warming trends associated with climate change could contribute to extend favorable environmental conditions in the area for Gambierdiscus growth especially during winter months.

ACS Style

Francisco Rodríguez; Santiago Fraga; Isabel Ramilo; Pilar Rial; Rosa Isabel Figueroa; Pilar Riobó; Isabel Bravo. “Canary Islands (NE Atlantic) as a biodiversity ‘hotspot’ of Gambierdiscus: Implications for future trends of ciguatera in the area”. Harmful Algae 2017, 67, 131 -143.

AMA Style

Francisco Rodríguez, Santiago Fraga, Isabel Ramilo, Pilar Rial, Rosa Isabel Figueroa, Pilar Riobó, Isabel Bravo. “Canary Islands (NE Atlantic) as a biodiversity ‘hotspot’ of Gambierdiscus: Implications for future trends of ciguatera in the area”. Harmful Algae. 2017; 67 ():131-143.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Francisco Rodríguez; Santiago Fraga; Isabel Ramilo; Pilar Rial; Rosa Isabel Figueroa; Pilar Riobó; Isabel Bravo. 2017. "“Canary Islands (NE Atlantic) as a biodiversity ‘hotspot’ of Gambierdiscus: Implications for future trends of ciguatera in the area”." Harmful Algae 67, no. : 131-143.

Journal article
Published: 09 February 2017 in Journal of Phycology
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The presence of the benthic dinophysoid dinoflagellate Sinophysis canaliculata has been reported in the Canary Islands (eastern central Atlantic) in live field observations and on fixed macroalgal samples from intertidal ponds (26 sampling sites from El Hierro, Tenerife, Gran Canaria, Fuerteventura and Lanzarote islands). In vivo Sinophysis cells were typically pale pink colored. Light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy micrographs showed a small characteristic narrow hypothecal cut that matched the original description of S. canaliculata. SSU rRNA gene (rDNA) nuclear phylogeny showed that S. canaliculata is closely related to S. microcephalus. Sinophysis specimens displayed cyanobacterial endosymbionts with orange autofluorescence from phycoerythrins. SSU rDNA analyses of the cyanobionts nearly matched a former sequence obtained from S. canaliculata in the Pacific Ocean (Japan). S. canaliculata survived up to 5 months in the original seawater samples. During that period cyanobionts were always present and maintained their orange autofluorescence, although the pink color gradually vanished (<1 month) in most individuals. Molecular similarity of Sinophysis cyanobionts from the Canary Islands and Japanese waters suggest a deterministic relationship, likely a temporary maintenance inside their host via some specific grazing system.

ACS Style

María García-Portela; Pilar Riobó; Francisco Rodriguez. Morphological and molecular study of the cyanobiont-bearing dinoflagellateSinophysis canaliculatafrom the Canary Islands (eastern central Atlantic). Journal of Phycology 2017, 53, 446 -450.

AMA Style

María García-Portela, Pilar Riobó, Francisco Rodriguez. Morphological and molecular study of the cyanobiont-bearing dinoflagellateSinophysis canaliculatafrom the Canary Islands (eastern central Atlantic). Journal of Phycology. 2017; 53 (2):446-450.

Chicago/Turabian Style

María García-Portela; Pilar Riobó; Francisco Rodriguez. 2017. "Morphological and molecular study of the cyanobiont-bearing dinoflagellateSinophysis canaliculatafrom the Canary Islands (eastern central Atlantic)." Journal of Phycology 53, no. 2: 446-450.

Journal article
Published: 01 December 2016 in Harmful Algae
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The genus Ostreopsis includes several toxic species that can develop blooms in benthic ecosystems, with potential harmful consequences for human health and marine invertebrates. Despite of this, little is known about the allelopathic interactions between these organisms and other co-occurring microalgae that exploit similar spatial and nutrient resources in benthic ecosystems. The aim of this study was to follow these interactions in cultures of two Ostreopsis ribotypes with different toxin profiles (O. cf. ovata contained ovatoxins-a, b, c and e, while only ovatoxin-d was found in O .sp. “Lanzarote-type”), mixed with species of three benthic dinoflagellate genera (Coolia, Prorocentrum and Gambierdiscus), isolated from the same area (North East Atlantic, Canary Islands). In a first experiment, the potential allelopathic effects on growth rates were followed, in mixed cultures of Coolia monotis (a non toxic species) exposed to the clarified medium and to cells of O. sp.“Lanzarote-type” and O. cf. ovata. Growth delayed in C. monotis was observed specially in clarified medium, while the O. sp. “Lanzarote-type” strain attained much lower densities in mixed cultures. In a second experiment, we examined the potential effects of clarified media from O. sp.“Lanzarote-type” and O. cf. ovata on the adherence capacity in two toxic species (Prorocentrum hoffmannianum and Gambierdiscus excentricus). Contrasting effects were found: a significant increase of adherence capacity in P. hoffmannianum vs attachment decline in G. excentricus, that experienced also severe deleterious effects (cell lysis). Our results suggest the existence of weak to moderate allelopathic interactions between the studied organisms, although the outcome is dependent on the species involved.

ACS Style

María García-Portela; Pilar Riobó; José Mariano Franco; Rosa Mª Bañuelos; Francisco Rodríguez. Genetic and toxinological characterization of North Atlantic strains of the dinoflagellate Ostreopsis and allelopathic interactions with toxic and non-toxic species from the genera Prorocentrum, Coolia and Gambierdiscus. Harmful Algae 2016, 60, 57 -69.

AMA Style

María García-Portela, Pilar Riobó, José Mariano Franco, Rosa Mª Bañuelos, Francisco Rodríguez. Genetic and toxinological characterization of North Atlantic strains of the dinoflagellate Ostreopsis and allelopathic interactions with toxic and non-toxic species from the genera Prorocentrum, Coolia and Gambierdiscus. Harmful Algae. 2016; 60 ():57-69.

Chicago/Turabian Style

María García-Portela; Pilar Riobó; José Mariano Franco; Rosa Mª Bañuelos; Francisco Rodríguez. 2016. "Genetic and toxinological characterization of North Atlantic strains of the dinoflagellate Ostreopsis and allelopathic interactions with toxic and non-toxic species from the genera Prorocentrum, Coolia and Gambierdiscus." Harmful Algae 60, no. : 57-69.

Journal article
Published: 30 September 2016 in Scientia Marina
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Vibrio s include several pathogenic bacteria that occur in aquatic environments. The presence of Vibrio has been assessed in many ecosystems by culture-based techniques. However, little is known on the contribution of Vibrio s in the sea, especially in areas subject to harmful algal blooms. A preliminary study in Sant Andreu de Llavaneres beach (NW Mediterranean) showed the presence of some Vibrio species during a recurrent bloom of the harmful benthic dinoflagellate Ostreopsis cf. ovata . In order to establish the importance of Vibrio s in a coastal area of the NW Mediterranean and to study the association with the dinoflagellate, we conducted a sampling monitoring for one year to quantify the concentration of Vibrio s both in the water (free-living and attached to particles) and in the epiphytic community of macroalgae. The aims were 1) to evaluate the relative abundance of Vibrio in the epiphytic and in the planktonic bacterial community, 2) to assess the percentage of free-living and attached Vibrio s in the planktonic community, and 3) to determine whether the presence of Vibrio s is associated with the blooms of the toxic dinoflagellate Ostreopsis or with other environmental parameters. For this purpose, a CARD-FISH molecular probe was applied for the specific detection of bacteria belonging to the genus Vibrio . Cells were quantified and the abundance of both particles and bacteria attached to particles were assessed. The maximum Vibrio concentration (1.3x104 cells ml –1 and 1.4x10 6 cells g –1 FW, for planktonic and epiphytic samples, respectively) was detected in September. Free-living Vibrio s contributed 0.38±0.24% to the total free-living planktonic community and 1.12±0.28% to the epiphytic bacterial community. However, their contribution was particularly high in the planktonic community attached to particles (17.37±20.49%). Although in the planktonic community Vibrio was found preferentially free-living (82.63±20.01%), particles are a niche for Vibrio s, since in particles Vibrio s may represent up to 72% of the total attached bacterial community. Abundance of planktonic Vibrio was correlated with Ostreopsis concentration and it is likely that they play a role in the wound infections suffered by beach users during the bloom. El género Vibrio incluye a varias bacterias patogénicas que se encuentran en ecosistemas acuáticos. La presencia de Vibrio se ha estimado en muchos ecosistemas mediante técnicas basadas en cultivos. Sin embargo, se conoce poco sobre la contribución de Vibrio s en el mar, especialmente en áreas afectadas por proliferaciones algales nocivas. Un estudio preliminar en la playa de Sant Andreu de Llavaneres (Mediterráneo NO) mostró la presencia de algunas especies de Vibrio durante una proliferación recurrente del dinoflagelado béntico nocivo Ostreopsis cf. ovata . Para poder establecer la relevancia de los Vibrio s en un área costera del Mediterráneo NO y estudiar su asociación con el dinoflagelado, realizamos un muestreo de monitoreo durante un año para cuantificar la concentración de Vibrio s tanto en el agua (de vida libre y adheridos a partículas) y en la comunidad epifítica de macroalgas con los objetivos de 1) evaluar la abundancia relativa de Vibrio en la comunidad bacteriana tanto planctónica como epifítica, 2) estimar el porcentaje de Vibrio s de vida libre y adheridos a partículas en la comunidad bacteriana planctónica y 3) determinar si la presencia de Vibrio s está relacionada con las proliferaciones del dinoflagelado Ostreopsis o con otros parámetros ambientales. Para este propósito, se aplicó una sonda molecular de CARD-FISH para la detección específica de bacterias pertenecientes al género Vibrio . Se cuantificaron las células y también la abundancia de partículas y de las bacterias adheridas a estas partículas. La máxima concentración de Vibrio (1.3x104 cels ml –1 y 1.4x10 6 cels g –1 PF, para muestras planctónicas y epifíticas, respectivamente) fue detectada en Septiembre. Los Vibrio s de vida libre contribuyeron un 0.38±0.24% al total de la comunidad bacteriana de vida libre y un 1.12±0.28% a la comunidad bacteriana epifítica. Sin embargo, su contribución fue especialmente elevada en la comunidad bacteriana adherida a partículas (17.37±20.49%). Aunque en la comunidad planctónica Vibrio se encontraba preferentemente no adheridos a partículas (82.63±20.01%), las partículas constituyen un nicho para Vibrio s, ya que pueden llegar a representar hasta un 72% de la comunidad bacteriana adherida a partículas. La abundancia de Vibrio en el plancton se correlacionó con la concentración de Ostreopsis , y es posible que éstos jueguen un papel en las infecciones de heridas que sufren los bañistas durante las proliferaciones algales.

ACS Style

Judit Bellés-Garulera; Magda Vila; Encarna Borrull; Pilar Riobó; José M. Franco; Maria Montserrat Sala. Variability of planktonic and epiphytic vibrios in a coastal environment affected by Ostreopsis blooms. Scientia Marina 2016, 80, 97 -106.

AMA Style

Judit Bellés-Garulera, Magda Vila, Encarna Borrull, Pilar Riobó, José M. Franco, Maria Montserrat Sala. Variability of planktonic and epiphytic vibrios in a coastal environment affected by Ostreopsis blooms. Scientia Marina. 2016; 80 (S1):97-106.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Judit Bellés-Garulera; Magda Vila; Encarna Borrull; Pilar Riobó; José M. Franco; Maria Montserrat Sala. 2016. "Variability of planktonic and epiphytic vibrios in a coastal environment affected by Ostreopsis blooms." Scientia Marina 80, no. S1: 97-106.

Journal article
Published: 01 September 2016 in Harmful Algae
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A new benthic toxic dinoflagellate is described from the Celebes Sea. Gambierdiscus balechii sp. nov. was isolated from seaweeds growing in tidal ponds. Its morphology was studied by means of LM and SEM; G. balechii has a very ornamented theca, a hatchet shaped second apical plate, a narrow second antapical plate and an asymmetrical third precigular plate, a unique combination of characters among Gambierdiscus species. It has a very wide size range with widths from 36 to 88 μm. Phylogenetic analyses of two G. balechii strains, based on LSU rRNA (D8–D10) and partial SSUrRNA sequences confirmed that these clustererd in its’ own group, separated from the rest of Gambierdiscus species and with G. pacificus, G. belizeanus and G. scabrosus as its closest relatives. Thecate cysts are described from culture as non motile vegetative-like cells which germinated after being isolated and transferred to fresh medium. Mouse tests showed that this species is toxic and hence it is a potential cause of ciguatera in the Celebes Sea.

ACS Style

Santiago Fraga; Francisco Rodríguez; Pilar Riobó; Isabel Bravo. Gambierdiscus balechii sp. nov (Dinophyceae), a new benthic toxic dinoflagellate from the Celebes Sea (SW Pacific Ocean). Harmful Algae 2016, 58, 93 -105.

AMA Style

Santiago Fraga, Francisco Rodríguez, Pilar Riobó, Isabel Bravo. Gambierdiscus balechii sp. nov (Dinophyceae), a new benthic toxic dinoflagellate from the Celebes Sea (SW Pacific Ocean). Harmful Algae. 2016; 58 ():93-105.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Santiago Fraga; Francisco Rodríguez; Pilar Riobó; Isabel Bravo. 2016. "Gambierdiscus balechii sp. nov (Dinophyceae), a new benthic toxic dinoflagellate from the Celebes Sea (SW Pacific Ocean)." Harmful Algae 58, no. : 93-105.

Journal article
Published: 30 August 2016 in Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom
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The genus Prymnesium includes several species that produce toxins with cytotoxic, ichthyotoxic, neurotoxic and haemolytic activity. Bloom episodes of Prymnesium species have been reported from several parts of the world (North America, Europe, Africa, Asia and Australia), especially from temperate and subtropical regions and most of them from brackish waters. Blooms cause great economic losses to aquaculture and fisheries around the world. The ichthyotoxic and allelopathic effects of Prymnesium have been linked to the presence of Haemolysin 1, Prymnesins 1 and 2 and, more recently, fatty acids and fatty acid amides. The toxicology of this genus with regard to different growth conditions such as light, nutrients and other parameters has been well documented. It is unknown, however, whether different species and strains from the Prymnesium genus all produce the same types and level of toxins. In this study, we have determined the haemolytic activity of eight different strains from the genus Prymnesium in both exponential and stationary phases of growth. We have also evaluated the efficiency of the extraction solvent.

ACS Style

Sergio Seoane; Pilar Riobó; J. Franco. Haemolytic activity in different species of the genus Prymnesium (Haptophyta). Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 2016, 97, 491 -496.

AMA Style

Sergio Seoane, Pilar Riobó, J. Franco. Haemolytic activity in different species of the genus Prymnesium (Haptophyta). Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom. 2016; 97 (3):491-496.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sergio Seoane; Pilar Riobó; J. Franco. 2016. "Haemolytic activity in different species of the genus Prymnesium (Haptophyta)." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 97, no. 3: 491-496.

Rapid communication
Published: 29 August 2016 in Organic Letters
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ACS Style

Antonio Gavalás-Olea; Susana Álvarez; Pilar Riobó; Francisco Rodríguez; José L. Garrido; Belén Vaz. 19,19′-Diacyloxy Signature: An Atypical Level of Structural Evolution in Carotenoid Pigments. Organic Letters 2016, 18, 4642 -4645.

AMA Style

Antonio Gavalás-Olea, Susana Álvarez, Pilar Riobó, Francisco Rodríguez, José L. Garrido, Belén Vaz. 19,19′-Diacyloxy Signature: An Atypical Level of Structural Evolution in Carotenoid Pigments. Organic Letters. 2016; 18 (18):4642-4645.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Antonio Gavalás-Olea; Susana Álvarez; Pilar Riobó; Francisco Rodríguez; José L. Garrido; Belén Vaz. 2016. "19,19′-Diacyloxy Signature: An Atypical Level of Structural Evolution in Carotenoid Pigments." Organic Letters 18, no. 18: 4642-4645.

Journal article
Published: 21 January 2016 in Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology
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A single cell of the dinoflagellate genus Fukuyoa was isolated from the island of Formentera (Balearic Islands, west Mediterranean Sea), cultured and characterized by morphological and molecular methods and toxin analyses. This is the first report of the Gambierdiscus lineage (genera Fukuyoa and Gambierdiscus) from the western Mediterranean Sea, which is cooler than its eastern basin. Molecular analyses revealed that the Mediterranean strain belongs to F. paulensis, and that it bears LSU rDNA sequences identical to New Zealand, Australian and Brazilian strains. It also shared an identical sequence of the more variable ITS-rDNA with the Brazilian strain. Toxin analyses showed the presence of maitotoxin, 54-deoxyCTX1B and gambieric acid A. This is the first observation of the two latter compounds in a Fukuyoa strain. Therefore, both Gambierdiscus and Fukuyoa should be considered when as contributing to ciguatera fish poisoning. Different strains of Fukuyoa form a complex of morphologically cryptic lineages where F. paulensis stands as the most distantly related nominal species. The comparison of the ITS2 secondary structures revealed the absence of CBCs among strains. The study of the morphological and molecular traits depicted an unresolved taxonomic scenario impacted by the low strains sampling. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

ACS Style

Aitor Laza-Martínez; Helena David; Pilar Riobó; Irati Miguel; Emma Orive. Characterization of a Strain ofFukuyoa paulensis(Dinophyceae) from the Western Mediterranean Sea. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 2016, 63, 481 -497.

AMA Style

Aitor Laza-Martínez, Helena David, Pilar Riobó, Irati Miguel, Emma Orive. Characterization of a Strain ofFukuyoa paulensis(Dinophyceae) from the Western Mediterranean Sea. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. 2016; 63 (4):481-497.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Aitor Laza-Martínez; Helena David; Pilar Riobó; Irati Miguel; Emma Orive. 2016. "Characterization of a Strain ofFukuyoa paulensis(Dinophyceae) from the Western Mediterranean Sea." Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 63, no. 4: 481-497.

Research article
Published: 04 December 2015 in PLOS ONE
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Alexandrium ostenfeldii is present in a wide variety of environments in coastal areas worldwide and is the only dinoflagellate known species that produces paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) toxins and two types of cyclic imines, spirolides (SPXs) and gymnodimines (GYMs). The increasing frequency of A. ostenfeldii blooms in the Baltic Sea has been attributed to the warming water in this region. To learn more about the optimal environmental conditions favoring the proliferation of A. ostenfeldii and its complex toxicity, the effects of temperature and salinity on the kinetics of both the growth and the net toxin production of this species were examined using a factorial design and a response-surface analysis (RSA). The results showed that the growth of Baltic A. ostenfeldii occurs over a wide range of temperatures and salinities (12.5–25.5°C and 5–21, respectively), with optimal growth conditions achieved at a temperature of 25.5°C and a salinity of 11.2. Together with the finding that a salinity > 21 was the only growth-limiting factor detected for this strain, this study provides important insights into the autecology and population distribution of this species in the Baltic Sea. The presence of PSP toxins, including gonyautoxin (GTX)-3, GTX-2, and saxitoxin (STX), and GYMs (GYM-A and GYM-B/-C analogues) was detected under all temperature and salinity conditions tested and in the majority of the cases was concomitant with both the exponential growth and stationary phases of the dinoflagellate’s growth cycle. Toxin concentrations were maximal at temperatures and salinities of 20.9°C and 17 for the GYM-A analogue and > 19°C and 15 for PSP toxins, respectively. The ecological implications of the optimal conditions for growth and toxin production of A. ostenfeldii in the Baltic Sea are discussed.

ACS Style

Pablo Salgado; Jose A. Vazquez; Pilar Riobo; José M. Franco; Rosa I. Figueroa; Anke Kremp; Isabel Bravo. A Kinetic and Factorial Approach to Study the Effects of Temperature and Salinity on Growth and Toxin Production by the Dinoflagellate Alexandrium ostenfeldii from the Baltic Sea. PLOS ONE 2015, 10, e0143021 .

AMA Style

Pablo Salgado, Jose A. Vazquez, Pilar Riobo, José M. Franco, Rosa I. Figueroa, Anke Kremp, Isabel Bravo. A Kinetic and Factorial Approach to Study the Effects of Temperature and Salinity on Growth and Toxin Production by the Dinoflagellate Alexandrium ostenfeldii from the Baltic Sea. PLOS ONE. 2015; 10 (12):e0143021.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Pablo Salgado; Jose A. Vazquez; Pilar Riobo; José M. Franco; Rosa I. Figueroa; Anke Kremp; Isabel Bravo. 2015. "A Kinetic and Factorial Approach to Study the Effects of Temperature and Salinity on Growth and Toxin Production by the Dinoflagellate Alexandrium ostenfeldii from the Baltic Sea." PLOS ONE 10, no. 12: e0143021.