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Prof. Deesy Pinto
CQM - Centro de Química da Madeira, University of Madeira, Portugal

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0 Nanocomposites
0 Reinforcement
0 Aluminium oxide
0 Refractory castables
0 Thermolmechanical properties

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Nanocomposites
Reinforcement
Refractory castables

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Review
Published: 26 April 2020 in Applied Sciences
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Recent manufacturing advancements have led to the fabrication of polymeric composites (PC) reinforced with fibers. However, to reduce the impact on the environment, efforts have been made to replace synthetic fibers (SF) by natural fibers (NF) in many applications. NF, e.g., as banana fibers (BF) possess higher cellulose content, a higher degree of polymerization of cellulose, and a lower microfibrillar angle (MFA), which are crucial factors for the mechanical properties (MP), namely tensile modulus (TM) and tensile strength (TS), and many other properties that make them suitable for the reinforcement of PC. This review paper presents an attempt to highlight some recent findings on the MP of PC reinforced with unmodified or modified BF (UBF, MBF), which were incorporated into unmodified or modified (synthetic (SPM) or a bio (BPM)) polymeric matrices (UPM, MPM). The experimental results from previous studies are presented in terms of the variation in the percentage of the MP and show that BF can improve the MP of PC. The results of such studies suggest the possibility to extend the application of PC reinforced with BF (PCBF) in a wide range, namely from automotive to biomedical fields. The meanings of all the acronyms are listed in the abbreviations section.

ACS Style

Deesy G. Pinto; João Rodrigues; Luís Bernardo. A Review on Thermoplastic or Thermosetting Polymeric Matrices Used in Polymeric Composites Manufactured with Banana Fibers from the Pseudostem. Applied Sciences 2020, 10, 3023 .

AMA Style

Deesy G. Pinto, João Rodrigues, Luís Bernardo. A Review on Thermoplastic or Thermosetting Polymeric Matrices Used in Polymeric Composites Manufactured with Banana Fibers from the Pseudostem. Applied Sciences. 2020; 10 (9):3023.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Deesy G. Pinto; João Rodrigues; Luís Bernardo. 2020. "A Review on Thermoplastic or Thermosetting Polymeric Matrices Used in Polymeric Composites Manufactured with Banana Fibers from the Pseudostem." Applied Sciences 10, no. 9: 3023.

Journal article
Published: 21 January 2020 in Applied Sciences
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This article presents an experimental study on the surface properties of epoxy resin nanocomposites (EPNCs) manufactured with a thermosetting epoxy resin (EP)–bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE)–2-[[4-[2-[4-(Oxiran-2-ylmethoxy)phenyl]propan-2-yl]phenoxy]methyl]oxirane) and filled with alumina nanoparticles (NPs). The NPs consist of pretreated (with a silane agent) alpha alumina with irregular shapes and a 100 nm maximum size. Three weight fractions of NPs were studied: 1, 3, and 5 wt. (%). Two different epoxy (EP) resins were manufactured, one cured and postcured with bis (4-aminophenyl) methane (DDM); and another one cured with 3-dodec-2-enyloxolane-2,5-dione (DDSA) + 8-methyl-3a,4,7,7a-tetrahydro-4,7-methano-2-benzofuran-1,3-dione (MNA). The wettability and the surface roughness of the obtained EPNCs were studied through the measurement of contact angles and topographic images obtained with atomic force microscopy (AFM), respectively. Significant influence of both the loading of NPs and used curing agents was observed. EPNCs cured with DDM were shown to be hydrophobic for 0, 1, and 3 wt. (%) and hydrophilic for 5 wt. (%). Maximum surface roughness was observed for 5 wt. (%). EPNCs cured with DDSA+MNA were shown to be hydrophilic for 0 and 1 wt. (%) and hydrophobic for 3 and 5 wt. (%). The surface roughness decreased as the weight fraction of NPs increased until 3 wt. (%), and then increased for 5 wt. (%).

ACS Style

Deesy Pinto; Ana M. Amaro; Luís Bernardo. Experimental Study on the Surface Properties of Nanoalumina-Filled Epoxy Resin Nanocomposites. Applied Sciences 2020, 10, 733 .

AMA Style

Deesy Pinto, Ana M. Amaro, Luís Bernardo. Experimental Study on the Surface Properties of Nanoalumina-Filled Epoxy Resin Nanocomposites. Applied Sciences. 2020; 10 (3):733.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Deesy Pinto; Ana M. Amaro; Luís Bernardo. 2020. "Experimental Study on the Surface Properties of Nanoalumina-Filled Epoxy Resin Nanocomposites." Applied Sciences 10, no. 3: 733.

Article
Published: 01 February 2018 in Fibers and Polymers
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Reinforced concrete is widely used in structures. New materials to replace both the steel and the concrete have been studied in many research centres. One of the possibilities for the reinforcement is the partial or total replacement of the steel bars by new composite materials. Nano composites are very promising, and an investigation line was developed to this end by an interdisciplinary team. On this work, the mechanical properties of epoxy resin nanocomposites (EPNCs) filled with α-Al2O3 nanoparticles (NPs) with irregular shape and approximately 100 nm maximum diameter size was investigated. The variable study was the alumina NPs contents: 1, 3 and 5 wt.%. The NPs were previously pretreated with a silane agent (APTES). Two hardeners, 3-dodec-2-enyloxolane-2,5-dione (DDSA) and 8-methyl-3a,4,7,7a-tetrahydro-4,7-methano-2-benzofuran-1,3-dione (MNA), frequently used in epoxy resin embedding tissues, were used simultaneously for this study. Unlike other hardeners, DDSA does not need curing treatment, constituting a novel application and a saving time-energy during the manufacturing process. Considering the mechanical behaviour, it was observed that the EPNCs filled with 5 wt.% of alumina NPs showed the maximum improvement in flexural modulus, around 14 % when compared to the pristine EP sample. No relevant effect was observed on the flexural strength by adding alumina NPs. Additionally, the maximum increase observed for hardness, and Young’s modulus were about 13 % and 28 %, respectively (the maximum increase was observed at 3 wt.%).

ACS Style

Ana M. Amaro; Deesy Pinto; Luís Bernardo; Sérgio Lopes; João Rodrigues; Cristina Louro. Mechanical Properties of Alumina Nanofilled Polymeric Composites Cured with DDSA and MNA. Fibers and Polymers 2018, 19, 460 -470.

AMA Style

Ana M. Amaro, Deesy Pinto, Luís Bernardo, Sérgio Lopes, João Rodrigues, Cristina Louro. Mechanical Properties of Alumina Nanofilled Polymeric Composites Cured with DDSA and MNA. Fibers and Polymers. 2018; 19 (2):460-470.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ana M. Amaro; Deesy Pinto; Luís Bernardo; Sérgio Lopes; João Rodrigues; Cristina Louro. 2018. "Mechanical Properties of Alumina Nanofilled Polymeric Composites Cured with DDSA and MNA." Fibers and Polymers 19, no. 2: 460-470.

Journal article
Published: 01 August 2017 in Composite Structures
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ACS Style

Ana Amaro; Luís Bernardo; Deesy Pinto; Sergio Lopes; João Rodrigues. The influence of curing agents in the impact properties of epoxy resin nanocomposites. Composite Structures 2017, 174, 26 -32.

AMA Style

Ana Amaro, Luís Bernardo, Deesy Pinto, Sergio Lopes, João Rodrigues. The influence of curing agents in the impact properties of epoxy resin nanocomposites. Composite Structures. 2017; 174 ():26-32.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ana Amaro; Luís Bernardo; Deesy Pinto; Sergio Lopes; João Rodrigues. 2017. "The influence of curing agents in the impact properties of epoxy resin nanocomposites." Composite Structures 174, no. : 26-32.

Review
Published: 01 June 2016 in Computational Materials Science
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The present review article aims at summarizing some recent advances in modeling polymer nanoparticle composites (PNCs) reinforced with nanoparticles (NPs), having different sizes and shapes. They are added to a polymer matrix (PM) following a given selected fraction (e.g., in terms of volume fraction (VF)). In order to gain a deeper insight to model the mechanical properties of PNCs, the research teams have been modifying the existing micromechanics models (i.e. for two-phased PNCs) and finite element analysis (FEA) for microscale to nanoscale is being used. As a result, new formulations have been incorporated into commercial software packages to predict some properties of PNCs (e.g., elastic properties). Most recently, the modification of these models to three-phased PNCs has also been discussed. Some of the few studies already published on this subject show some difficulty for accurately modeling the interfacial region (IR), also known as interphase, between the matrix and the NPs in the PNCs. However, such studies also show that it is possible to capture some aspects of the real behavior of the PNCs (e.g., tensile modulus). Much more research is needed, so this review article also aims at stimulating further research on this subject.

ACS Style

Luís Bernardo; Ana P.B.M. Amaro; Deesy G. Pinto; Sérgio M.R. Lopes. Modeling and simulation techniques for polymer nanoparticle composites – A review. Computational Materials Science 2016, 118, 32 -46.

AMA Style

Luís Bernardo, Ana P.B.M. Amaro, Deesy G. Pinto, Sérgio M.R. Lopes. Modeling and simulation techniques for polymer nanoparticle composites – A review. Computational Materials Science. 2016; 118 ():32-46.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Luís Bernardo; Ana P.B.M. Amaro; Deesy G. Pinto; Sérgio M.R. Lopes. 2016. "Modeling and simulation techniques for polymer nanoparticle composites – A review." Computational Materials Science 118, no. : 32-46.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2016 in Composites Part B: Engineering
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ACS Style

Ana Amaro; Luís Bernardo; Deesy Pinto; Sergio Lopes; João Rodrigues; Cristina Louro. Effect of irregular shaped nanoalumina on the enhancement of mechanical properties of epoxy resin nanocomposites using DDM as hardener. Composites Part B: Engineering 2016, 84, 17 -24.

AMA Style

Ana Amaro, Luís Bernardo, Deesy Pinto, Sergio Lopes, João Rodrigues, Cristina Louro. Effect of irregular shaped nanoalumina on the enhancement of mechanical properties of epoxy resin nanocomposites using DDM as hardener. Composites Part B: Engineering. 2016; 84 ():17-24.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ana Amaro; Luís Bernardo; Deesy Pinto; Sergio Lopes; João Rodrigues; Cristina Louro. 2016. "Effect of irregular shaped nanoalumina on the enhancement of mechanical properties of epoxy resin nanocomposites using DDM as hardener." Composites Part B: Engineering 84, no. : 17-24.

Review
Published: 01 October 2015 in Construction and Building Materials
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ACS Style

Deesy Pinto; Luís Bernardo; Ana Amaro; Sergio Lopes. Mechanical properties of epoxy nanocomposites using titanium dioxide as reinforcement – A review. Construction and Building Materials 2015, 95, 506 -524.

AMA Style

Deesy Pinto, Luís Bernardo, Ana Amaro, Sergio Lopes. Mechanical properties of epoxy nanocomposites using titanium dioxide as reinforcement – A review. Construction and Building Materials. 2015; 95 ():506-524.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Deesy Pinto; Luís Bernardo; Ana Amaro; Sergio Lopes. 2015. "Mechanical properties of epoxy nanocomposites using titanium dioxide as reinforcement – A review." Construction and Building Materials 95, no. : 506-524.

Review
Published: 01 March 2015 in Journal of Nano Research
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Polymers and their composites find use in many engineering applications as alternative products to metal-based ones and, nowadays, have wide technical applications. One of the most used composite materials is the epoxy resins (EP), which is a thermoset polymer matrix. After cure, this material displays some excellent mechanical, thermal, electrical and chemical properties. For these reasons, it has been widely used for a wide range of automotive and aerospace applications, as well as for shipbuilding or electronic devices. However, EP has poor resistance to crack propagation and is brittle. So, in recent years, a considerable amount of research has been carried out to improve the performance of the toughness of EP. The most common studied technique consist to reinforce the EP matrix with rigid nanoparticle fillers, such as alumina, silica, mica, talc, organoclays, nanoclays, carbon nanotubes, TiO2, among others. Among these nanofillers type, nanosize alumina particles has not been widely studied. However, recent studies have reported that the use of functionalized nanosize alumina particles as nanofiller can significantly improve the properties of the nanocomposite, even with low contents. These results, combined with the low cost of the alumina, show that the reinforcement of EP with alumina nanoparticles is a viable solution. In this paper, an attempt is made to review and highlight some recent findings and also some trends to show future directions and opportunities for the development of polymer nanocomposites reinforced with alumina nanoparticles.

ACS Style

Deesy Pinto; Luis Bernardo; Ana Amaro; Sergio Lopes. Mechanical Properties of Epoxy Nanocomposites Using Alumina as Reinforcement - A Review. Journal of Nano Research 2015, 30, 9 -38.

AMA Style

Deesy Pinto, Luis Bernardo, Ana Amaro, Sergio Lopes. Mechanical Properties of Epoxy Nanocomposites Using Alumina as Reinforcement - A Review. Journal of Nano Research. 2015; 30 ():9-38.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Deesy Pinto; Luis Bernardo; Ana Amaro; Sergio Lopes. 2015. "Mechanical Properties of Epoxy Nanocomposites Using Alumina as Reinforcement - A Review." Journal of Nano Research 30, no. : 9-38.

Journal article
Published: 01 August 2012 in Powder Technology
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ACS Style

Abílio P. Silva; Ana M. Segadães; Deesy G. Pinto; Luiz A. Oliveira; Tessaleno C. Devezas. Effect of particle size distribution and calcium aluminate cement on the rheological behaviour of all-alumina refractory castables. Powder Technology 2012, 226, 107 -113.

AMA Style

Abílio P. Silva, Ana M. Segadães, Deesy G. Pinto, Luiz A. Oliveira, Tessaleno C. Devezas. Effect of particle size distribution and calcium aluminate cement on the rheological behaviour of all-alumina refractory castables. Powder Technology. 2012; 226 ():107-113.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Abílio P. Silva; Ana M. Segadães; Deesy G. Pinto; Luiz A. Oliveira; Tessaleno C. Devezas. 2012. "Effect of particle size distribution and calcium aluminate cement on the rheological behaviour of all-alumina refractory castables." Powder Technology 226, no. : 107-113.

Journal article
Published: 31 May 2012 in Ceramics International
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Much has been discussed about the advantages regarding the thermomechanical performance of self-flow refractory castables (SFRC), with very little or no addition of calcium aluminate cement (CAC) when compared to conventional composites with cement. Previous works demonstrated that a 100% alumina SFRC with optimized particle size distribution simultaneously results in high-flowability fresh paste and high mechanical strength. In this work, the thermomechanical behaviour of zero-cement ceramic matrix is compared to that of the equivalent composite with 1% CAC content. The results show that the differences in performance can be related to differences in hydration mechanisms, namely the formation sequence of calcium aluminate hydrates, which results in increased open porosity. With lower dried strength, the all-alumina castable presents lower porosity, higher mechanical strength and uncompromised thermal shock resistance, being a valuable option when fast drying or rough green handling can be avoided.

ACS Style

Deesy Pinto; Abílio P. Silva; Ana M. Segadães; Tessaleno Devezas. Thermomechanical evaluation of self-flowing refractory castables with and without the addition of aluminate cement. Ceramics International 2012, 38, 3483 -3488.

AMA Style

Deesy Pinto, Abílio P. Silva, Ana M. Segadães, Tessaleno Devezas. Thermomechanical evaluation of self-flowing refractory castables with and without the addition of aluminate cement. Ceramics International. 2012; 38 (4):3483-3488.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Deesy Pinto; Abílio P. Silva; Ana M. Segadães; Tessaleno Devezas. 2012. "Thermomechanical evaluation of self-flowing refractory castables with and without the addition of aluminate cement." Ceramics International 38, no. 4: 3483-3488.

Journal article
Published: 31 October 2010 in Journal of the European Ceramic Society
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In this work, alumina powders in five different commercially available size ranges were used to prepare various refractory castable mixtures, defined using the statistical design of mixture experiments (STATISTICA, StatSoft Inc.) and the EMMA 3.3 software (Elkem Materials). Those mixtures were characterized for packing density, Andreasen particle size distribution modulus ( q ), flowability and after sintering properties, in order to investigate the relationships between these variables. The optimization of matrix and aggregate sizes and matrix-aggregate proportion, subjected to different property requirements, brought to light the relationships between q , specific surface area (SSA) and maximum paste thickness (MPT). Those relationships were investigated for three fundamental processing steps, namely, dry powders, fresh paste and consolidated dried and sintered bodies. The optimized all-alumina castable was found to require 47.5 wt.% of a fine size matrix with high flowability, which provides the necessary flow bed for 52.5 wt.% of coarse aggregates, resulting in a gap-sized particle size distribution, and presented a fresh paste flowability index above 130% with minimum added water (28 mg/m 2 ) and sintered modulus of rupture above 50 MPa. Keywords A. Shaping C. Strength D. Al 2 O 3 E. Refractories Particle packing 1 Introduction Processing of particulate systems (loose powders, slurries, and pastes) is determined by particle packing, hence particle size distribution and particle morphology. These characteristics also greatly affect many properties and the performance of bodies consolidated from powders (dry and sintered powder compacts). However, the particle requirements for consolidated powders are frequently opposed to those for loose powder systems. Refractory concretes, which can be regarded as composite materials containing a mixture of aggregate particles bound by a matrix of fine particles, provide a unique example of this antagonism: fresh castables require easy flow for improved workability and casting into monolithic linings; set and sintered castables require low porosity and high mechanical strength. 1,2 More than a century's work has been dedicated to find the best compromise solution, from Academia (thorough explanations and comprehensive models) and industry (competitive practical solutions) alike, from the spherical particle packing models of Furnas and Andreasen to the development of the latest generation ultra-low cement castables. Still, it is difficult to define the requisites for an adequate new formulation and the last resort is simple adjustment of older ones, based on rule of thumb or virtue of experience. Refractory castables are supplied as dry mixed materials to which water, or other specified liquid, is added for in situ mixing and application. A self-flowing refractory castable (SFRC) is formed by a broad size group of coarse particles (aggregate) and another group of fine particles, usually 150%), 5 hence minimum sintering shrinkage and maximum sintered mechanical strength. The ideal matrix composition was found to be 60 wt.% CT3000SG and 20 wt.% of each of the other size classes ( 110% and a cold MoR > 50 MPa after sintering are desirable. Among the mixtures investigated, MA5 and MA9 fulfil these requirements. The diagrams in Fig. 5 show other properties of the sintered castables, namely, bulk density, apparent porosity and water absorption, which enable further comparison of mixtures MA5 and MA9. Although the two mixtures present similar MPT and MoR values, mixture MA9 presents better flowability, which results in a sintered castable with ∼4% less porosity, hence ∼7% less water absorption, and the corresponding ∼2% higher density. Fig. 6 shows the changes in particle packing density as the system goes from dry loose powders to fluid fresh paste, to consolidated dried and sintered body (apparent density). The addition of water to the loose powders causes the expected increase in packing density (lubricating effect). As the consolidated body dries out, porosity replaces the evolved water (decrease in packing density, evaluated as apparent density). Sintering mechanisms contribute to reduce the dried body porosity and the apparent density reaches the maximum value. When the particle size distribution curve of mixture MA9 is plotted in comparison with those of the individual powders ( Fig. 2 ), and the Andreasen distribution modulus, q , is calculated, a gap-sized distribution is clearly visible, roughly between 40 μm and 250 μm. Thus, the mixture that presented the best results contains a matrix fraction (250 μm) with a PSD modulus q = 0.169 ( R 2 = 0.934), both much lower than the Andreasen distribution modulus that corresponds to maximum particle packing ( q = 0.37). Moreover, it is interesting to note that the ideal continuous PSD with maximum flowability, i.e. minimum interference between aggregate particles, has q = 0.22, 8 which is in between the q values now obtained for the matrix and aggregate fractions of the ideal gap-sized PSD. 4 Conclusions The present work was aimed at further understanding the relationships among the Andreasen particle size distribution modulus ( q ), specific surface area (SSA) and maximum paste thickness (MPT) in self-flow refractory castables (SFRC) containing no cement. Practical experience and previous studies have shown that it is not possible to conciliate maximum fresh castable flowability with highest sintered castable mechanical strength, not to mention castable cost. However, a compromise solution can be determined (optimized composition) so that the best property values are reached. Using the Andreasen q modulus and MPT concepts, an optimized matrix size distribution can be combined, in optimized proportion, with a combination of commercial aggregate sizes, leading to the improvement of the properties and the cost of the final castable. Still, the results obtained showed that there are...

ACS Style

Abílio P. Silva; Deesy G. Pinto; Ana M. Segadães; Tessaleno C. Devezas. Designing particle sizing and packing for flowability and sintered mechanical strength. Journal of the European Ceramic Society 2010, 30, 2955 -2962.

AMA Style

Abílio P. Silva, Deesy G. Pinto, Ana M. Segadães, Tessaleno C. Devezas. Designing particle sizing and packing for flowability and sintered mechanical strength. Journal of the European Ceramic Society. 2010; 30 (14):2955-2962.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Abílio P. Silva; Deesy G. Pinto; Ana M. Segadães; Tessaleno C. Devezas. 2010. "Designing particle sizing and packing for flowability and sintered mechanical strength." Journal of the European Ceramic Society 30, no. 14: 2955-2962.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2010 in Materials Science Forum
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The goal of this research is to choose the proper method of car body welding. Properties of weld metal deposits depend on many conditions. First of all, this paper attempts to study the role of oxide inclusion sites on the transformation of austenite to acicular ferrite in steel weld metal deposits and their toughness. Safety and exploitation conditions of welded steel structure depend on many factors. The most significant of those factors are connected with materials, welding technology, state of stress and temperature. Because of that a good selection of steel and welding method is crucial to obtain proper steel structure. Car body elements of higher durability are made of low carbon and low alloy steel, very often with small amount of carbon and the amount of alloy elements such as Ni, Mn, Mo, Cr and V in low alloy steel and their welds. In the terms of the kind of steel it is used a proper welding method and adequate filler materials. In the present paper the influence of Mn, Ni, Mo, in WMD on the behaviour of steel structure for low temperature service was tested.

ACS Style

T. Wegrzyn; J. Miroslawski; Abílio P. Silva; D.G. Pinto; M. Miros. Oxide Inclusions in Steel Welds of Car Body. Materials Science Forum 2010, 636-637, 585 -591.

AMA Style

T. Wegrzyn, J. Miroslawski, Abílio P. Silva, D.G. Pinto, M. Miros. Oxide Inclusions in Steel Welds of Car Body. Materials Science Forum. 2010; 636-637 ():585-591.

Chicago/Turabian Style

T. Wegrzyn; J. Miroslawski; Abílio P. Silva; D.G. Pinto; M. Miros. 2010. "Oxide Inclusions in Steel Welds of Car Body." Materials Science Forum 636-637, no. : 585-591.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2010 in Materials Science Forum
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Alumina, with high melting point (2050°C), high hardness and mechanical strength, and excellent abrasion resistance, is one of the most common raw materials used in self-flow refractory castables (SFRC) for monolithic linings and is commercially available in various fine to coarse size classes. However, the performance of the refractory lining depends not only on the properties of its ingredients but also on its easy installation (good flowability). The aim of this work was to evaluate the relationship between the flowability index (FI) of fresh castable and the specific surface area (SSA) of its particles, which is mostly determined by the finer particles content. The results obtained showed that, by controlling the proportion between matrix and aggregate, it is possible to control the SSA of the refractory castable and find a mathematical relationship between the specific surface area and the minimum flowability index required to obtain a self-flow refractory castable. It is, thus, possible to optimize the refractory castable size composition and obtain an estimate for FI as a function of SSA. Using a minimum 45 wt.% matrix content in the castable mixture, a SSA value above 2.215 m2/g is obtained, which leads to FI ≥ 80%, the recommended value for self-flow.

ACS Style

D.G. Pinto; Abílio P. Silva; Ana Maria Segadães; T.C. Devezas. Influence of Surface Area on the Flowability Behaviour of Self-Flow Refractory Castables. Materials Science Forum 2010, 636-637, 124 -129.

AMA Style

D.G. Pinto, Abílio P. Silva, Ana Maria Segadães, T.C. Devezas. Influence of Surface Area on the Flowability Behaviour of Self-Flow Refractory Castables. Materials Science Forum. 2010; 636-637 ():124-129.

Chicago/Turabian Style

D.G. Pinto; Abílio P. Silva; Ana Maria Segadães; T.C. Devezas. 2010. "Influence of Surface Area on the Flowability Behaviour of Self-Flow Refractory Castables." Materials Science Forum 636-637, no. : 124-129.