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Mr. Marco Pedroso
CERIS, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa

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0 Life Cycle Assessment
0 hygrothermal
0 aerogel
0 Energy and Buildings
0 Mortars

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Journal article
Published: 24 July 2021 in Sustainability
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Despite the recognised importance of built heritage for sustainable development, and the multiple tools, recommendations, guidelines, and policies developed in recent years to support decision-making, good sustainable conservation practices often fail to be implemented. Challenges faced by practitioners often relate to external factors, and there is a gap in the understanding of the role of the nature of the designer and the behavioural dimension of the challenges in implementation. This research applies the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) to verify how a building passport for sustainable conservation (BPSC) impacts design students’ intentions and actual design decisions towards built heritage conservation. This research aims to ascertain the role of the BPSC to affect attitudes, subjective norms, and intentions and ultimately change conservation behaviours. The results show that this tool has a positive contribution to reinforce existing attitudinal beliefs. Still, no significant changes were found in the overall conservation behaviours, suggesting that beliefs hindering implementation may more often be related to aesthetic reasons, creativity and innovation, and program requirements, than with beliefs regarding the sustainable performance of the building. This study demonstrates that using the TPB to analyse design processes in the context of built heritage is an innovative methodological approach that contributes to a deeper understanding of the psychological factors affecting sustainability and built heritage conservation decisions.

ACS Style

Joana Dos Santos Gonçalves; Ricardo Mateus; José Silvestre; Ana Roders. Beyond Good Intentions: The Role of the Building Passport for the Sustainable Conservation of Built Heritage to Behavioural Change. Sustainability 2021, 13, 8280 .

AMA Style

Joana Dos Santos Gonçalves, Ricardo Mateus, José Silvestre, Ana Roders. Beyond Good Intentions: The Role of the Building Passport for the Sustainable Conservation of Built Heritage to Behavioural Change. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (15):8280.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Joana Dos Santos Gonçalves; Ricardo Mateus; José Silvestre; Ana Roders. 2021. "Beyond Good Intentions: The Role of the Building Passport for the Sustainable Conservation of Built Heritage to Behavioural Change." Sustainability 13, no. 15: 8280.

Journal article
Published: 21 June 2021 in Journal of Cleaner Production
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The selection of the most suitable Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) databases, and corresponding elementary processes, to be used in the modelling of raw materials and related processes, is of paramount importance and decisively conditions LCA results. The NativeLCA methodology is based on the selection and/or adaptation of a coherent LCA dataset to produce each building product to be used as generic data for a national context. The aims of this paper are: to test the plausibility of Portuguese LCA datasets of raw and construction materials used in reinforced concrete structures; to confirm the coherence and usefulness of the NativeLCA methodology; and to increase the number of case studies illustrating its application that are available for the scientific and academic community. In that sense, the NativeLCA methodology is briefly summarized; available databases for construction products are presented and characterized; and two case studies (representing a full and a simplified NativeLCA methodology application) are presented and discussed. The results include coherent LCA datasets for cement and steel rebars product stage (A1-A3), based on the adaptation of available European (foreign or national) LCA datasets, that can be used as generic in LCA studies in Portugal. This paper also contributes to: the development of the NativeLCA methodology by providing examples of its application in its full and simplified versions; demonstrate that, while further efforts are needed to develop regional and sector-specific LCA databases, adapted to each national context, the NativeLCA approach can be used to consistently choose available LCA datasets to be used as generic in a national context; lead practitioners to increase the reliability of building LCA studies according to their goal and scope definition.

ACS Style

Raul Gomes; José Dinis Silvestre; Jorge de Brito; Sébastien Lasvaux. Environmental datasets for cement and steel rebars to be used as generic for a national context. Journal of Cleaner Production 2021, 316, 128003 .

AMA Style

Raul Gomes, José Dinis Silvestre, Jorge de Brito, Sébastien Lasvaux. Environmental datasets for cement and steel rebars to be used as generic for a national context. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2021; 316 ():128003.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Raul Gomes; José Dinis Silvestre; Jorge de Brito; Sébastien Lasvaux. 2021. "Environmental datasets for cement and steel rebars to be used as generic for a national context." Journal of Cleaner Production 316, no. : 128003.

Journal article
Published: 20 April 2021 in Energy and Buildings
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Silica-aerogel is one of the nanomaterials that contributes to increasing the thermal properties, due to its high porosity and low density, and also low thermal conductivity. The development of innovative thermal renderings is a current trend, but their impact on the hygrothermal performance of façade systems requires additional investigation. The main goal of the present work consists of discussing the hygrothermal performance of a new thermal aerogel-based render when applied as a component of a multilayer coating system. To achieve this objective, relevant hygrothermal properties were determined. An accurate analysis of the hygrothermal impact, considering different European climates, was also performed. A clear improvement of the thermal conductivity of the new render, at dry-state, (0.029 W/m.°C) was found. As the observed high open porosity (≈83%) leads to a high capillary absorption coefficient (0.129 kg/m2.s1/2), the prevention of moisture-related risks is a critical issue. Due to the high increase of the thermal conductivity (up to 400%), when saturated, the application of finishing materials is therefore decisive for the successful use of these renders in building envelopes. The numerical simulations highlighted significant hygrothermal risks at higher latitudes, observed by relevant temperature differences across the render thickness and significant external condensation potential.

ACS Style

J. Maia; M. Pedroso; N.M.M. Ramos; P.F. Pereira; I. Flores-Colen; M. Glória Gomes; L. Silva. Hygrothermal performance of a new thermal aerogel-based render under distinct climatic conditions. Energy and Buildings 2021, 243, 111001 .

AMA Style

J. Maia, M. Pedroso, N.M.M. Ramos, P.F. Pereira, I. Flores-Colen, M. Glória Gomes, L. Silva. Hygrothermal performance of a new thermal aerogel-based render under distinct climatic conditions. Energy and Buildings. 2021; 243 ():111001.

Chicago/Turabian Style

J. Maia; M. Pedroso; N.M.M. Ramos; P.F. Pereira; I. Flores-Colen; M. Glória Gomes; L. Silva. 2021. "Hygrothermal performance of a new thermal aerogel-based render under distinct climatic conditions." Energy and Buildings 243, no. : 111001.

Review
Published: 29 March 2021 in Construction and Building Materials
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The in-depth research on efficient processes and alternative constituents for mortars production has a lack on the quantification of their environmental impacts. This work presents a critical review of life cycle assessment (LCA) studies performed in the construction sector, namely related to mortars. The gaps and barriers of these methods and final results are discussed through an overview of the main achievements on mortars’ environmental life cycle studies in Europe. Despite the future trends, LCA studies are more focused on cement-mortars and few researches on air lime, gypsum or earth mortar binders are reported in the literature.

ACS Style

T. Santos; J. Almeida; J.D. Silvestre; P. Faria. Life cycle assessment of mortars: A review on technical potential and drawbacks. Construction and Building Materials 2021, 288, 123069 .

AMA Style

T. Santos, J. Almeida, J.D. Silvestre, P. Faria. Life cycle assessment of mortars: A review on technical potential and drawbacks. Construction and Building Materials. 2021; 288 ():123069.

Chicago/Turabian Style

T. Santos; J. Almeida; J.D. Silvestre; P. Faria. 2021. "Life cycle assessment of mortars: A review on technical potential and drawbacks." Construction and Building Materials 288, no. : 123069.

Original article
Published: 16 March 2021 in Wood Material Science & Engineering
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This study compares the environmental impacts of various durability scenarios of a case-study wood structure, including variations on wood species, preservative products and treatment methods. The method applied in this study compared the environmental impacts of various durability scenarios exposed to use class 3.1 during 30 years. Durability scenarios vary in terms of wood species (Softwoods – Cryptomeria, Spruce and Maritime pine; and Hardwoods – Eucalyptus), treatment methods (superficial (ST) and pressurized (PT)), and preservative products (solvent-based insecticide and fungicide – used for ST, and water-based biocide – used for PT). The system boundary included: preservatives production, sawn wood production, application of preservative treatment, use and end-of-life. The environmental impacts were calculated with the methodology given by EN 15804+A2. Eucalyptus and Spruce species do not have enough durability for the defined use class even when treated with pressurized methods. The results show that softwoods treated with ST have the lowest impacts on the majority of impact categories, followed by Maritime pine treated with PT. The majority of impacts categories are mainly influenced by treatment and wood production. The emissions during the use and end-of-life stages have a high influence on “Eco-toxicity (freshwater)” and “Human toxicity, cancer effects” categories, respectively.

ACS Style

André M. A. Dias; Pedro G. G. Santos; Alfredo M. P. G. Dias; José D. Silvestre; Jorge de Brito. Life cycle assessment of a preservative treated wooden deck. Wood Material Science & Engineering 2021, 1 -11.

AMA Style

André M. A. Dias, Pedro G. G. Santos, Alfredo M. P. G. Dias, José D. Silvestre, Jorge de Brito. Life cycle assessment of a preservative treated wooden deck. Wood Material Science & Engineering. 2021; ():1-11.

Chicago/Turabian Style

André M. A. Dias; Pedro G. G. Santos; Alfredo M. P. G. Dias; José D. Silvestre; Jorge de Brito. 2021. "Life cycle assessment of a preservative treated wooden deck." Wood Material Science & Engineering , no. : 1-11.

Journal article
Published: 05 March 2021 in Building and Environment
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The thermal retrofit of buildings plays a key role to limit global warming. However, the spatial and temporal dynamics of urban-scale renovation are not well understood. This paper proposes a new methodology that is based on a bottom-up building stock model. It links dynamic Material Flow Analysis with dynamic Life Cycle Assessment to include the temporal dynamics of emissions and renovation activity, and the spatial dynamics of the building stock. Alternative renovation scenarios for a Lisbon neighborhood are analyzed over the next 100 years. Thee scenarios include renovation rates, electricity grid transformation and material choice: Conventional renovation systems are compared to bio-based systems (using cork, wood and straw). A need-based prioritization of poorly insulated buildings is suggested and the effect of different energy grid transitions analyzed. The results show that bio-based systems, especially made with fast-rotation biomass, are beneficial regarding radiative forcing. The straw- and wood-based system ("TES"), combined with an increased renovation rate, result in a cumulative radiative forcing of −45.4 * 10−8 kW/m2 for embodied impacts in 2050, compared to 3.5* 10−8 kW/m2 with a conventional system and a business-as-usual renovation rate. A fast and radical transition of the energy grid is crucial to meet the carbon budget to limit global warming to 2 °C.

ACS Style

Verena Göswein; José Dinis Silvestre; Cláudia Sousa Monteiro; Guillaume Habert; Fausto Freire; Francesco Pittau. Influence of material choice, renovation rate, and electricity grid to achieve a Paris Agreement-compatible building stock: A Portuguese case study. Building and Environment 2021, 195, 107773 .

AMA Style

Verena Göswein, José Dinis Silvestre, Cláudia Sousa Monteiro, Guillaume Habert, Fausto Freire, Francesco Pittau. Influence of material choice, renovation rate, and electricity grid to achieve a Paris Agreement-compatible building stock: A Portuguese case study. Building and Environment. 2021; 195 ():107773.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Verena Göswein; José Dinis Silvestre; Cláudia Sousa Monteiro; Guillaume Habert; Fausto Freire; Francesco Pittau. 2021. "Influence of material choice, renovation rate, and electricity grid to achieve a Paris Agreement-compatible building stock: A Portuguese case study." Building and Environment 195, no. : 107773.

Journal article
Published: 04 December 2020 in Construction and Building Materials
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Building inspection systems must rely on dependable information. Correlation matrices establish expert knowledge-based relationships to swift associations of defects with causes, diagnosis methods, repair techniques, and other defects. A methodology of developing correlation matrices in a global inspection system based on existing element-specific systems is presented. This procedure is influenced by the classification lists’ harmonisation and the transposition from two-dimensional to homogenised three-dimensional correlation matrices. With strict predetermined criteria, four global matrices were built, tested in fieldwork and adjusted. They are an advantageous tool for surveyors. In the future, they will be the basis for the automation of the system.

ACS Style

Clara Pereira; Jorge de Brito; José D. Silvestre. Harmonising correlation matrices within a global building expert knowledge-based inspection system. Construction and Building Materials 2020, 272, 121655 .

AMA Style

Clara Pereira, Jorge de Brito, José D. Silvestre. Harmonising correlation matrices within a global building expert knowledge-based inspection system. Construction and Building Materials. 2020; 272 ():121655.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Clara Pereira; Jorge de Brito; José D. Silvestre. 2020. "Harmonising correlation matrices within a global building expert knowledge-based inspection system." Construction and Building Materials 272, no. : 121655.

Journal article
Published: 27 November 2020 in The Open Construction and Building Technology Journal
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Background: In the last years, Building Information Modelling (BIM) and Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) have been integrated to support the pursuit of sustainability in the built environment. However, the integration of environmental information with different specificity and reliability requirements on distinct Levels of Development (LOD) of BIM objects was not yet exploited considering several environmental impact categories. Objective: The objective of this paper is to discuss the complexity and depth of LCA information needed for BIM objects, considering different LOD, and to propose a parametrisation of environmental information be included in BIM objects according to their LODs. Methods: A literature review on LCA methodology, sources of LCA information, integration of LCA in BIM, and LOD of BIM objects was initially performed, followed by a detailed characterisation of the different types of sources of LCA information to include in BIM models. These steps contributed to the development of the proposed parametrisation of environmental data. Results: A parametrisation of environmental information to be included in BIM objects was developed. This parametrisation considered the degree at which the element’s information has been specified (LOD) and the respective detail and reliability of the environmental information to include. Conclusion: A new approach is proposed that allows an evolutive integration of environmental information in BIM objects according to their growing LODs.

ACS Style

Vera Durão; António Aguiar Costa; José Dinis Silvestre; Ricardo Mateus; Ruben Santos; Jorge De Brito. Current Opportunities and Challenges in the Incorporation of the LCA Method in BIM. The Open Construction and Building Technology Journal 2020, 14, 336 -349.

AMA Style

Vera Durão, António Aguiar Costa, José Dinis Silvestre, Ricardo Mateus, Ruben Santos, Jorge De Brito. Current Opportunities and Challenges in the Incorporation of the LCA Method in BIM. The Open Construction and Building Technology Journal. 2020; 14 (1):336-349.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Vera Durão; António Aguiar Costa; José Dinis Silvestre; Ricardo Mateus; Ruben Santos; Jorge De Brito. 2020. "Current Opportunities and Challenges in the Incorporation of the LCA Method in BIM." The Open Construction and Building Technology Journal 14, no. 1: 336-349.

Review
Published: 21 November 2020 in IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science
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This study reviews the EPDs of structural solid wood (SW) products produced in Europe, using the NativeLCA methodology, and proposes a method to determine the strength classes of these products based on the visual grading procedure given by European standards. The EPDs' search was performed in the ECO Platform database, and a total of 18 datasets were identified. The analysis of these EPDs found that the datasets of SW products may be grouped according to the processing considered: green products (high moisture content) (three datasets); sawn products (not planed) (five datasets); and planed products (ten datasets). The review of structural data identified that only five datasets provided the strength classes of products. This lack of information on structural properties does not allow a comparison that takes into account the different mechanical performance of the products. In order to enable the comparison of the environmental impacts of products for structural applications, a methodology was developed to estimate the strength classes of these products. This methodology is based on the visual grading procedures of SW products given by European standards and uses the identification of density, and wood's country of origin and species.

ACS Style

André Manuel Dias; Alfredo M. P. G. Dias; José Dinis Silvestre; Jorge De Brito. Environmental performance of solid wood products: review of EPDs and environmentally-based structural design. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 2020, 588, 022070 .

AMA Style

André Manuel Dias, Alfredo M. P. G. Dias, José Dinis Silvestre, Jorge De Brito. Environmental performance of solid wood products: review of EPDs and environmentally-based structural design. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. 2020; 588 (2):022070.

Chicago/Turabian Style

André Manuel Dias; Alfredo M. P. G. Dias; José Dinis Silvestre; Jorge De Brito. 2020. "Environmental performance of solid wood products: review of EPDs and environmentally-based structural design." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 588, no. 2: 022070.

Review
Published: 19 November 2020 in Sustainability
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This research addresses the performance gap between intentions towards a sustainable conservation of built heritage and its actual implementation. Socio-psychological models of human behaviour, such as the theory of planned behaviour (TPB), have been studying this dissonance between intention and behaviour, and allow to recognise latent critical factors. This paper provides a systematic literature review of research publications on the intersection of the topics of human behaviour, heritage, and sustainability. It aims to analyse how the TPB has been used in the field of sustainable conservation of built heritage. The studies are categorised according to the type of heritage, main actors targeted, aims, and methodology. A total of 140 publications were analysed. The results show a recent field of research. In the domain of built heritage conservation, behaviour is commonly addressed as a synonym of performance, targeting the building itself. Most publications relating socio-psychological constructs of behaviour and heritage sustainability can be found in the tourism and hospitality field, focusing on tourists’ and residents’ behaviours. The review shows that practitioners are still absent from the literature. However, research addressing other stakeholders shows that the theoretical framework can play an important role in the implementation of sustainable conservation practices in the built heritage.

ACS Style

Joana Gonçalves; Ricardo Mateus; José Silvestre; Ana Roders. Going beyond Good Intentions for the Sustainable Conservation of Built Heritage: A Systematic Literature Review. Sustainability 2020, 12, 9649 .

AMA Style

Joana Gonçalves, Ricardo Mateus, José Silvestre, Ana Roders. Going beyond Good Intentions for the Sustainable Conservation of Built Heritage: A Systematic Literature Review. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (22):9649.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Joana Gonçalves; Ricardo Mateus; José Silvestre; Ana Roders. 2020. "Going beyond Good Intentions for the Sustainable Conservation of Built Heritage: A Systematic Literature Review." Sustainability 12, no. 22: 9649.

Journal article
Published: 28 October 2020 in Designs
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This work is within the scope of thermal retrofitting, applied to old buildings’ façades (built between 1700 and 1960) located in Mediterranean climates, such as Portugal. The aim is to increase the sustainability of existing buildings, by reducing their energy consumption needs, for heating and cooling, and the corresponding gaseous emissions, while increasing their users’ comfort. Firstly, an analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of several thermal insulation solutions for façades was carried out, supported in current literature. Then, a survey of real retrofitting scenarios and interviews with experts was completed, to allow the selection of the most adequate thermal insulation techniques. Finally, as a result of this study, the discussion of retrofitting strategies was carried out to support the designer’s decision process, based on a flowchart with complementary tables, discussing the best thermal retrofitting technique to be implemented on old buildings’ façades, case-by-case.

ACS Style

Diana Corrêa; Inês Flores-Colen; José Dinis Silvestre; Marco Pedroso; Rita Andrade Santos. Old Buildings’ Façades: Fieldwork and Discussion of Thermal Retrofitting Strategies in a Mediterranean Climate. Designs 2020, 4, 45 .

AMA Style

Diana Corrêa, Inês Flores-Colen, José Dinis Silvestre, Marco Pedroso, Rita Andrade Santos. Old Buildings’ Façades: Fieldwork and Discussion of Thermal Retrofitting Strategies in a Mediterranean Climate. Designs. 2020; 4 (4):45.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Diana Corrêa; Inês Flores-Colen; José Dinis Silvestre; Marco Pedroso; Rita Andrade Santos. 2020. "Old Buildings’ Façades: Fieldwork and Discussion of Thermal Retrofitting Strategies in a Mediterranean Climate." Designs 4, no. 4: 45.

Journal article
Published: 25 August 2020 in Applied Sciences
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Building inspection systems are essential to optimise building maintenance. In the context of developing a global building inspection system, the lack of an expeditious tool to identify defects and their urgency of repair was detected. This study intends to propose an atlas of defects applicable to several types of building elements/materials, simplifying issues associated with the diagnosis of building pathology. A database was devised using previously developed components of the global inspection system: the classification list of defects and the urgency of repair parameters. Such a database was structured using several pages, each one with tables organised according to types of defects, building elements/materials and levels of urgency of repair (five-level scale—0–4). The atlas of defects has 38 pages in total, each for a different type of defect. The levels of urgency of repair are illustrated with photographs and described with concise classification criteria. Not all levels of urgency of repair apply to all defect–building element/material combinations; levels 1, 2 and 3 are those most often considered. The proposed atlas of defects is an innovative approach, useful to assist surveyors during technical inspections of buildings, whose concept may be adapted to other inspection systems.

ACS Style

Clara Pereira; Jorge De Brito; José D. Silvestre; Inês Flores-Colen. Atlas of Defects within a Global Building Inspection System. Applied Sciences 2020, 10, 5879 .

AMA Style

Clara Pereira, Jorge De Brito, José D. Silvestre, Inês Flores-Colen. Atlas of Defects within a Global Building Inspection System. Applied Sciences. 2020; 10 (17):5879.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Clara Pereira; Jorge De Brito; José D. Silvestre; Inês Flores-Colen. 2020. "Atlas of Defects within a Global Building Inspection System." Applied Sciences 10, no. 17: 5879.

Journal article
Published: 10 July 2020 in Engineering Structures
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The objective of this paper is to quantify and compare the environmental and economic Life Cycle impacts of two alternative types of composite sandwich panels for the rehabilitation of degraded wooden floors of old buildings: (i) a second-generation composite sandwich panel made of glass-FRP (GFRP) skins (or blades) and a polyurethane (PUR) foam core; and (ii) a hybrid sandwich panel consisting of a glass-carbon-FRP bottom skin, a steel fibre reinforced micro concrete (SFRMC or UHPFRM) layer as top skin, and a PUR core. This works intends to find which design alternative is more eco-efficient. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) was the method used for the quantification and comparison of environmental and economic impacts of the studied solutions. The environmental and economic LCA of this type of construction products are presented for the first time in this paper. These LCA were completed following European and international standards. The results obtained demonstrated that, for both alternatives, in terms of environmental LCA of the production, the stage of raw materials extraction (A1) is the most influential for all the studied environmental impact categories. By comparing the two alternatives, it was found that the second panel (hybrid sandwich panel) presents the highest environmental impact. More specifically, the results obtained show that the use of SFRMC for the top skin and of carbon fibres significantly increases the environmental impact of the product. Furthermore, an economic comparison of the production showed that the hybrid panel is a more expensive alternative as well. It was found that panel a1 is better than panel b1 because, in addition to the lower cost (the production cost of the latter is 24% higher than that of panel a1), it is also more environmentally friendly at the production stage (impacts of panel b1 are between 3% and 27% higher than panel a1 in categories PE-NRe, PE-Re, ADP, GWP and EP, while the latter presents impacts between 2% and 10% higher than panel b1 in categories POCP, AP and ODP). As so, the most efficient profile both economically and environmentally is profile a1, which is composed of GFRP and PUR.

ACS Style

M. Demertzi; J.D. Silvestre; V. Durão. Life cycle assessment of the production of composite sandwich panels for structural floor’s rehabilitation. Engineering Structures 2020, 221, 111060 .

AMA Style

M. Demertzi, J.D. Silvestre, V. Durão. Life cycle assessment of the production of composite sandwich panels for structural floor’s rehabilitation. Engineering Structures. 2020; 221 ():111060.

Chicago/Turabian Style

M. Demertzi; J.D. Silvestre; V. Durão. 2020. "Life cycle assessment of the production of composite sandwich panels for structural floor’s rehabilitation." Engineering Structures 221, no. : 111060.

Journal article
Published: 10 July 2020 in Sustainability
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This research results from the development of a global inspection system based on previous studies about individual expert inspection systems for 12 types of elements/materials of the envelopes of current buildings. The research focuses on the rational harmonisation of the causes of defects in a global classification list, established from 12 individual lists. The process considers predetermined criteria, including guidelines for merging, splitting and combining causes to reach a comprehensive and simple list. The frequency of the prescription of causes of defects is analysed and the causes “C-D12 Dampening of the cladding system” in painted façades and “C-B7 Use of unprescribed, inadequate, incompatible, low-quality, non-certified and/or non-approved materials” in natural stone claddings stand out. Additionally, when analysing the relationship of causes with defects, some causes are highlighted because they are considered direct causes of defects in a broad range of building elements/materials, namely: “C-C9 Accidental collisions with the cladding”, “C-C7 Intentional collisions/vandalism”, “C-D2 Excessive, insufficient or differentiated solar radiation”, “C-D8 Presence of rainwater or snow” and “C-D12 Dampening of the cladding system”. The proposed list of causes successfully gathers causal knowledge on the pathology of the non-structural building envelope in a single component, homogenising the vocabulary used for several building elements/materials.

ACS Style

Clara Pereira; Jorge De Brito; José Silvestre. Harmonised Classification of the Causes of Defects in a Global Inspection System: Proposed Methodology and Analysis of Fieldwork Data. Sustainability 2020, 12, 5564 .

AMA Style

Clara Pereira, Jorge De Brito, José Silvestre. Harmonised Classification of the Causes of Defects in a Global Inspection System: Proposed Methodology and Analysis of Fieldwork Data. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (14):5564.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Clara Pereira; Jorge De Brito; José Silvestre. 2020. "Harmonised Classification of the Causes of Defects in a Global Inspection System: Proposed Methodology and Analysis of Fieldwork Data." Sustainability 12, no. 14: 5564.

Journal article
Published: 28 May 2020 in Engineering Failure Analysis
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In the context of developing a global inspection system based on previously developed expert inspection systems for specific building elements/materials, this research highlights the importance of a coherent harmonisation of the diagnosis methods in a global classification list. This global inspection system refers to twelve elements/materials (roofing, façades and flooring) used in the envelope of current buildings. Individual expert classification lists of diagnosis methods were analysed to propose a global classification list considering five criteria of harmonisation, and the effects of unifying tests on inspection procedures are discussed. Furthermore, data from inspection campaigns in previous research on the recommendation of diagnosis methods are analysed. The measurement of the ambient and surface temperature and humidity is the diagnosis method most commonly associated with detected defects in more than one building element/material. Additionally, analysing the established relationship between defects and diagnosis methods, infrared thermography is considered useful for a broad range of defects. The use of a crack width ruler and a crack-measuring microscope is highly associated with defects in many types of building elements/materials.

ACS Style

Clara Pereira; Jorge de Brito; José D. Silvestre. Harmonising the classification of diagnosis methods within a global building inspection system: Proposed methodology and analysis of fieldwork data. Engineering Failure Analysis 2020, 115, 104627 .

AMA Style

Clara Pereira, Jorge de Brito, José D. Silvestre. Harmonising the classification of diagnosis methods within a global building inspection system: Proposed methodology and analysis of fieldwork data. Engineering Failure Analysis. 2020; 115 ():104627.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Clara Pereira; Jorge de Brito; José D. Silvestre. 2020. "Harmonising the classification of diagnosis methods within a global building inspection system: Proposed methodology and analysis of fieldwork data." Engineering Failure Analysis 115, no. : 104627.

Journal article
Published: 15 May 2020 in Journal of Building Engineering
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The aim of this paper is to evaluate the environmental, economic and energy (3E) performance of different flat roofs solutions, from “cradle to cradle” (C2C), in order to support the selection of the best alternative to be used in each building. Firstly, each of the 3E dimensions is assessed individually using the 3E-C2C method. Then, their aggregated assessment is presented, using the 3E cost-C2C methodology. A group of 114 flat roofs was studied considering a service life of 50 years, including inverted and traditional roofs with limited access and accessible to people, and inverted roofs accessible to vehicles. The results showed that inverted solutions of flat roofs have, in general, worse environmental performance than traditional solutions. Moreover, the 3E assessment confirmed higher costs of solutions accessible to vehicles and lower ones of those with limited access. Furthermore, solutions with higher initial costs demanded lower maintenance costs. Finally, the 3E aggregated assessment allowed confirming the relevant importance of the economic costs throughout the life cycle for all types of accessibility (63%–77%) and its high dependency on the market acquisition costs of the materials of each solution (52%–76%). Environmental costs showed an influence from 12% to 29% and the energy costs between 8% and 13%.

ACS Style

Raul Gomes; José Dinis Silvestre; Jorge de Brito. Environmental, economic and energy life cycle assessment “from cradle to cradle” (3E-C2C) of flat roofs. Journal of Building Engineering 2020, 32, 101436 .

AMA Style

Raul Gomes, José Dinis Silvestre, Jorge de Brito. Environmental, economic and energy life cycle assessment “from cradle to cradle” (3E-C2C) of flat roofs. Journal of Building Engineering. 2020; 32 ():101436.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Raul Gomes; José Dinis Silvestre; Jorge de Brito. 2020. "Environmental, economic and energy life cycle assessment “from cradle to cradle” (3E-C2C) of flat roofs." Journal of Building Engineering 32, no. : 101436.

Erratum
Published: 21 April 2020 in Resources, Conservation and Recycling
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ACS Style

Vera Durão; José Dinis Silvestre; Ricardo Mateus; Jorge de Brito. Corrigendum to “Assessment and communication of the environmental performance of construction products in Europe: Comparison between PEF and EN 15804 compliant EPD schemes” [Resources, Conservation and Recycling 156 (2020) 104703]. Resources, Conservation and Recycling 2020, 159, 104859 .

AMA Style

Vera Durão, José Dinis Silvestre, Ricardo Mateus, Jorge de Brito. Corrigendum to “Assessment and communication of the environmental performance of construction products in Europe: Comparison between PEF and EN 15804 compliant EPD schemes” [Resources, Conservation and Recycling 156 (2020) 104703]. Resources, Conservation and Recycling. 2020; 159 ():104859.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Vera Durão; José Dinis Silvestre; Ricardo Mateus; Jorge de Brito. 2020. "Corrigendum to “Assessment and communication of the environmental performance of construction products in Europe: Comparison between PEF and EN 15804 compliant EPD schemes” [Resources, Conservation and Recycling 156 (2020) 104703]." Resources, Conservation and Recycling 159, no. : 104859.

Journal article
Published: 18 April 2020 in Structures
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The aim of this study is to quantify and compare the environmental impact from cradle-to-gate of different systems for building floor rehabilitation. The Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) method was used for the evaluation of the potential environmental impact of the production of each floor system in eight categories and a monetisation method was used for the weighting of the results and for their expression into one single indicator. Five functionally equivalent (from a structural standpoint) systems were assessed, including: (i) traditional solutions, such as timber floors and reinforced concrete (RC) slabs; (ii) less conventional solutions, such as beam-and-block and steel–concrete composite slab systems; and (iii) an innovative glass fibre reinforced polymer (GFRP) sandwich panel system. The environmental impacts of these systems are compared in this paper for the first time. It was found out that timber is the most environmentally friendly solution, since it presents the lowest total values in all environmental impact categories (under 1% of the impact of the solution with highest impact in each category, RC or GFRP), except for primary renewable energy consumption, for which the RC solution presents the least consumption. On the other hand, it was found out that: the steel–concrete composite floor is the least environmentally friendly solution in abiotic resource depletion; the RC solution is the least performing option in terms of global warming potential and ozone depletion potential; and the GFRP system presents the worst behaviour in five environmental impact categories – non-renewable energy consumption, photochemical ozone formation potential, acidification potential, eutrophication potential and Eco-costs. However, if the most important inefficiencies identified during the production of the latter floor system are at least partly amended, its impacts would be substantially reduced, particularly regarding the Eco-costs indicator, which considers four environmental categories at once – in that case, the RC solution would become the worst solution and GFRP sandwich panels would have an aggregated result of 80% of the RC. The final part of the paper presents a qualitative assessment of the gate-to-grave performance of the different solutions.

ACS Style

M. Demertzi; J. Silvestre; M. Garrido; J.R. Correia; Vera Durão; M. Proença. Life cycle assessment of alternative building floor rehabilitation systems. Structures 2020, 26, 237 -246.

AMA Style

M. Demertzi, J. Silvestre, M. Garrido, J.R. Correia, Vera Durão, M. Proença. Life cycle assessment of alternative building floor rehabilitation systems. Structures. 2020; 26 ():237-246.

Chicago/Turabian Style

M. Demertzi; J. Silvestre; M. Garrido; J.R. Correia; Vera Durão; M. Proença. 2020. "Life cycle assessment of alternative building floor rehabilitation systems." Structures 26, no. : 237-246.

Journal article
Published: 16 April 2020 in Structures
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Environmental Product Declarations (EPDs) provide quantified information based on the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) method, and other relevant information, related to the environmental aspects of products and services. The main advantage of EPDs is the possibility of comparison of the environmental performance of various products. The balanced comparison of the environmental performance of structural products requires that their structural performance is also taken into account. This study reviews 23 EPDs of solid wood (SW) and glued laminated timber (GLT) structural elements developed according to the EN 15804 product category rules. The NativeLCA methodology is applied in this study to review LCA procedures and technical data of EPDs, as well as to determine and compare the European Reference Values (ReVa) for the environmental impacts of SW and GLT products. Since the strength classes are not indicated in the documents, a methodology to estimate them and compare the environmental impacts of SW and GLT products was developed. The methodology proposed is applied to the selected EPDs to calculate and compare the ReVa of each estimated strength class. The environmental impacts’ comparison of various strength classes ReVas’ are also made considering a structurally equivalent functional unit. The methodology to obtain the SW’s strength classes from EPDs is based on the species of wood, country of origin and mean density, while for GLT strength classes are inferred from the type of GLT (homogenous or combined) and mean density. The calculation of ReVa for each SW and GL’s strength class allows the comparison of the environmental impacts of products with different structural performances. The majority of SW and GLT EPDs have been identified as C24 and GL24h strength classes, respectively. For the same structural equivalent functional unit, and for GWP, EP and PE-NRe environmental impact categories, the SW products presented lower environmental impacts than the GLT ones. An increase of GLT’s strength classes decreases PE-Re and PE-NRe and increases GWP environmental impacts for the functional unit considered.

ACS Style

A.M.A. Dias; J.D. Silvestre; J. de Brito. Comparison of the environmental and structural performance of solid and glued laminated timber products based on EPDs. Structures 2020, 26, 128 -138.

AMA Style

A.M.A. Dias, J.D. Silvestre, J. de Brito. Comparison of the environmental and structural performance of solid and glued laminated timber products based on EPDs. Structures. 2020; 26 ():128-138.

Chicago/Turabian Style

A.M.A. Dias; J.D. Silvestre; J. de Brito. 2020. "Comparison of the environmental and structural performance of solid and glued laminated timber products based on EPDs." Structures 26, no. : 128-138.

Journal article
Published: 25 March 2020 in Applied Sciences
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This research provides a statistical analysis of the mechanical and physical properties of thermal insulating mortars developed in the laboratory and by the industry with and without the incorporation of nanomaterials. This was evaluated by carrying out a uni and bivariate analysis, principal components and factor analysis, cluster analysis, and the application of regression models. The results show that it is possible to find associations between these mortars’ properties, but also how these formulations’ development can be approached in the future to achieve better overall performance. They also show that the use of nanomaterials, namely silica aerogel, significantly improved the mortars’ thermal insulation capabilities, allowing us to obtain mortar formulations with thermal conductivities below the values presented by classic thermal insulating materials. Therefore, with this investigation, other researchers can support their product-development choices when incorporating nanomaterials to reduce mortars’ thermal conductivities, increasing their production efficiency, overall multifunctionality, and sustainability.

ACS Style

Marco Pedroso; Inês Flores-Colen; José Dinis Silvestre; Maria Da Glória Gomes. Nanomaterials’ Influence on the Performance of Thermal Insulating Mortars—A Statistical Analysis. Applied Sciences 2020, 10, 2219 .

AMA Style

Marco Pedroso, Inês Flores-Colen, José Dinis Silvestre, Maria Da Glória Gomes. Nanomaterials’ Influence on the Performance of Thermal Insulating Mortars—A Statistical Analysis. Applied Sciences. 2020; 10 (7):2219.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Marco Pedroso; Inês Flores-Colen; José Dinis Silvestre; Maria Da Glória Gomes. 2020. "Nanomaterials’ Influence on the Performance of Thermal Insulating Mortars—A Statistical Analysis." Applied Sciences 10, no. 7: 2219.