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We investigated the effects of acute thermal stress (30 °C and 40 °C) and ordinary temperature (20 °C) on cardiorespiratory function, skeletal muscle oxygenation, and exercise performance in healthy men. Eleven healthy males (21.5 ± 2.3 years) performed a graded exercise test (GXT) using a cycle ergometer in each environmental condition (20 °C, 30 °C, and 40 °C) in a random order with an interval of 1 week between each test. Before the test, they were allowed to rest for 30 min in a given environmental condition. All dependent variables (body temperature, cardiorespiratory function parameters, skeletal muscle oxygenation profiles, and exercise performance) were measured at rest and during GXT. GXT was started at 50 W and increased by 25 W every 2 min until subjects were exhausted. Body temperature increased proportionally at rest and at the end of exercise as thermal stress increased. There were no differences in the rating of perceived exertion, oxygen uptake, respiratory exchange ratio, and carbon dioxide excretion between environmental conditions. Heart rate (HR), minute ventilation (VE), and blood lactate levels were significantly higher at 30 °C and 40 °C than at 20 °C, and oxygen pulse was significantly lower at 40 °C than at 20 °C at various exercise loads. None of the skeletal muscle oxygenation profiles showed significant changes at rest or during exercise. Maximal oxygen uptake, peak power, and exercise time significantly decreased proportionally as thermal stress increased, and this decrease was most pronounced at 40 °C. Acute thermal stress induces a decrease in exercise performance via increased body temperature, HR, VE, and blood lactate levels and decreased oxygen pulse during load-homogenized exercise. This phenomenon was more prominent at 40 °C than at 30 °C and 20 °C.
Won-Sang Jung; Sung-Woo Kim; Hun-Young Park; Jisu Kim; Kiwon Lim. Effects of Acute Exposure to Thermal Stress on Cardiorespiratory Function, Skeletal Muscle Oxygenation, and Exercise Performance in Healthy Males. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2021, 18, 7404 .
AMA StyleWon-Sang Jung, Sung-Woo Kim, Hun-Young Park, Jisu Kim, Kiwon Lim. Effects of Acute Exposure to Thermal Stress on Cardiorespiratory Function, Skeletal Muscle Oxygenation, and Exercise Performance in Healthy Males. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18 (14):7404.
Chicago/Turabian StyleWon-Sang Jung; Sung-Woo Kim; Hun-Young Park; Jisu Kim; Kiwon Lim. 2021. "Effects of Acute Exposure to Thermal Stress on Cardiorespiratory Function, Skeletal Muscle Oxygenation, and Exercise Performance in Healthy Males." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 14: 7404.
Hypoxic training is often performed by competitive swimmers to enhance their performance in normoxia. However, the beneficial effects of aerobic continuous and interval training under hypoxia on hemodynamic function, autonomic nervous system (ANS) function, and endurance exercise performance remain controversial. Here we investigated whether six weeks of aerobic continuous and interval training under hypoxia can improve hematological parameters, hemodynamic function, ANS function, and endurance exercise performance versus normoxia in amateur male swimmers. Twenty amateur male swimmers were equally assigned to the hypoxic training group or normoxic training group and evaluated before and after six weeks of training. Aerobic continuous and interval training in the hypoxia showed a more significantly improved hemodynamic function (heart rate, −653.4 vs. −353.7 beats/30 min; oxygen uptake, −62.45 vs. −16.22 mL/kg/30 min; stroke volume index, 197.66 vs. 52.32 mL/30 min) during submaximal exercise, ANS function (root mean square of successive differences, 10.15 vs. 3.32 ms; total power, 0.72 vs. 0.20 ms2; low-frequency/high-frequency ratio, −0.173 vs. 0.054), and endurance exercise performance (maximal oxygen uptake, 5.57 vs. 2.26 mL/kg/min; 400-m time trial record, −20.41 vs. −7.91 s) than in the normoxia. These indicate that hypoxic training composed of aerobic continuous and interval exercise improves the endurance exercise performance of amateur male swimmers with better hemodynamic function and ANS function.
Sung-Woo Kim; Won-Sang Jung; Jeong-Weon Kim; Sang-Seok Nam; Hun-Young Park. Aerobic Continuous and Interval Training under Hypoxia Enhances Endurance Exercise Performance with Hemodynamic and Autonomic Nervous System Function in Amateur Male Swimmers. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2021, 18, 3944 .
AMA StyleSung-Woo Kim, Won-Sang Jung, Jeong-Weon Kim, Sang-Seok Nam, Hun-Young Park. Aerobic Continuous and Interval Training under Hypoxia Enhances Endurance Exercise Performance with Hemodynamic and Autonomic Nervous System Function in Amateur Male Swimmers. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18 (8):3944.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSung-Woo Kim; Won-Sang Jung; Jeong-Weon Kim; Sang-Seok Nam; Hun-Young Park. 2021. "Aerobic Continuous and Interval Training under Hypoxia Enhances Endurance Exercise Performance with Hemodynamic and Autonomic Nervous System Function in Amateur Male Swimmers." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 8: 3944.
Hypoxic training is believed to be generally useful for improving exercise performance in various athletes. Nowadays, exercise intervention in hypoxia is recognized as a new therapeutic modality for health promotion and disease prevention or treatment based on the lower mortality and prevalence of people living in high-altitude environments than those living in low-altitude environments. Recently, resistance training in hypoxia (RTH), a new therapeutic modality combining hypoxia and resistance exercise, has been attempted to improve muscle hypertrophy and muscle function. RTH is known to induce greater muscle size, lean mass, increased muscle strength and endurance, bodily function, and angiogenesis of skeletal muscles than traditional resistance exercise. Therefore, we examined previous studies to understand the clinical and physiological aspects of sarcopenia and RTH for muscular function and hypertrophy. However, few investigations have examined the combined effects of hypoxic stress and resistance exercise, and as such, it is difficult to make recommendations for implementing universal RTH programs for sarcopenia based on current understanding. It should also be acknowledged that a number of mechanisms proposed to facilitate the augmented response to RTH remain poorly understood, particularly the role of metabolic, hormonal, and intracellular signaling pathways. Further RTH intervention studies considering various exercise parameters (e.g., load, recovery time between sets, hypoxic dose, and intervention period) are strongly recommended to reinforce knowledge about the adaptational processes and the effects of this type of resistance training for sarcopenia in older people.
Won-Sang Jung; Sung-Woo Kim; Jeong-Weon Kim; Hun-Young Park. Resistance Training in Hypoxia as a New Therapeutic Modality for Sarcopenia—A Narrative Review. Life 2021, 11, 106 .
AMA StyleWon-Sang Jung, Sung-Woo Kim, Jeong-Weon Kim, Hun-Young Park. Resistance Training in Hypoxia as a New Therapeutic Modality for Sarcopenia—A Narrative Review. Life. 2021; 11 (2):106.
Chicago/Turabian StyleWon-Sang Jung; Sung-Woo Kim; Jeong-Weon Kim; Hun-Young Park. 2021. "Resistance Training in Hypoxia as a New Therapeutic Modality for Sarcopenia—A Narrative Review." Life 11, no. 2: 106.
We demonstrated the hypothesis that combined exercise improves body composition, cardiometabolic risk factors, blood pressure (BP), arterial stiffness, and physical functions, in obese older men. Older men (n = 20) were randomly assigned to combined exercise training (EXP; n = 10) or control groups (CON; n = 10). The combined exercise was comprised of elastic-band resistance training and walking/running on a treadmill and bicycle at 60–70% of maximal heart rate for 3 days/weeks. EXP showed significant decreases in body weight, body mass index, and %body fat (p < 0.05). The exercise program significantly reduced BP, mean arterial pressure, pulse pressure, and brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity. Furthermore, while the plasma levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and epinephrine were significantly reduced in EXP, VO2 peak and grip strength were significantly enhanced (p < 0.05). In conclusion, it is indicated that 12-week regular combined exercise improves body composition, cardiometabolic risk factors, hemodynamics, and physical performance in obese older men.
Wonil Park; Won-Sang Jung; Kwangseok Hong; Yae-Young Kim; Sung-Woo Kim; Hun-Young Park. Effects of Moderate Combined Resistance- and Aerobic-Exercise for 12 Weeks on Body Composition, Cardiometabolic Risk Factors, Blood Pressure, Arterial Stiffness, and Physical Functions, among Obese Older Men: A Pilot Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020, 17, 7233 .
AMA StyleWonil Park, Won-Sang Jung, Kwangseok Hong, Yae-Young Kim, Sung-Woo Kim, Hun-Young Park. Effects of Moderate Combined Resistance- and Aerobic-Exercise for 12 Weeks on Body Composition, Cardiometabolic Risk Factors, Blood Pressure, Arterial Stiffness, and Physical Functions, among Obese Older Men: A Pilot Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17 (19):7233.
Chicago/Turabian StyleWonil Park; Won-Sang Jung; Kwangseok Hong; Yae-Young Kim; Sung-Woo Kim; Hun-Young Park. 2020. "Effects of Moderate Combined Resistance- and Aerobic-Exercise for 12 Weeks on Body Composition, Cardiometabolic Risk Factors, Blood Pressure, Arterial Stiffness, and Physical Functions, among Obese Older Men: A Pilot Study." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 19: 7233.
This study examined the effect of Pilates training under hypoxia, a novel treatment method, for obesity. Thirty-two Korean women with obesity (age: 34–60 (47.5 ± 7.5) years) were randomly assigned to control (CON; n = 10), normoxic Pilates training (NPTG; n = 10), and hypoxic Pilates training groups (HPTG; n = 12). The NPTG and HPTG performed 50 min of Pilates training using a tubing band for 12 weeks (3 days/week) in their respective environmental conditions (NPTG: normoxic condition, inspired oxygen fraction (FiO2) = 20.9%; HPTG: moderate hypoxic condition, FiO2 = 14.5%). The CON maintained their daily lifestyle without intervention. All subjects underwent body composition, blood pressure, arterial stiffness, vascular endothelial function, cardiometabolic biomarker, hemorheological function, and aerobic performance measurements before and after the intervention. The HPTG showed a significant improvement in diastolic blood pressure, total cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations, flow-mediated dilation, and erythrocyte deformability and aggregation (all p < 0.05) compared with the CON and NPTG. However, compared with the CON and NPTG, the HPTG did not show improvement in other parameters. Hypoxic Pilates intervention is a novel and successful method for promoting endothelial and hemorheological functions in women with obesity.
Kyounghwa Jung; Jisu Kim; Hun-Young Park; Won-Sang Jung; Kiwon Lim. Hypoxic Pilates Intervention for Obesity: A Randomized Controlled Trial. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020, 17, 7186 .
AMA StyleKyounghwa Jung, Jisu Kim, Hun-Young Park, Won-Sang Jung, Kiwon Lim. Hypoxic Pilates Intervention for Obesity: A Randomized Controlled Trial. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17 (19):7186.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKyounghwa Jung; Jisu Kim; Hun-Young Park; Won-Sang Jung; Kiwon Lim. 2020. "Hypoxic Pilates Intervention for Obesity: A Randomized Controlled Trial." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 19: 7186.
This study aimed to analyze the differences in energy intake and physical activity (PA) levels according to sex and the presence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) among elderly people in Korea. Data of 3720 elderly people (aged >65 years) were obtained from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2016–2018). We analyzed PA levels (occupational and recreational PA) and energy intakes (carbohydrate, protein, and fat). The MetS group showed lower levels of moderate intensity recreational PA and place movement than the non-MetS group (p < 0.05); in the MetS group, PA levels were significantly lower in women than in men (p < 0.05). The intakes of total energy, carbohydrate, fat, and protein were lower in the MetS group than in the non-MetS group (p < 0.001). Both the non-MetS and MetS groups showed lower energy intakes in women than men (p < 0.001). Our study shows that elderly people, especially women, with MetS have significantly lower total PA levels and total energy intakes. We confirmed the importance of increased PA and proper nutritional intake in elderly people. Therefore, it is believed that practical measures such as nutrition education and nutrition guidance and PA education are urgently needed to reduce the incidence of MetS among the elderly.
Won-Sang Jung; Hun-Young Park; Sung-Woo Kim; Kiwon Lim. Sex-Specific Energy Intakes and Physical Activity Levels According to the Presence of Metabolic Syndrome in Korean Elderly People: Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2016–2018. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020, 17, 5416 .
AMA StyleWon-Sang Jung, Hun-Young Park, Sung-Woo Kim, Kiwon Lim. Sex-Specific Energy Intakes and Physical Activity Levels According to the Presence of Metabolic Syndrome in Korean Elderly People: Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2016–2018. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17 (15):5416.
Chicago/Turabian StyleWon-Sang Jung; Hun-Young Park; Sung-Woo Kim; Kiwon Lim. 2020. "Sex-Specific Energy Intakes and Physical Activity Levels According to the Presence of Metabolic Syndrome in Korean Elderly People: Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2016–2018." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 15: 5416.
This study aimed to compare the effects of an acute Pilates program under hypoxic vs. normoxic conditions on the metabolic, cardiac, and vascular functions of the participants. Ten healthy female Pilates experts completed a 50-min tubing Pilates program under normoxic conditions (N trial) and under 3000 m (inspired oxygen fraction = 14.5%) hypobaric hypoxia conditions (H trial) after a 30-min exposure in the respective environments on different days. Blood pressure, branchial ankle pulse wave velocity, and flow-mediated dilation (FMD) in the branchial artery were measured before and after the exercise. Metabolic parameters and cardiac function were assessed every minute during the exercise. Both trials showed a significant increase in FMD; however, the increase in FMD was significantly higher after the H trial than that after the N trial. Furthermore, FMD before exercise was significantly higher in the H trial than in the N trial. In terms of metabolic parameters, minute ventilation, carbon dioxide excretion, respiratory exchange ratio, and carbohydrate oxidation were significantly higher but fat oxidation was lower during the H trial than during the N trial. In terms of cardiac function, heart rate was significantly increased during the H trial than during the N trial. Our results suggested that, compared to that under normoxic conditions, Pilates exercise under hypoxic conditions led to greater metabolic and cardiac responses and also elicited an additive effect on vascular endothelial function.
Kyounghwa Jung; Jongbeom Seo; Won-Sang Jung; Jisu Kim; Hun-Young Park; Kiwon Lim. Effects of an Acute Pilates Program under Hypoxic Conditions on Vascular Endothelial Function in Pilates Participants: A Randomized Crossover Trial. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020, 17, 2584 .
AMA StyleKyounghwa Jung, Jongbeom Seo, Won-Sang Jung, Jisu Kim, Hun-Young Park, Kiwon Lim. Effects of an Acute Pilates Program under Hypoxic Conditions on Vascular Endothelial Function in Pilates Participants: A Randomized Crossover Trial. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17 (7):2584.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKyounghwa Jung; Jongbeom Seo; Won-Sang Jung; Jisu Kim; Hun-Young Park; Kiwon Lim. 2020. "Effects of an Acute Pilates Program under Hypoxic Conditions on Vascular Endothelial Function in Pilates Participants: A Randomized Crossover Trial." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 7: 2584.
This study evaluated the effects of intermittent interval training in hypoxic conditions for six weeks compared with normoxic conditions, on hemodynamic function, autonomic nervous system (ANS) function, immune function, and athletic performance in middle- and long-distance runners. Twenty athletes were divided into normoxic training (normoxic training group (NTG); n = 10; residing and training at sea level) and hypoxic training (hypoxic training group (HTG); n = 10; residing at sea level but training in 526-mmHg hypobaric hypoxia) groups. All dependent variables were measured before, and after, training. The training frequency was 90 min, 3 d per week for six weeks. Body composition showed no significant difference between the two groups. However, the HTG showed more significantly improved athletic performance (e.g., maximal oxygen uptake). The hemodynamic function (e.g., oxygen uptake, oxygen pulse, and cardiac output) during submaximal exercise and ANS function (e.g., standard deviation and root mean square of successive differences, high frequency, and low/high frequency) improved more in the HTG. Immune function parameters were stable within the normal range before and after training in both groups. Therefore, hypoxic training was more effective in enhancing athletic performance, and improving hemodynamic and ANS function; further, it did not adversely affect immune function in competitive runners.
Won-Sang Jung; Sung-Woo Kim; Hun-Young Park. Interval Hypoxic Training Enhances Athletic Performance and Does Not Adversely Affect Immune Function in Middle- and Long-Distance Runners. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020, 17, 1934 .
AMA StyleWon-Sang Jung, Sung-Woo Kim, Hun-Young Park. Interval Hypoxic Training Enhances Athletic Performance and Does Not Adversely Affect Immune Function in Middle- and Long-Distance Runners. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17 (6):1934.
Chicago/Turabian StyleWon-Sang Jung; Sung-Woo Kim; Hun-Young Park. 2020. "Interval Hypoxic Training Enhances Athletic Performance and Does Not Adversely Affect Immune Function in Middle- and Long-Distance Runners." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 6: 1934.
We aimed to evaluate the effects of a 2-week exercise training program in hypobaric hypoxic conditions on exercise performance and immune function in Korean national cycling athletes with disabilities. Six Korean national cycling athletes with disabilities participated in exercise training consisting of continuous aerobic exercise and anaerobic interval exercise in hypobaric hypoxic conditions. The exercise training frequency was 60 min (5 days per week for 2 weeks). Before and after the exercise training, exercise performance and immune function were measured in all athletes. Regarding the exercise performance parameters, the 3-km time trial significantly decreased and blood lactate levels after the 3-km time trial test significantly increased by exercise training in hypobaric hypoxic conditions. Regarding the oxygen-transporting capacity, significant differences were not observed. Regarding immune function, the number of leukocytes and natural killer cells significantly decreased and that of eosinophils, B cells, and T cells significantly increased. These results indicated that our 2-week hypoxic training showed the potential to improve exercise performance in Korean national disabled athletes. However, the effects of our hypoxic training method on immune function remained unclear.
Hun-Young Park; Won-Sang Jung; Jisu Kim; Hyejung Hwang; Sung-Woo Kim; Younghwan An; Haeman Lee; Seonju Jeon; Kiwon Lim. Effects of 2-Week Exercise Training in Hypobaric Hypoxic Conditions on Exercise Performance and Immune Function in Korean National Cycling Athletes with Disabilities: A Case Report. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020, 17, 861 .
AMA StyleHun-Young Park, Won-Sang Jung, Jisu Kim, Hyejung Hwang, Sung-Woo Kim, Younghwan An, Haeman Lee, Seonju Jeon, Kiwon Lim. Effects of 2-Week Exercise Training in Hypobaric Hypoxic Conditions on Exercise Performance and Immune Function in Korean National Cycling Athletes with Disabilities: A Case Report. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17 (3):861.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHun-Young Park; Won-Sang Jung; Jisu Kim; Hyejung Hwang; Sung-Woo Kim; Younghwan An; Haeman Lee; Seonju Jeon; Kiwon Lim. 2020. "Effects of 2-Week Exercise Training in Hypobaric Hypoxic Conditions on Exercise Performance and Immune Function in Korean National Cycling Athletes with Disabilities: A Case Report." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 3: 861.
The present study examined the effect of a 12-week combined resistance and aerobic exercise training program on cardiometabolic biomarkers and red blood cell (RBC) hemorheological function in 20 obese older men (mean age: 68.8 ± 0.9 years). Subjects were randomly divided into two groups (exercise intervention [EXP; n = 10] and control [CON; n = 10]). The EXP subjects performed resistance and aerobic exercise training program three times per week for 12 weeks, and the CON subjects maintained their regular lifestyle during the intervention period. Body composition was estimated using bioelectrical impedance analysis equipment. Cardiometabolic biomarkers (glucose, insulin, homeostasis model assessment-estimated insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), HOMA β-cell function, and leptin) and RBC hemorheological parameters (RBC deformability and aggregation) were analyzed. Percent body fat decreased significantly in the EXP group during the intervention period but increased significantly in the CON group. Insulin increased significantly in the CON group over the 12-week period and both insulin and HOMA-IR were significantly higher in the CON group than in the EXP group at post-test. RBC deformability (RBC EI_3Pa) and aggregation (RBC AI_3Pa) improved significantly only in the EXP group. The present study suggests that combined exercise training can be useful for improving cardiometabolic biomarkers and RBC hemorheological parameters in obese older men and may help prevent metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular diseases.
Sung-Woo Kim; Won-Sang Jung; Wonil Park; Hun-Young Park. Twelve Weeks of Combined Resistance and Aerobic Exercise Improves Cardiometabolic Biomarkers and Enhances Red Blood Cell Hemorheological Function in Obese Older Men: A Randomized Controlled Trial. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2019, 16, 5020 .
AMA StyleSung-Woo Kim, Won-Sang Jung, Wonil Park, Hun-Young Park. Twelve Weeks of Combined Resistance and Aerobic Exercise Improves Cardiometabolic Biomarkers and Enhances Red Blood Cell Hemorheological Function in Obese Older Men: A Randomized Controlled Trial. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16 (24):5020.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSung-Woo Kim; Won-Sang Jung; Wonil Park; Hun-Young Park. 2019. "Twelve Weeks of Combined Resistance and Aerobic Exercise Improves Cardiometabolic Biomarkers and Enhances Red Blood Cell Hemorheological Function in Obese Older Men: A Randomized Controlled Trial." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 24: 5020.
Hun-Youn Park; Bianca Morandi; Won-Sang Jung. Circuit exercise promotes health related factors in sarcopenic obesity elderly: a mini-review. MOJ Gerontology & Geriatrics 2018, 3, 1 -4.
AMA StyleHun-Youn Park, Bianca Morandi, Won-Sang Jung. Circuit exercise promotes health related factors in sarcopenic obesity elderly: a mini-review. MOJ Gerontology & Geriatrics. 2018; 3 (3):1-4.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHun-Youn Park; Bianca Morandi; Won-Sang Jung. 2018. "Circuit exercise promotes health related factors in sarcopenic obesity elderly: a mini-review." MOJ Gerontology & Geriatrics 3, no. 3: 1-4.