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The present study deals with the establishment of rolA-transgenic and rolB-transgenic plants for the first time through Agrobacterium tumefaciens mediated transformation, exploiting the inherent morphogenic potential of an important medicinal plant, Bacopa monnieri (L.) Wettst. The rolA-transgenic and rolB-transgenic plants showed integration and expression of rolA and rolB genes respectively, whereas Ri-transformed plants showed integration and expression of rolA, rolB, rolC and rolD genes. Morphogenic potential of different types of explants derived from rolA-transgenic, rolB-transgenic and Ri-transformed plants on basal medium was evaluated. Shoot organogenesis was enhanced significantly in leaf (1.6-fold) and internode (1.4-fold) explants derived from rolA-transgenic plants, rolB-transgenic leaf (2.4-fold) and internode (1.6-fold) explants as well as leaf (5.2-fold) and internode (3.3-fold) explants derived from Ri-transformed plants compared to explants from non-transformed plants. Substantial increase in root organogenesis was also noticed in rolA-transgenic leaf (1.7-fold) explants, rolB-transgenic leaf (3.6-fold) and internode (1.4-fold) explants as well as leaf (4.1-fold) and internode (1.9-fold) explants derived from Ri-transformed plants compared to non-transformed ones. In addition to this, growth of root tip and shoot regeneration was also noticed from Ri-transformed root explants, but not in rolA-transgenic, rolB-transgenic and non-transformed roots. Clones of each transgenic plant line harboring rol genes depicted notable phenotypic changes including reduced shoot and internode length, increased number of nodes/plant, leaves/plant and roots/plant. The leaf morphology was altered in rolB-transgenic and Ri-transformed plants but not in rolA-transgenic plants.
Sayantika Sarkar; Sumita Jha. Effects associated with insertion of rol genes on morphogenic potential in explants derived from transgenic Bacopa monnieri (L.) Wettst. Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture (PCTOC) 2021, 146, 541 -552.
AMA StyleSayantika Sarkar, Sumita Jha. Effects associated with insertion of rol genes on morphogenic potential in explants derived from transgenic Bacopa monnieri (L.) Wettst. Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture (PCTOC). 2021; 146 (3):541-552.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSayantika Sarkar; Sumita Jha. 2021. "Effects associated with insertion of rol genes on morphogenic potential in explants derived from transgenic Bacopa monnieri (L.) Wettst." Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture (PCTOC) 146, no. 3: 541-552.
The present study deals with the establishment of rolA-transgenic and rolB-transgenic plants for the first time through Agrobacterium tumefaciens mediated transformation, exploiting the inherent morphogenic potential of an important medicinal plant, Bacopa monnieri (L.) Wettst. The rolA-transgenic and rolB-transgenic plants showed integration and expression of rolA and rolB genes respectively, whereas Ri-transformed plants showed integration and expression of rolA, rolB, rolC and rolD genes. Morphogenic potential of different types of explants derived from rolA-transgenic, rolB-transgenic and Ri-transformed plants on basal medium was evaluated. Shoot organogenesis was enhanced significantly in leaf (1.6-fold) and internode (1.4-fold) explants derived from rolA-transgenic plants, rolB-transgenic leaf (2.4-fold) and internode (1.6-fold) explants as well as leaf (5.2-fold) and internode (3.3-fold) explants derived from Ri-transformed plants compared to explants from non-transformed plants. Substantial increase in root organogenesis was also noticed in rolA-transgenic leaf (1.7-fold) explants, rolB-transgenic leaf (3.6-fold) and internode (1.4-fold) explants as well as leaf (4.1-fold) and internode (1.9-fold) explants derived from Ri-transformed plants compared to non-transformed ones. In addition to this, growth of root tip and shoot regeneration was also noticed from Ri-transformed root explants, but not in rolA-transgenic, rolB-transgenic and non-transformed roots. Clones of all three transgenic plants differed morphologically from non-transformed plants; however, rolB gene alone has a pronounced effect in alteration of plant phenotype in B. monnieri. Clones of rolB-transgenic plants were similar in shoot length, internode length, number of nodes/plant and number of leaves/plant when compared with Ri-transformed plant clones
Sayantika Sarkar; Sumita Jha. Effects associated with insertion of rol genes on morphogenic potential in explants derived from transgenic Bacopa monnieri (L.) Wettst. 2021, 1 .
AMA StyleSayantika Sarkar, Sumita Jha. Effects associated with insertion of rol genes on morphogenic potential in explants derived from transgenic Bacopa monnieri (L.) Wettst. . 2021; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSayantika Sarkar; Sumita Jha. 2021. "Effects associated with insertion of rol genes on morphogenic potential in explants derived from transgenic Bacopa monnieri (L.) Wettst." , no. : 1.
In addition to the primary metabolites, plants produce a vast number of chemically diversified economically valuable secondary metabolites (SMs) in specific cell types or tissue or organ of phylogenetically related family or genus or species or even to a single chemical race under tight environmental, developmental, and genetic control. Some SMs such as morphine and codeine are only synthesized in a particular organized and differentiated tissue or organ. Advancement in plant tissue culture and transcriptomic and metabolomic technologies have opened up a window to understand how the differentiation process is correlated to the secondary metabolic networks in diverse plant species. In vitro plant tissue culture provides a control artificial system for plant growth and development that nullified several other affecting factors associated with SM biosynthesis in ex vitro condition. Dedifferentiation, redifferentiation, and differentiation can be induced in in vitro culture by the exogenous application of different PGRs. Callus and cell suspension cultures represent undifferentiated or less differentiated state, and shoot or root organ cultures present more organized and differentiated state, whereas in vitro grown regenerated or micropropagated plants show fully differentiated and organized system with metabolic networks between different organs. Nowadays, differentiated and non-differentiated transformed cultures are very commonly utilized for production of SMs due to several advantages over other systems. This review attempts to highlight an overall knowledge about the role of differentiation and morphogenesis on SM production with genetic and biochemical stability of commonly used different in vitro cultures.
Mihir Halder; Sumita Jha. Morphogenesis, Genetic Stability, and Secondary Metabolite Production in Untransformed and Transformed Cultures. Reference Series in Phytochemistry 2020, 663 -722.
AMA StyleMihir Halder, Sumita Jha. Morphogenesis, Genetic Stability, and Secondary Metabolite Production in Untransformed and Transformed Cultures. Reference Series in Phytochemistry. 2020; ():663-722.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMihir Halder; Sumita Jha. 2020. "Morphogenesis, Genetic Stability, and Secondary Metabolite Production in Untransformed and Transformed Cultures." Reference Series in Phytochemistry , no. : 663-722.
The infrageneric delimitation of Momordica, a medicinally important genus of Cucurbitaceae, is ill-defined until date. Momordica chromosomes are extremely small and are difficult to stain and visualize because of the dense cytoplasmic background. We have conducted karyomorphometric analysis by EMA method in five Indian Momordica species, and the nuclear genome sizes were estimated by flow cytometry for the first time. The somatic chromosome numbers ranged from 2n = 18 to 56 in the species. We have resolved previously disputed chromosome numbers in M. cymbalaria and M. dioica as 2n = 18 (lowest) and 2n = 56, respectively. Chromosome counts in the other species were re-confirmed as 2n = 22 in M. charantia, 2n = 28 in M. cochinchinensis and 2n = 56 in M. subangulata. The largest genome size was recorded in M. cymbalaria (3.74 pg 2C−1), while the smallest size (0.72 pg 2C−1) was detected in M. charantia var. charantia. The nuclear genome sizes were analysed in comparison to chromosome numbers and total chromosome lengths of the species. Karyomorphometric indices showed comparable symmetric karyotypes in the species except in M. cymbalaria having tendency towards asymmetry. The UPGMA phenogram and principle component analysis based on nuclear DNA contents and karyomorphometric parameters demonstrated interspecies differences, intraspecific distinction within M. charantia varieties and highlighted distinction of M. cymbalaria. This study was further supported by the rDNA ITS sequence-based phylogenetic analysis which revealed the monophyletic origin of the Indian members of Momordica and clarified the intraspecies relationship among the studied members. As a whole, the study brought out new insights on species diversification within the genus Momordica in India and would benefit further studies on biosystematics and plant breeding programmes.
Ipshita Ghosh; Partha Sarathi Saha; Biplab Kumar Bhowmick; Sumita Jha. A phylogenetic analysis of Momordica (Cucurbitaceae) in India based on karyo-morphology, nuclear DNA content and rDNA ITS1–5.8S–ITS2 sequences. Protoplasma 2020, 258, 347 -360.
AMA StyleIpshita Ghosh, Partha Sarathi Saha, Biplab Kumar Bhowmick, Sumita Jha. A phylogenetic analysis of Momordica (Cucurbitaceae) in India based on karyo-morphology, nuclear DNA content and rDNA ITS1–5.8S–ITS2 sequences. Protoplasma. 2020; 258 (2):347-360.
Chicago/Turabian StyleIpshita Ghosh; Partha Sarathi Saha; Biplab Kumar Bhowmick; Sumita Jha. 2020. "A phylogenetic analysis of Momordica (Cucurbitaceae) in India based on karyo-morphology, nuclear DNA content and rDNA ITS1–5.8S–ITS2 sequences." Protoplasma 258, no. 2: 347-360.
Bacopa monnieri has been used as a reputed drug in the Indian traditional ayurvedic system for centuries. This medicinal herb with important phytopharmaceuticals has been popularly known as “Brahmi”. In recent years, B. monnieri has been extensively studied for its bioactive constituents, constituents responsible for memory enhancing effect, and also its diverse other useful effects. It possesses many pharmacological activities such as antioxidant, gastrointestinal, endocrine, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory etc. The plant has been also used for the treatment of neurological and neuropsychiatric diseases. Due to its multipurpose therapeutic potential, micropropagation using axillary meristems and de novo organogenesis has been extensively studied in the species and is being reviewed. High frequency direct shoot organogenesis can be induced in excised leaf and internode explants in the absence of exogenous phytohormones and the rate of induction is enhanced in the presence of exogenous cytokinins, supplements, growth regulators, etc. Using explants from tissue culture raised plants, direct shoot regeneration leading to production of more than 100 rooted plants/explant within 8–12 weeks period with 85%–100% survival in the field after acclimatization can be expected following optimized protocols. Bioreactor based micropropagation was found to increase the multiplication rate of shoot cultures for the commercial propagation of B. monnieri plants. The maximum content of bacosides has been recorded in shoot biomass using an airlift bioreactor system. Further studies for the biosynthesis of bacosides and other secondary metabolites need to be conducted in the species utilizing untransformed shoot cultures in bioreactors.
Partha Sarathi Saha; Sayantika Sarkar; Rajendran Jeyasri; Pandiyan Muthuramalingam; Manikandan Ramesh; Sumita Jha. In Vitro Propagation, Phytochemical and Neuropharmacological Profiles of Bacopa monnieri (L.) Wettst.: A Review. Plants 2020, 9, 411 .
AMA StylePartha Sarathi Saha, Sayantika Sarkar, Rajendran Jeyasri, Pandiyan Muthuramalingam, Manikandan Ramesh, Sumita Jha. In Vitro Propagation, Phytochemical and Neuropharmacological Profiles of Bacopa monnieri (L.) Wettst.: A Review. Plants. 2020; 9 (4):411.
Chicago/Turabian StylePartha Sarathi Saha; Sayantika Sarkar; Rajendran Jeyasri; Pandiyan Muthuramalingam; Manikandan Ramesh; Sumita Jha. 2020. "In Vitro Propagation, Phytochemical and Neuropharmacological Profiles of Bacopa monnieri (L.) Wettst.: A Review." Plants 9, no. 4: 411.
In addition to the primary metabolites, plants produce a vast number of chemically diversified economically valuable secondary metabolites (SMs) in specific cell types or tissue or organ of phylogenetically related family or genus or species or even to a single chemical race under tight environmental, developmental, and genetic control. Some SMs such as morphine and codeine are only synthesized in a particular organized and differentiated tissue or organ. Advancement in plant tissue culture and transcriptomic and metabolomic technologies have opened up a window to understand how the differentiation process is correlated to the secondary metabolic networks in diverse plant species. In vitro plant tissue culture provides a control artificial system for plant growth and development that nullified several other affecting factors associated with SM biosynthesis in ex vitro condition. Dedifferentiation, redifferentiation, and differentiation can be induced in in vitro culture by the exogenous application of different PGRs. Callus and cell suspension cultures represent undifferentiated or less differentiated state, and shoot or root organ cultures present more organized and differentiated state, whereas in vitro grown regenerated or micropropagated plants show fully differentiated and organized system with metabolic networks between different organs. Nowadays, differentiated and non-differentiated transformed cultures are very commonly utilized for production of SMs due to several advantages over other systems. This review attempts to highlight an overall knowledge about the role of differentiation and morphogenesis on SM production with genetic and biochemical stability of commonly used different in vitro cultures.
Mihir Halder; Sumita Jha. Morphogenesis, Genetic Stability, and Secondary Metabolite Production in Untransformed and Transformed Cultures. Reference Series in Phytochemistry 2020, 1 -60.
AMA StyleMihir Halder, Sumita Jha. Morphogenesis, Genetic Stability, and Secondary Metabolite Production in Untransformed and Transformed Cultures. Reference Series in Phytochemistry. 2020; ():1-60.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMihir Halder; Sumita Jha. 2020. "Morphogenesis, Genetic Stability, and Secondary Metabolite Production in Untransformed and Transformed Cultures." Reference Series in Phytochemistry , no. : 1-60.
In addition to the primary metabolites, plants produce a vast number of chemically diversified economically valuable secondary metabolites (SMs) in specific cell types or tissue or organ of phylogenetically related family or genus or species or even to a single chemical race under tight environmental, developmental, and genetic control. Some SMs such as morphine and codeine are only synthesized in a particular organized and differentiated tissue or organ. Advancement in plant tissue culture and transcriptomic and metabolomic technologies have opened up a window to understand how the differentiation process is correlated to the secondary metabolic networks in diverse plant species. In vitro plant tissue culture provides a control artificial system for plant growth and development that nullified several other affecting factors associated with SM biosynthesis in ex vitro condition. Dedifferentiation, redifferentiation, and differentiation can be induced in in vitro culture by the exogenous application of different PGRs. Callus and cell suspension cultures represent undifferentiated or less differentiated state, and shoot or root organ cultures present more organized and differentiated state, whereas in vitro grown regenerated or micropropagated plants show fully differentiated and organized system with metabolic networks between different organs. Nowadays, differentiated and non-differentiated transformed cultures are very commonly utilized for production of SMs due to several advantages over other systems. This review attempts to highlight an overall knowledge about the role of differentiation and morphogenesis on SM production with genetic and biochemical stability of commonly used different in vitro cultures.
Mihir Halder; Sumita Jha. Morphogenesis, Genetic Stability, and Secondary Metabolite Production in Untransformed and Transformed Cultures. Reference Series in Phytochemistry 2019, 1 -60.
AMA StyleMihir Halder, Sumita Jha. Morphogenesis, Genetic Stability, and Secondary Metabolite Production in Untransformed and Transformed Cultures. Reference Series in Phytochemistry. 2019; ():1-60.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMihir Halder; Sumita Jha. 2019. "Morphogenesis, Genetic Stability, and Secondary Metabolite Production in Untransformed and Transformed Cultures." Reference Series in Phytochemistry , no. : 1-60.
Agrobacterium rhizogenes-mediated genetic transformation for the establishment of root culture lines was developed successfully in the critically endangered medicinal plant Swertia chirayita (Roxb.) H. Karst. The key factor for the successfull development of hairy root culture lines was the use of whole micropropagated plants as excised explants of any type did not show any response following infection with A. rhizogenes strains. Maximum root induction frequency (25 ± 4.4%) with 2 - 9 roots per node/intermodal cut site was obtained following infection with A. rhizogenes strain LBA9402. Spontaneous regeneration of shoot buds was observed in six 9402-transformed root lines maintained in phytohormone free N/5 basal medium. The shoot buds developed for regenerating whole rooted Ri-transformed plants in phytohormone free basal medium. Integration of rolA, rolB, rolC and rolD genes of TL-DNA was confirmed in Ri-transformed root lines and plants by PCR analysis. Ten fast growing Ri-transformed root lines were screened for production of principal secoiridoids, characteristics of the parent plants. The swertiamerin content varied from 0.042 to 0.207% in the transformed root lines after 4 weeks of culture in N/5 basal medium. Ri-transformed plants showed enhanced accumulation of swertiamerin as compared to non-transformed plants of similar age. This is the first report of swertiamerin production in hairy root cultures and transformed plants of S. chirayita thereby providing new avenue for large-scale production of secondary metabolites of S. chirayita.
Tapojita Samaddar; Sayantika Sarkar; Sumita Jha. Agrobacterium rhizogenes Mediated Transformation of the Critically Endangered Species, Swertia chirayita. Plant Tissue Culture and Biotechnology 2019, 29, 231 -244.
AMA StyleTapojita Samaddar, Sayantika Sarkar, Sumita Jha. Agrobacterium rhizogenes Mediated Transformation of the Critically Endangered Species, Swertia chirayita. Plant Tissue Culture and Biotechnology. 2019; 29 (2):231-244.
Chicago/Turabian StyleTapojita Samaddar; Sayantika Sarkar; Sumita Jha. 2019. "Agrobacterium rhizogenes Mediated Transformation of the Critically Endangered Species, Swertia chirayita." Plant Tissue Culture and Biotechnology 29, no. 2: 231-244.
Snake gourd is an agriculturally important cucurbit vegetable recognized presently as the cultivar ‘Anguina’ of Trichosanthes cucumerina ssp. cucumerina. The wild type plant occurs naturally that produces small fruits (TCSF) and thus can be distinguished from the cultivar with large elongated fruits (TCLF). Presently, chromosomal features were revealed by modern cytogenetic methods to characterize the two types of plants. Chromosome preparations were standardized by an enzymatic maceration and air-drying method (EMA). The cultivars had considerably different karyotypes than the TCSF plants in spite of the same chromosome numbers (2n=22). EMA-DAPI based meiotic cell preparations reconfirmed gametic chromosome number (n=11) and showed regular chromosome behavior in both plant types. Karyomorphometric study with 14 inter- and intra-chromosomal symmetry/asymmetry indices advocated higher asymmetry in the karyotype of TCLF. The fluorochrome banding pattern of somatic chromosomes revealed the differential distribution of CMA and DAPI bands in the types of plants. TCSF plants were characterized by the presence of CMA bands in two pairs of chromosomes with secondary constrictions while DAPI bands were found in all chromosomes of the complements. On the contrary, DAPI bands were completely absent in TCLF while distal CMA bands were scored in two pairs of chromosomes with secondary constrictions and one pair of other chromosomes. CMA-DAPI banding patterns and karyomorphometric parameters had a significant impact on the evaluation of karyotype relations. The plants of TCSF and TCLF formed distinct groups and clusters in PCA plot and UPGMA phenogram, respectively. The variation in karyoevolutionary status and fluorochrome banding pattern between TCSF and TCLF plants could be utilized for further cytotaxonomic and phylogenetic revisions.
Biplab Kumar Bhowmick; Sumita Jha. Differences in Karyotype and Fluorochrome Banding Patterns among Variations of Trichosanthes cucumerina with Different Fruit Size. CYTOLOGIA 2019, 84, 237 -245.
AMA StyleBiplab Kumar Bhowmick, Sumita Jha. Differences in Karyotype and Fluorochrome Banding Patterns among Variations of Trichosanthes cucumerina with Different Fruit Size. CYTOLOGIA. 2019; 84 (3):237-245.
Chicago/Turabian StyleBiplab Kumar Bhowmick; Sumita Jha. 2019. "Differences in Karyotype and Fluorochrome Banding Patterns among Variations of Trichosanthes cucumerina with Different Fruit Size." CYTOLOGIA 84, no. 3: 237-245.
In this paper, we present a new online comprehensive database developed for genome-related information of Indian plants (dGRIP). In strict sense, dGRIP database displays for each species and genus, its chromosome number(s) with comprehensive cytogenetic data, genome size, ploidy, systematics and molecular genetics related to Indian angiosperms, gymnosperms, pteridophytes and bryophytes. The data are described in the form of datasheets encompassing 29 parameters available for users to consolidate the knowledge with respect to comprehensive cytogenetical details. The chromosome database is developed based on object-relational database management system (Sequence Query Language) and includes references from which the information was sourced. The online database is currently available at http://sbtju.in/Dgrip/index.html consists of a main page, project information, collaborators and search tools for each group, namely angiosperms, gymnosperms pteridophytes and bryophytes. Currently, the information is available for about 1500 species (Release 1.0); however, the dGRIP continues to expand with goal to include data of more than 17,000 plant species from India.
Sumita Jha; Soom N. Raina; Deepak Ohri; Rakesh C. Verma; Manoj K. Dhar; Manoj M. Lekhak; Shrirang R. Yadav; Nandita Mahadev; Rama R. Satyawada. A new online database on genome-related information of Indian plants. Plant Systematics and Evolution 2019, 305, 837 -843.
AMA StyleSumita Jha, Soom N. Raina, Deepak Ohri, Rakesh C. Verma, Manoj K. Dhar, Manoj M. Lekhak, Shrirang R. Yadav, Nandita Mahadev, Rama R. Satyawada. A new online database on genome-related information of Indian plants. Plant Systematics and Evolution. 2019; 305 (9):837-843.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSumita Jha; Soom N. Raina; Deepak Ohri; Rakesh C. Verma; Manoj K. Dhar; Manoj M. Lekhak; Shrirang R. Yadav; Nandita Mahadev; Rama R. Satyawada. 2019. "A new online database on genome-related information of Indian plants." Plant Systematics and Evolution 305, no. 9: 837-843.
Elicitation is a possible aid to overcome various difficulties associated with the large-scale production of most commercially important bioactive secondary metabolites from wild and cultivated plants, undifferentiated or differentiated cultures. Secondary metabolite accumulation in vitro or their efflux in culture medium has been elicited in the undifferentiated or differentiated tissue cultures of several plant species by the application of a low concentration of biotic and abiotic elicitors in the last three decades. Hairy root cultures are preferred for the application of elicitation due to their genetic and biosynthetic stability, high growth rate in growth regulator-free media, and production consistence in response to elicitor treatment. Elicitors act as signal, recognized by elicitor-specific receptors on the plant cell membrane and stimulate defense responses during elicitation resulting in increased synthesis and accumulation of secondary metabolites. Optimization of various parameters, such as elicitor type, concentration, duration of exposure, and treatment schedule is essential for the effectiveness of the elicitation strategies. Combined application of different elicitors, integration of precursor feeding, or replenishment of medium or in situ product recovery from the roots/liquid medium with the elicitor treatment have showed improved accumulation of secondary metabolites due to their synergistic effect. This is a comprehensive review about the progress in the elicitation approach to hairy root cultures from 2010 to 2019 and the information provided is valuable and will be of interest for scientists working in this area of plant biotechnology.
Mihir Halder; Sayantika Sarkar; Sumita Jha. Elicitation: A biotechnological tool for enhanced production of secondary metabolites in hairy root cultures. Engineering in Life Sciences 2019, 19, 880 -895.
AMA StyleMihir Halder, Sayantika Sarkar, Sumita Jha. Elicitation: A biotechnological tool for enhanced production of secondary metabolites in hairy root cultures. Engineering in Life Sciences. 2019; 19 (12):880-895.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMihir Halder; Sayantika Sarkar; Sumita Jha. 2019. "Elicitation: A biotechnological tool for enhanced production of secondary metabolites in hairy root cultures." Engineering in Life Sciences 19, no. 12: 880-895.
Agrobacterium rhizogenes, along with A. tumefaciens, has been used to affect genetic transformation in plants for many years. Detailed studies conducted in the past have uncovered the basic mechanism of foreign gene transfer and the implication of Ri/Ti plasmids in this process. A number of reviews exist describing the usage of binary vectors with A. tumefaciens, but no comprehensive account of the numerous binary vectors employed with A. rhizogenes and their successful applications has been published till date. In this review, we recollect a brief history of development of Ri-plasmid/Ri-T-DNA based binary vectors systems and their successful implementation with A. rhizogenes for different applications. The modification of native Ri plasmid to introduce foreign genes followed by development of binary vector using Ri plasmid and how it facilitated rapid and feasible genetic manipulation, earlier impossible with native Ri plasmid, have been discussed. An important milestone was the development of inducible plant expressing promoter systems which made expression of toxic genes in plant systems possible. The successful application of binary vectors in conjunction with A. rhizogenes in gene silencing and genome editing studies which are relatively newer developments, demonstrating the amenability and adaptability of hairy roots systems to make possible studying previously intractable research areas have been summarized in the present review.
Bahman Bahramnejad; Mohammad Naji; Rahul Bose; Sumita Jha. A critical review on use of Agrobacterium rhizogenes and their associated binary vectors for plant transformation. Biotechnology Advances 2019, 37, 107405 .
AMA StyleBahman Bahramnejad, Mohammad Naji, Rahul Bose, Sumita Jha. A critical review on use of Agrobacterium rhizogenes and their associated binary vectors for plant transformation. Biotechnology Advances. 2019; 37 (7):107405.
Chicago/Turabian StyleBahman Bahramnejad; Mohammad Naji; Rahul Bose; Sumita Jha. 2019. "A critical review on use of Agrobacterium rhizogenes and their associated binary vectors for plant transformation." Biotechnology Advances 37, no. 7: 107405.
The evolutionary history of the medicinally important bulbous geophyte Drimia (subfamily: Scilloideae) has long been considered as a matter of debate in the monocot systematics. In India the genus is represented by a species complex, however, the taxonomic delimitation among them is ill-defined till date. In the present study, a comprehensive phylogenetic relationship among Indian species of this genus has been inferred for the first time based on chloroplast DNA trnL intron, rps16-trnK intergenic spacer, atpB-rbcL intergenic spacer and ribosomal DNA ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 sequences, leaf morphology, anatomy, stomatal characteristics and pollen exine ornamentations. The present findings revealed the monophyletic origin of the Indian members of Drimia and grouped them into two possible lineages (clade- I and II). The phylogenetic tree based on cpDNA concatenated sequences further resolved the clade-I into two distinct subclades (I and II) and clarified the intraspecies relationship among the studied members. The present study suggested a strong relationship between the molecular phylogeny and the morphological characteristics of the species studied. A possible trend of evolution of two important traits: 'type of palisade cells' in leaf and 'pollen exine patterns' among the members of Drimia in India was also suggested.
Partha S. Saha; Sumita Jha. A molecular phylogeny of the genus Drimia (Asparagaceae: Scilloideae: Urgineeae) in India inferred from non-coding chloroplast and nuclear ribosomal DNA sequences. Scientific Reports 2019, 9, 7563 .
AMA StylePartha S. Saha, Sumita Jha. A molecular phylogeny of the genus Drimia (Asparagaceae: Scilloideae: Urgineeae) in India inferred from non-coding chloroplast and nuclear ribosomal DNA sequences. Scientific Reports. 2019; 9 (1):7563.
Chicago/Turabian StylePartha S. Saha; Sumita Jha. 2019. "A molecular phylogeny of the genus Drimia (Asparagaceae: Scilloideae: Urgineeae) in India inferred from non-coding chloroplast and nuclear ribosomal DNA sequences." Scientific Reports 9, no. 1: 7563.
Secondary metabolites from numerous plant sources have been developed as anti- cancer reagents and compounds such as resveratrol, podophyllotoxin and zerumbone are of particular importance in this regard. Since their de novo chemical synthesis is both arduous and commercially expensive, there has been an impetus to develop viable, biotechnological methods of production. Accordingly, this review focuses on the recent developments in the field, highlighting the use of micropropagation, cell suspension cultures, callus cultures, hairy root cultures, recombinant microbes and genetically modified higher plants. Optimization of media and culture conditions, precursor feeding, immobilization and the use of chemical or physical elicitation in various protocols has led to an increase in resveratrol and podophyllotoxin production. Heterologous gene transformation of higher plants with stilbene synthase derived from Arachis hypogaea or Vitis vinifera lead to resveratrol production with the concomitant increase in resistance to plant pathogens. Interestingly, genetic transformation of Podophyllum hexandrum and Linum flavum with Agrobacterium rhizogenes resulted in Ri-T-DNA gene(s)-mediated enhancement of podophyllotoxin production. Zerumbone yields from tissue cultured plantlets or from suspension cultures are generally low and these methods require further optimization. In microbes lacking the native resveratrol or zerumbone biosynthesis pathway, metabolic engineering required not only the introduction of several genes of the pathway, but also precursor feeding and optimization of gene expression to increase their production. Data pertaining to safety and toxicity testing are needed prior to use of these sources of anti-cancer compounds in therapy.
Krishnadas Nandagopal; Mihir Halder; BiswaBhusan Dash; Sanghamitra Nayak; Sumita Jha. Biotechnological Approaches for Production of Anti-Cancerous Compounds Resveratrol, Podophyllotoxin and Zerumbone. Current Medicinal Chemistry 2018, 25, 4693 -4717.
AMA StyleKrishnadas Nandagopal, Mihir Halder, BiswaBhusan Dash, Sanghamitra Nayak, Sumita Jha. Biotechnological Approaches for Production of Anti-Cancerous Compounds Resveratrol, Podophyllotoxin and Zerumbone. Current Medicinal Chemistry. 2018; 25 (36):4693-4717.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKrishnadas Nandagopal; Mihir Halder; BiswaBhusan Dash; Sanghamitra Nayak; Sumita Jha. 2018. "Biotechnological Approaches for Production of Anti-Cancerous Compounds Resveratrol, Podophyllotoxin and Zerumbone." Current Medicinal Chemistry 25, no. 36: 4693-4717.
In the past three decades, differentiated hairy root culture-related researches gained a great attention due to the equal or greater bio-production capacity of low amount, high-value secondary metabolites as compared to their parent plants with several advantages over undifferentiated cell suspension cultures in plants. This was mainly because hairy roots are capable of auxin-independent rapid growth and are genetically and biochemically stable, with high productivity and suitability for adaptation to large-scale systems. Nowadays, hairy root cultures of various plant species offer a novel promising opportunity and great prospects for in vitro mass production of economically important bioactive metabolites. At present, the productivity of desired compounds by hairy root cultures is generally too low to fulfill the demands of pharmaceutical industry owing to various biological and technological limitations. Screening and selection for high-yielding root lines and optimization of the culture media and the culture conditions like type of nutrient medium, salt strength, source of carbon and concentration, source of nitrogen and the ratio of NH4+/NO3−, concentration of phosphate, inoculum density, hydrogen ion concentration, temperature, and light intensity and quality have been taken as yield enhancement strategies among others, to produce desired secondary metabolites using hairy root cultures. Feasibility of commercial application of hairy root culture in bioreactors requires several optimization steps. This review highlights some of the recent progress and outlines future prospects for metabolite production and yield enhancement approaches in hairy root cultures for producing bioactive substances.
Mihir Halder; Dipasree Roychowdhury; Sumita Jha. A Critical Review on Biotechnological Interventions for Production and Yield Enhancement of Secondary Metabolites in Hairy Root Cultures. Hairy Roots 2018, 21 -44.
AMA StyleMihir Halder, Dipasree Roychowdhury, Sumita Jha. A Critical Review on Biotechnological Interventions for Production and Yield Enhancement of Secondary Metabolites in Hairy Root Cultures. Hairy Roots. 2018; ():21-44.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMihir Halder; Dipasree Roychowdhury; Sumita Jha. 2018. "A Critical Review on Biotechnological Interventions for Production and Yield Enhancement of Secondary Metabolites in Hairy Root Cultures." Hairy Roots , no. : 21-44.
Ipshita Ghosh; Biplab Kumar Bhowmick; Sumita Jha. Cytogenetics of two Indian varieties of Momordica charantia L. (bittergourd). Scientia Horticulturae 2018, 240, 333 -343.
AMA StyleIpshita Ghosh, Biplab Kumar Bhowmick, Sumita Jha. Cytogenetics of two Indian varieties of Momordica charantia L. (bittergourd). Scientia Horticulturae. 2018; 240 ():333-343.
Chicago/Turabian StyleIpshita Ghosh; Biplab Kumar Bhowmick; Sumita Jha. 2018. "Cytogenetics of two Indian varieties of Momordica charantia L. (bittergourd)." Scientia Horticulturae 240, no. : 333-343.
Induction of hairy roots by Agrobacterium rhizogenes and regeneration of Ri-transformed plants from such transgenic roots are reported in a large number of taxonomically diverse plant species. Ri-transformed cultures (roots/calli/plants) have altered characteristics of their own compared to non-transformed ones. Four rol genes (rolA, rolB, rolC, rolD) of T-DNA of Ri-plasmid are known to be responsible for these phenomena. However, few attempts have been made to elucidate the role of individual rol genes on morphogenic ability. In addition, the effect of wild-type A. rhizogenes on the production of secondary metabolites is well studied in wide number of plant species. The popularity of this research has never declined through time which explains its immense value and provides a hope for a promising future. Based on such studies, several reviews have been written from time to time, explaining the ‘rol effect’ on secondary metabolite accumulation in medicinal plants and to discuss the advances in this field of research. However, investigations dealing with the effect of individual rol genes are comparatively less and need further attention. Therefore, in this chapter, we have discussed in detail the effects of each of the four rol genes individually or in combination on in vitro morphogenesis and secondary metabolite accumulation in medicinal plants.
Sayantika Sarkar; Ipshita Ghosh; Dipasree Roychowdhury; Sumita Jha. The Effects of rol Genes of Agrobacterium rhizogenes on Morphogenesis and Secondary Metabolite Accumulation in Medicinal Plants. Biotechnological Approaches for Medicinal and Aromatic Plants 2018, 27 -51.
AMA StyleSayantika Sarkar, Ipshita Ghosh, Dipasree Roychowdhury, Sumita Jha. The Effects of rol Genes of Agrobacterium rhizogenes on Morphogenesis and Secondary Metabolite Accumulation in Medicinal Plants. Biotechnological Approaches for Medicinal and Aromatic Plants. 2018; ():27-51.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSayantika Sarkar; Ipshita Ghosh; Dipasree Roychowdhury; Sumita Jha. 2018. "The Effects of rol Genes of Agrobacterium rhizogenes on Morphogenesis and Secondary Metabolite Accumulation in Medicinal Plants." Biotechnological Approaches for Medicinal and Aromatic Plants , no. : 27-51.
Contamination of the environment arises either from natural geological processes or due to human activities and has created an alarming situation worldwide. Biological strategies for cleaning up contaminated biosphere have gained much importance in recent years and are preferred over other conventional physical and chemical methods because these are environmentally friendly and cost-effective. Phytoremediation is an ecologically compatible approach using plants to remediate polluted environment. Currently hairy roots have emerged as a notably competent research tool for phytoremediation among the various biological systems investigated for this purpose. Infection of certain plants caused by Agrobacterium rhizogenes is expressed in the form of hairy root disease. The disease is characterized by adventitious roots with copious root hairs developing elaborately from or next to the infection site. The plant genome receives a set of genes from a segment of the large root inducing (Ri) plasmid of A. rhizogenes. Under the effect of these genes, the inherent hormonal balance of the plant is altered resulting in the development of hairy roots. In nature, plant roots are the primary organs having contact with the environmental contaminants. Thus, hairy roots have been used in phytoremediation research as physiologically they resemble the normal roots of the mother plants. Several studies demonstrate the potentiality of hairy roots in removing a vast array of both organic and inorganic pollutants from the environment. In addition, microorganisms colonizing the rhizosphere of hairy roots have also proved to improve the efficacy of hairy roots in eliminating contaminants. The purpose of this review is to summarize the applications of hairy roots in different phytoremediation strategies and provide examples and prospects of the use of hairy roots in the removal of organic and inorganic contaminants from the environment.
Anrini Majumder; Smita Ray; Sumita Jha. Hairy Roots and Phytoremediation. Reference Series in Phytochemistry 2018, 549 -572.
AMA StyleAnrini Majumder, Smita Ray, Sumita Jha. Hairy Roots and Phytoremediation. Reference Series in Phytochemistry. 2018; ():549-572.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAnrini Majumder; Smita Ray; Sumita Jha. 2018. "Hairy Roots and Phytoremediation." Reference Series in Phytochemistry , no. : 549-572.
Dioecious species offer an inclusive structure to study the molecular basis of sexual dimorphism in angiosperms. Despite having a small genome and heteromorphic sex chromosomes, Coccinia grandis is a highly neglected dioecious species with little information available on its physical state, genetic orientation and key sex-defining elements. In the present study, we performed RNA-Seq and DGE analysis of male (MB) and female (FB) buds in C. grandis to gain insights into the molecular basis of sex determination in this plant. De novo assembly of 75 million clean reads resulted in 72,479 unigenes for male library and 63,308 unigenes for female library with a mean length of 736bp. 61,458 (85.57%) unigenes displayed significant similarity with protein sequences from publicly available databases. Comparative transcriptome analyses revealed 1410 unigenes as differentially expressed (DEGs) between MB and FB samples. A consistent correlation between the expression levels of DEGs was observed for the RNA-Seq pattern and qRT-PCR validation. Functional annotation showed high enrichment of DEGs involved in phytohormone biosynthesis, hormone signaling and transduction, transcriptional regulation and methyltransferase activity. High induction of hormone responsive genes such as ARF6, ACC synthase1, SNRK2 and BRI1-associated receptor kinase 1 (BAK1) suggest that multiple phytohormones and their signaling crosstalk play crucial role in sex determination in this species. Beside, the transcription factors such as zinc fingers, homeodomain leucine zippers and MYBs were identified as major determinants of male specific expression. Moreover, the detection of multiple DEGs as the miRNA target site implies that a small RNA mediated gene silencing cascade may also be regulating gender differentiation in C. grandis. Overall, the present transcriptome resources provide us a large number of DEGs involved in sex expression and could form the groundwork for unravelling the molecular mechanism of sex determination in C. grandis.
Jatindra Nath Mohanty; Sanghamitra Nayak; Sumita Jha; Raj Kumar Joshi. Transcriptome profiling of the floral buds and discovery of genes related to sex-differentiation in the dioecious cucurbit Coccinia grandis (L.) Voigt. Gene 2017, 626, 395 -406.
AMA StyleJatindra Nath Mohanty, Sanghamitra Nayak, Sumita Jha, Raj Kumar Joshi. Transcriptome profiling of the floral buds and discovery of genes related to sex-differentiation in the dioecious cucurbit Coccinia grandis (L.) Voigt. Gene. 2017; 626 ():395-406.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJatindra Nath Mohanty; Sanghamitra Nayak; Sumita Jha; Raj Kumar Joshi. 2017. "Transcriptome profiling of the floral buds and discovery of genes related to sex-differentiation in the dioecious cucurbit Coccinia grandis (L.) Voigt." Gene 626, no. : 395-406.
The influence of biotic, abiotic and climatic changes on crop production is becoming increasingly evident. Gaps in demand and supply of lentils, one of the few protein-rich crops in India, are gradually increasing. Of seven estimated species of lentil, six are wild and the other, Lens culinaris, is the only species under cultivation, with a large number of cultivars. Chromosome analysis is beneficial to breeders and genome researchers in crop improvement programmes. However, a chromosomal database of this important crop is not available in India. The present paper has described a detailed chromosome analysis of 21 certified Indian cultivars of L. culinaris using enzymatic maceration and air drying (EMA) based Giemsa staining methods for the first time. Uniform chromosomal preparations have resulted in variation in average chromosome size (4.94–9.8 μm), total chromatin length (69.18–137.24 μm), and satellite bearing chromosome number (third, fourth and fifth) among the cultivars. Though our results revealed similar karyotypic formulae and symmetrical karyotype, a scatter diagram of intra-chromosomal asymmetry index (A1) versus inter-chromosomal asymmetry index (A2) groups them into five distinct clusters. Such information may be helpful for conservation of genetic diversity and for future lentil breeding programmes.
Timir Baran Jha; Partha Sarathi Saha; Mousumi Adak; Sumita Jha; Partha Roy. Chromosome morphometric analysis of Indian cultivars of Lens culinaris Medik. using EMA based Giemsa staining method. Caryologia 2017, 70, 270 -283.
AMA StyleTimir Baran Jha, Partha Sarathi Saha, Mousumi Adak, Sumita Jha, Partha Roy. Chromosome morphometric analysis of Indian cultivars of Lens culinaris Medik. using EMA based Giemsa staining method. Caryologia. 2017; 70 (3):270-283.
Chicago/Turabian StyleTimir Baran Jha; Partha Sarathi Saha; Mousumi Adak; Sumita Jha; Partha Roy. 2017. "Chromosome morphometric analysis of Indian cultivars of Lens culinaris Medik. using EMA based Giemsa staining method." Caryologia 70, no. 3: 270-283.