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In Pakistan, many subsurface (SS) drainage projects were launched by the Salinity Control and Reclamation Project (SCARP) to deal with twin problems (waterlogging and salinity). In some cases, sump pumps were installed for the disposal of SS effluent into surface drainage channels. Presently, sump pumps have become dysfunctional due to social and financial constraints. This study evaluates the alternate design of the Paharang drainage system that could permit the discharge of the SS drainage system in the response of gravity. The proposed design was completed after many successive trials in terms of lowering the bed level and decreasing the channel bed slope. Interconnected MS-Excel worksheets were developed to design the L-section and X-section. Design continuity of the drainage system was achieved by ensuring the bed and water levels of the receiving drain were lower than the outfalling drain. The drain cross-section was set within the present row with a few changes on the service roadside. The channel side slope was taken as 1:1.5 and the spoil bank inner and outer slopes were kept as 1:2 for the entire design. The earthwork was calculated in terms of excavation for lowering the bed level and increasing the drain section to place the excavated materials in a specific manner. The study showed that modification in the design of the Paharang drainage system is technically admissible and allows for the continuous discharge of SS drainage effluent from the area.
Muhammad Imran; Jinlan Xu; Muhammad Sultan; Redmond Shamshiri; Naveed Ahmed; Qaiser Javed; Hafiz Asfahan; Yasir Latif; Muhammad Usman; Riaz Ahmad. Free Discharge of Subsurface Drainage Effluent: An Alternate Design of the Surface Drain System in Pakistan. Sustainability 2021, 13, 4080 .
AMA StyleMuhammad Imran, Jinlan Xu, Muhammad Sultan, Redmond Shamshiri, Naveed Ahmed, Qaiser Javed, Hafiz Asfahan, Yasir Latif, Muhammad Usman, Riaz Ahmad. Free Discharge of Subsurface Drainage Effluent: An Alternate Design of the Surface Drain System in Pakistan. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (7):4080.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMuhammad Imran; Jinlan Xu; Muhammad Sultan; Redmond Shamshiri; Naveed Ahmed; Qaiser Javed; Hafiz Asfahan; Yasir Latif; Muhammad Usman; Riaz Ahmad. 2021. "Free Discharge of Subsurface Drainage Effluent: An Alternate Design of the Surface Drain System in Pakistan." Sustainability 13, no. 7: 4080.
Okra possesses a short shelf-life which limits its marketability, thereby, the present study investigates the individual and combined effect of 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) and modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) on the postharvest storage life of okra. The treated/ untreated okra samples were stored at ambient (i.e., 27 °C) and low (i.e., 7 °C) temperatures for eight and 20 days, respectively. Results revealed that the 1-MCP and/or MAP treatment successfully inhibited fruit softening, reduction in mucilage viscosity, and color degradation (hue angle, ∆E, and BI) in the product resulting in a longer period of shelf-life. However, MAP with or without 1-MCP was more effective to reduce weight loss in okra stored at both ambient and cold storage conditions. Additionally, ascorbic acid and total antioxidants were also retained in 1-MCP with MAP during cold storage. The 1-MCP in combination with MAP effectively suppressed respiration rate and ethylene production for four days and eight days at 27 °C and 7 °C temperature conditions, respectively. According to the results, relatively less chilling injury stress also resulted when 1-MCP combined with MAP. The combined treatment of okra pods with 1-MCP and MAP maintained the visual quality of the product in terms of overall acceptability for four days at 20 °C and 20 days at 7 °C.
Rabia Kanwal; Hadeed Ashraf; Muhammad Sultan; Irrum Babu; Zarina Yasmin; Muhammad Nadeem; Muhammad Asghar; Redmond R. Shamshiri; Sobhy M. Ibrahim; Nisar Ahmad; Muhammad A. Imran; Yuguang Zhou; Riaz Ahmad. Effect of 1-Methyl Cyclopropane and Modified Atmosphere Packaging on the Storage of Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.): Theory and Experiments. Sustainability 2020, 12, 7547 .
AMA StyleRabia Kanwal, Hadeed Ashraf, Muhammad Sultan, Irrum Babu, Zarina Yasmin, Muhammad Nadeem, Muhammad Asghar, Redmond R. Shamshiri, Sobhy M. Ibrahim, Nisar Ahmad, Muhammad A. Imran, Yuguang Zhou, Riaz Ahmad. Effect of 1-Methyl Cyclopropane and Modified Atmosphere Packaging on the Storage of Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.): Theory and Experiments. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (18):7547.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRabia Kanwal; Hadeed Ashraf; Muhammad Sultan; Irrum Babu; Zarina Yasmin; Muhammad Nadeem; Muhammad Asghar; Redmond R. Shamshiri; Sobhy M. Ibrahim; Nisar Ahmad; Muhammad A. Imran; Yuguang Zhou; Riaz Ahmad. 2020. "Effect of 1-Methyl Cyclopropane and Modified Atmosphere Packaging on the Storage of Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.): Theory and Experiments." Sustainability 12, no. 18: 7547.
The understanding of temperature trends in high elevation mountain areas is an integral part of climate change research and it is critical for assessing the impacts of climate change on water resources including glacier melt, degradation of soils, and active layer thickness. In this study, climate changes were analyzed based on trends in air temperature variables (Tmax, Tmin, Tmean), and Diurnal Temperature Range (DTR) as well as elevation-dependent warming at annual and seasonal scales in the Headwaters of Yangtze River (HWYZ), Qinghai Tibetan Plateau. The Base Period (1965-2014) was split into two subperiods; Period-I (1965-1989) and Period-II (1990- 2014) and the analysis was constrained over two subbasins; Zhimenda and Tuotuohe. Increasing trends were found in absolute changes in temperature variables during Period-II as compared to Period-I. Tmax, Tmin, and Tmean had significant increasing trends for both sub-basins. The highest significant trends in annual time scale were observed in Tmin (1.15°C decade−1) in Tuotuohe and 0.98°C decade−1 in Zhimenda sub-basins. In Period-II, only the winter season had the highest magnitudes of Tmax and Tmin 0.58°C decade−1 and 1.26°C decade−1 in Tuotuohe subbasin, respectively. Elevation dependent warming analysis revealed that Tmax, Tmin and Tmean trend magnitudes increase with the increase of elevations in the middle reaches (4000 m to 4400 m) of the HWYZ during Period-II annually. The increasing trend magnitude during Period-II, for Tmax, is 1.77, 0.92, and 1.31°C decade−1, for Tmin 1.20, 1.32 and 1.59°C decade−1, for Tmean 1.51, 1.10 and 1.51°C decade−1 at elevations of 4066 m, 4175 m and 4415 m respectively in the winter season. Tmean increases during the spring season for > 3681 m elevations during Period-II, with no particular relation with elevation dependency for other variables. During the summer season in Period- II, Tmax, Tmin, Tmean increases with the increase of elevations (3681 m to 4415 m) in the middle reaches of HWYZ. Elevation dependent warming (EDW), the study concluded that magnitudes of Tmin are increasing significantly after the 1990s as compared to Tmax in the HWYZ. It is concluded that the climate of the HWYZ is getting warmer in both sub-basins and the rate of warming was more evident after the 1990s. The outcomes of the study provide an essential insight into climate change in the region and would be a primary index to select and design research scenarios to explore the impacts of climate change on water resources.
Naveed Ahmed; Gen-Xu Wang; Adeyeri Oluwafemi; Sarfraz Munir; Zhao-Yong Hu; Aamir Shakoor; Muhammad Ali Imran. Temperature trends and elevation dependent warming during 1965–2014 in headwaters of Yangtze River, Qinghai Tibetan Plateau. Journal of Mountain Science 2020, 17, 556 -571.
AMA StyleNaveed Ahmed, Gen-Xu Wang, Adeyeri Oluwafemi, Sarfraz Munir, Zhao-Yong Hu, Aamir Shakoor, Muhammad Ali Imran. Temperature trends and elevation dependent warming during 1965–2014 in headwaters of Yangtze River, Qinghai Tibetan Plateau. Journal of Mountain Science. 2020; 17 (3):556-571.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNaveed Ahmed; Gen-Xu Wang; Adeyeri Oluwafemi; Sarfraz Munir; Zhao-Yong Hu; Aamir Shakoor; Muhammad Ali Imran. 2020. "Temperature trends and elevation dependent warming during 1965–2014 in headwaters of Yangtze River, Qinghai Tibetan Plateau." Journal of Mountain Science 17, no. 3: 556-571.
Phthalic acid esters (PAEs) are often detected in remediated groundwater using appropriate oxidant materials by in situ groundwater treatment. The study compares zero-valent iron–persulfate with a pyrite–persulfate system to degrade three PAEs—di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), dibutyl phthalate (DBP), and dimethyl phthalate (DMP). Column experiments were conducted, and rapid oxidation occurred in a pyrite–persulfate system due to sulfate radical generation. DMP concentration was found at about 60.0% and 53.0% with zero-valent iron (ZVI) and pyrite activation of persulfate, respectively. DBP concentration was measured as 25.0–17.2% and 23.2–16.0% using ZVI–persulfate and pyrite–persulfate systems, respectively. However, DEHP was not detected. The total organic carbon concentration lagged behind the Ʃ3 PAEs. Persulfate consumption with ZVI activation was half of the consumption with pyrite activation. Both systems showed a steady release of iron ions. Overall, the oxidation–reduction potential was higher with pyrite activation. The surface morphologies of ZVI and pyrite were investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), and XPS. Intensive corrosion occurs on the pyrite surface, whereas the ZVI surface is covered by a netting of iron oxides. The pyrite surface showed more oxidation and less passivation in comparison with ZVI, which results in more availability of Fe 2 + for persulfate activation. The pyrite–persulfate system is relatively preferred for rapid PAE degradation for contamination.
Muhammad A. Imran; Yuzhen Tong; Qing Hu; Mingzhu Liu; Honghan Chen. Effects of Persulfate Activation with Pyrite and Zero-Valent Iron for Phthalate Acid Ester Degradation. Water 2020, 12, 354 .
AMA StyleMuhammad A. Imran, Yuzhen Tong, Qing Hu, Mingzhu Liu, Honghan Chen. Effects of Persulfate Activation with Pyrite and Zero-Valent Iron for Phthalate Acid Ester Degradation. Water. 2020; 12 (2):354.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMuhammad A. Imran; Yuzhen Tong; Qing Hu; Mingzhu Liu; Honghan Chen. 2020. "Effects of Persulfate Activation with Pyrite and Zero-Valent Iron for Phthalate Acid Ester Degradation." Water 12, no. 2: 354.