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J. Jay Dawes
Health and Human Performance Faculty, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74074, USA

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Review
Published: 13 July 2021 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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Tactical personnel work in an occupation that involves tasks requiring a high level of cardiovascular fitness as well as muscular strength and endurance. The aim of this literature review was to identify and critique studies investigating the relationship between physical fitness, quantified by fitness assessment measures, and occupational task performance. Databases were searched for relevant articles which assessed a fitness measure and a measure of occupational performance. A total of 15 articles were included and were deemed to be of acceptable methodological quality (8.4/12 on the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme checklist). Included articles assessed a variety of fitness attributes and occupational tasks. Across tactical groups, there appear to be no standardized fitness tests that can determine occupational performance, with aerobic fitness, anaerobic fitness, strength, endurance, power, and agility all being associated with occupational task performance. A wide range of fitness assessments appears to be required to predict occupational performance within tactical personnel. Efforts should be made to base fitness assessments on occupational demands unique to both the environment and requirements of each individual tactical unit.

ACS Style

Robin Orr; Takato Sakurai; Jordan Scott; Jason Movshovich; J. Dawes; Robert Lockie; Ben Schram. The Use of Fitness Testing to Predict Occupational Performance in Tactical Personnel: A Critical Review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2021, 18, 7480 .

AMA Style

Robin Orr, Takato Sakurai, Jordan Scott, Jason Movshovich, J. Dawes, Robert Lockie, Ben Schram. The Use of Fitness Testing to Predict Occupational Performance in Tactical Personnel: A Critical Review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18 (14):7480.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Robin Orr; Takato Sakurai; Jordan Scott; Jason Movshovich; J. Dawes; Robert Lockie; Ben Schram. 2021. "The Use of Fitness Testing to Predict Occupational Performance in Tactical Personnel: A Critical Review." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 14: 7480.

Journal article
Published: 10 June 2021 in Gait & Posture
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Slips, trips, falls, and jumps were the second leading cause of injuries at the fireground. The purpose of this study was to explore the effects of firefighter equipment and gear (EQG) on postural stability and determine if load per kg of body mass (L/BM) is associated with postural stability. 26 male fire cadets (26.15 ± 4.16 yr., 178.92 ± 6.92 cm, 86.61 ± 9.09 kg) were included in the analyses. Participants performed 3 single-leg landings (SLL) with and without EQG. The first 3 seconds of ground reaction forces following initial ground contact were used to calculate dynamic postural stability index (DPSI). Participants completed 2 static balance tasks (normal stability and limits of stability (LoS)) with and without EQG. Main outcome measures were overall LoS score (LoSS), direction-specific LoSS, and LoS distance (cm) of COP excursion (LoSD) in the anterior, posterior, right, and left directions. Separate paired-samples t-tests were run to determine the differences between load conditions for DPSI, overall LoSS, direction-specific LoSS, and LoSD in all directions. Bivariate correlations were conducted to determine the relationship of L/BM to DPSI, overall LoSS, and LoSS and LoSD in the anterior, posterior, right and left directions. Due to the use of multiple statistical tests, a Bonferroni correction was used, and the alpha level of .05 was adjusted to .005. DPSI was significantly higher loaded than unloaded, t(25) = -13.965, p < .001, d = 7.032, 95% CI, -0.133 to -0.099. No other comparisons were significant. A significant strong positive correlation (r(24) = .665, p < .001) was observed between L/BM and DPSI. No other correlations were significant. This study demonstrates that firefighter EQG may significantly impact a cadet’s ability to maintain postural stability while performing their duties.

ACS Style

Roger Kollock; Jacob Thomas; Davis Hale; Gabriel Sanders; Alex Long; Jay Dawes; Will Peveler. The Effects of Firefighter Equipment and Gear on the Static and Dynamic Postural Stability of Fire Cadets. Gait & Posture 2021, 88, 292 -296.

AMA Style

Roger Kollock, Jacob Thomas, Davis Hale, Gabriel Sanders, Alex Long, Jay Dawes, Will Peveler. The Effects of Firefighter Equipment and Gear on the Static and Dynamic Postural Stability of Fire Cadets. Gait & Posture. 2021; 88 ():292-296.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Roger Kollock; Jacob Thomas; Davis Hale; Gabriel Sanders; Alex Long; Jay Dawes; Will Peveler. 2021. "The Effects of Firefighter Equipment and Gear on the Static and Dynamic Postural Stability of Fire Cadets." Gait & Posture 88, no. : 292-296.

Journal article
Published: 01 March 2021 in Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research
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Čvorović, A, Kukić, F, Orr, RM, Dawes, JJ, Jeknić, V, and Stojković, M. Impact of a 12-week postgraduate training course on the body composition and physical abilities of police trainees. J Strength Cond Res 35(3): 826–832, 2021—The main objective of this study was to determine the effects of a 12-week physical training program on police trainees at the Abu Dhabi Police College. Anthropometric and fitness testing data for 325 healthy trainees, enrolled in an academic course for qualification as a police officer, were analyzed. The trainees were tested 3 times, during the initial (week 1), midpoint (week 7), and final testing (week 13) phases of the training program. The tested variables included anthropometry (body mass [BM]), body composition (body mass index [BMI]; waist circumference [WC]; waist-to-height ratio [WHtR]), upper-body muscular endurance (1-minute push-up [PU]), trunk muscular endurance (1-minute sit-up [SU]), and aerobic endurance (2.4-km run [RUN]). A 1-way analysis of variance with post hoc Bonferroni adjustment was performed to investigate the changes in anthropometry and fitness across the 3 testing periods with percentages of change calculated at each testing stage. Alpha levels were set at 0.05 a priori. Statistically significant differences (range of p values from p < 0.001 to p < 0.05) were found in all tested variables (BM, BMI, WC, WHtR, PU, SU, and RUN) and between all testing stages (initial, midpoint, and final). A progressive physical training program that incorporates mesocycles and midpoint evaluations can have a positive impact on the fitness of trainees even when undergoing a busy academy program.

ACS Style

Aleksandar Čvorović; Filip Kukić; Robin M. Orr; J. Jay Dawes; Velimir Jeknić; Miloš Stojković. Impact of a 12-Week Postgraduate Training Course on the Body Composition and Physical Abilities of Police Trainees. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 2021, 35, 826 -832.

AMA Style

Aleksandar Čvorović, Filip Kukić, Robin M. Orr, J. Jay Dawes, Velimir Jeknić, Miloš Stojković. Impact of a 12-Week Postgraduate Training Course on the Body Composition and Physical Abilities of Police Trainees. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 2021; 35 (3):826-832.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Aleksandar Čvorović; Filip Kukić; Robin M. Orr; J. Jay Dawes; Velimir Jeknić; Miloš Stojković. 2021. "Impact of a 12-Week Postgraduate Training Course on the Body Composition and Physical Abilities of Police Trainees." Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 35, no. 3: 826-832.

Journal article
Published: 01 February 2021 in Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research
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Bishop, C, Read, P, Lake, J, Loturco, I, Dawes, J, Madruga, M, Romero-Rodrigues, D, Chavda, S, and Turner, A. Unilateral isometric squat: Test reliability, interlimb asymmetries, and relationships with limb dominance. J Strength Cond Res 35(2S): S144–S151, 2021—The aim of this study was to determine test reliability, establish interlimb asymmetries and their associations with force production capability on the dominant (D) and nondominant (ND) limbs during the unilateral isometric squat test. Twenty-eight recreational sport athletes attended a single-test session after familiarization and performed 3 trials on each limb with 140° of hip and knee flexion, to assess peak force (PF), rate of force development (RFD), and impulse at different time intervals. Reliability, interlimb asymmetries, and Pearson's r correlations were computed thereafter. Test reliability was metric-dependent with only PF showing good levels of reliability on both limbs (coefficient of variation = 5.44–5.70; intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.93–0.94). Interlimb asymmetries ranged from 8.36 to 25.46%, with a tendency for RFD and impulse asymmetries to reduce as time intervals increased. Three significant negative relationships of a possible 49 (r = −0.43 to −0.47; p < 0.05) were found between asymmetries and performance on the D limb. However, 31 significant negative correlations (r = −0.42 to −0.71; p < 0.05) were found between asymmetries and performance on the ND limb. These findings demonstrate that practitioners may only be able to use PF as a reliable test metric during a unilateral isometric strength test. Furthermore, the negative association between asymmetries and strength performance on the ND limb may indicate that the reduction of imbalances through targeted training interventions may be warranted.

ACS Style

Chris Bishop; Paul Read; Jason Lake; Irineu Loturco; Jay Dawes; Marc Madruga; Daniel Romero-Rodrigues; Shyam Chavda; Anthony Turner. Unilateral Isometric Squat: Test Reliability, Interlimb Asymmetries, and Relationships With Limb Dominance. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 2021, 35, S144 -S151.

AMA Style

Chris Bishop, Paul Read, Jason Lake, Irineu Loturco, Jay Dawes, Marc Madruga, Daniel Romero-Rodrigues, Shyam Chavda, Anthony Turner. Unilateral Isometric Squat: Test Reliability, Interlimb Asymmetries, and Relationships With Limb Dominance. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 2021; 35 (1):S144-S151.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chris Bishop; Paul Read; Jason Lake; Irineu Loturco; Jay Dawes; Marc Madruga; Daniel Romero-Rodrigues; Shyam Chavda; Anthony Turner. 2021. "Unilateral Isometric Squat: Test Reliability, Interlimb Asymmetries, and Relationships With Limb Dominance." Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 35, no. 1: S144-S151.

Journal article
Published: 08 December 2020 in Nauka, bezbednost, policija
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This study evaluated the accuracy and predictive value of body mass index (BMI) in evaluation of obesity and body fatness. Data on BMI and percent body fat (PBF) were collected on 953 male police officers who were allocated into age groups: 20-29 years, 30-39 years, and 40-49 years. BMI > 30.0 kg/m2 and PBF > 25% were classified as obese, and those with lower values were classified as non-obese. Chi-square was used to evaluate the accuracy in classification in obese and non-obese when officers’ BMI was matched to PBF. Pearson’s correlation and linear regression analyses determined the prediction value of BMI. Chi-square revealed significant difference in obesity prevalence when evaluated by BMI and PBF, with classification accuracy of 44.5%-71.8%, depending on age. BMI had moderate prediction value of body fatness. If the assessment of PBF is not attainable, BMI needs to be used carefully as it is likely to underestimate obesity among police officers.

ACS Style

Filip Kukic; Jay Dawes; Jillian Joyce; Aleksandar Čvorović; Milivoj Dopsaj. ACCURACY AND PREDICTIVE CAPABILITY OF BODY MASS INDEX IN EVALUATION OF OBESITY AND BODY FATNESS LEVEL IN POLICE OFFICERS. Nauka, bezbednost, policija 2020, 25, 1 .

AMA Style

Filip Kukic, Jay Dawes, Jillian Joyce, Aleksandar Čvorović, Milivoj Dopsaj. ACCURACY AND PREDICTIVE CAPABILITY OF BODY MASS INDEX IN EVALUATION OF OBESITY AND BODY FATNESS LEVEL IN POLICE OFFICERS. Nauka, bezbednost, policija. 2020; 25 (3):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Filip Kukic; Jay Dawes; Jillian Joyce; Aleksandar Čvorović; Milivoj Dopsaj. 2020. "ACCURACY AND PREDICTIVE CAPABILITY OF BODY MASS INDEX IN EVALUATION OF OBESITY AND BODY FATNESS LEVEL IN POLICE OFFICERS." Nauka, bezbednost, policija 25, no. 3: 1.

Journal article
Published: 05 November 2020 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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This study captured heart rate (HR) responses of custody assistant (CA) recruits undertaking circuit training sessions. Data from 10 male and 12 female CA recruits were analyzed. Based on YMCA step test recovery HR, recruits were divided into higher fitness (HF; top 25%), lower fitness (LF; bottom 25%), and moderate fitness (MF; remaining recruits) groups. HR was measured during two circuit training sessions featuring calisthenics and running. HR zones were defined as: very light (95% HRmax). A one-way ANOVA, with Bonferroni post hoc, calculated between-group differences in time spent, and percentage of total time, in the HR zones. In session one, the LF group spent less time in the light training zone compared to the MF group, and more time in the very vigorous zone compared to the HF group (p = 0.027–0.047). In session two, the LF group spent more time in the moderate zone compared to both groups, and a greater percentage of time in the very vigorous zone compared to the MF group (p = 0.002–0.004). LF recruits generally worked harder during circuit training than their fitter counterparts, which supported recommendations for ability-based modifications.

ACS Style

Matthew Moreno; Karly Rodas; Ashley Bloodgood; J. Dawes; Joseph Dulla; Robin Orr; Robert Lockie. The Influence of Aerobic Fitness on Heart Rate Responses of Custody Assistant Recruits during Circuit Training Sessions. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020, 17, 8177 .

AMA Style

Matthew Moreno, Karly Rodas, Ashley Bloodgood, J. Dawes, Joseph Dulla, Robin Orr, Robert Lockie. The Influence of Aerobic Fitness on Heart Rate Responses of Custody Assistant Recruits during Circuit Training Sessions. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17 (21):8177.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Matthew Moreno; Karly Rodas; Ashley Bloodgood; J. Dawes; Joseph Dulla; Robin Orr; Robert Lockie. 2020. "The Influence of Aerobic Fitness on Heart Rate Responses of Custody Assistant Recruits during Circuit Training Sessions." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 21: 8177.

Correction
Published: 29 October 2020 in Journal of Science in Sport and Exercise
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The original version of this article, published on August 7, 2020, contained a mistake. The affiliations were incorrect. The correct affiliations of the authors are given below. 1School of Kinesiology, Applied Health and Recreation, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA 2Tactical Fitness and Nutrition Laboratory, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA 3Department of Kinesiology, California State University, Fullerton, Fullerton CA, USA 4United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, USA 5Colorado State Patrol, Golden, CO, USA 6Tactical Research Unit, Bond University, Robina, QLD, AUS School of Kinesiology, Applied Health and Recreation, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA J. Jay Dawes & Cody A. Stahl Tactical Fitness and Nutrition Laboratory, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA J. Jay Dawes & Cody A. Stahl Department of Kinesiology, California State University, Fullerton, Fullerton, CA, USA Robert G. Lockie United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, USA Jan E. Redmond Colorado State Patrol, Golden, CO, USA Charlie Kornhauser & Ryan J. Holmes Tactical Research Unit, Bond University, Robina, QLD, Australia Robin M. Orr You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar Correspondence to J. Jay Dawes. Reprints and Permissions Dawes, J.J., Stahl, C.A., Lockie, R.G. et al. Correction to: Associations Between Two Measures of Trunk Muscular Endurance Among Male Law Enforcement Officers. J. of SCI. IN SPORT AND EXERCISE (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42978-020-00078-x Download citation Published: 29 October 2020 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s42978-020-00078-x

ACS Style

J. Jay Dawes; Cody A. Stahl; Robert G. Lockie; Jan E. Redmond; Charlie Kornhauser; Ryan J. Holmes; Robin M. Orr. Correction to: Associations Between Two Measures of Trunk Muscular Endurance Among Male Law Enforcement Officers. Journal of Science in Sport and Exercise 2020, 1 -1.

AMA Style

J. Jay Dawes, Cody A. Stahl, Robert G. Lockie, Jan E. Redmond, Charlie Kornhauser, Ryan J. Holmes, Robin M. Orr. Correction to: Associations Between Two Measures of Trunk Muscular Endurance Among Male Law Enforcement Officers. Journal of Science in Sport and Exercise. 2020; ():1-1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

J. Jay Dawes; Cody A. Stahl; Robert G. Lockie; Jan E. Redmond; Charlie Kornhauser; Ryan J. Holmes; Robin M. Orr. 2020. "Correction to: Associations Between Two Measures of Trunk Muscular Endurance Among Male Law Enforcement Officers." Journal of Science in Sport and Exercise , no. : 1-1.

Journal article
Published: 15 October 2020 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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A challenge for law enforcement agencies is the many positions that need filling. Agencies may modify their applicant test battery (ATB; multilevelled testing including fitness, background checks, psychological evaluations) to increase the hiring pool of potential recruits by augmenting the utility of testing. This study determined fitness differences of law enforcement recruits hired under two different ATB protocols. Retrospective analysis was conducted on seven academy classes (442 males, 84 females) hired under an older ATB, and one class (45 males, 13 females) hired under a newer ATB. Recruits completed the following before academy: 60 s push-ups and sit-ups (muscular endurance); vertical jump (lower-body power); medicine ball throw (upper-body power); 75 yard pursuit run (75PR; change-of-direction speed); and 20 m multistage fitness test (20MSFT; aerobic fitness). Independent sample t-tests (p ≤ 0.001) and effect sizes (d) evaluated between-group fitness differences for recruits hired under the different ATB protocols (combined sexes, males, and females). There were no significant differences between the ATB groups. However, newer ATB female recruits completed 13% fewer 20MSFT shuttles than the older ATB group, which, although not significant (p = 0.007), did have a moderate effect (d = 0.62). Females hired under the newer ATB had lower aerobic fitness, which could impact physical training performance and graduation.

ACS Style

Robert G. Lockie; J. Jay Dawes; Matthew R. Moreno; Megan B. McGuire; Tomas J. Ruvalcaba; Ashley M. Bloodgood; Joseph M. Dulla; Robin M. Orr. We Need You: Influence of Hiring Demand and Modified Applicant Testing on the Physical Fitness of Law Enforcement Recruits. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020, 17, 7512 .

AMA Style

Robert G. Lockie, J. Jay Dawes, Matthew R. Moreno, Megan B. McGuire, Tomas J. Ruvalcaba, Ashley M. Bloodgood, Joseph M. Dulla, Robin M. Orr. We Need You: Influence of Hiring Demand and Modified Applicant Testing on the Physical Fitness of Law Enforcement Recruits. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17 (20):7512.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Robert G. Lockie; J. Jay Dawes; Matthew R. Moreno; Megan B. McGuire; Tomas J. Ruvalcaba; Ashley M. Bloodgood; Joseph M. Dulla; Robin M. Orr. 2020. "We Need You: Influence of Hiring Demand and Modified Applicant Testing on the Physical Fitness of Law Enforcement Recruits." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 20: 7512.

Journal article
Published: 29 September 2020 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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There is limited research examining the physical tasks that Brazilian special policemen groups can perform in the line of duty. The aims of this study were to (a) identify the occupational tasks of specialist police personnel serving in the Rapid Response Group (GRR) and Tactical Operations Command (COT), and to profile the frequency, difficulty, and importance of these tasks, and (b) to explore the current physical training these special operations police units (SOPUs) officers undertake to maintain their operational fitness. Univariate analysis for numerical variables (mean and standard deviation (SD)), as well as the absolute and relative frequencies for categorical variables were performed. Two Brazilian SOPUs performed a questionnaire with demographic, performance, and physical training sections. A total of 78 respondents (24 of the GRR and 54 of the COT) completed the survey. “Standing and/or sitting with complete equipment for long periods in different climatic conditions”, and “lifting/pushing/pulling heavier objects” were the most frequent and difficult occupational tasks of both SOPUs, respectively. “Shooting a long weapon” and “breaking a door” were the most important for GRR and COT, respectively. All officers undertook regular physical training (~9 h/week), in an unstructured manner, without supervision, and planning of physical training is carried out autonomously (COT) or a mixture of autonomously and directed (GRR), with the main objectives of developing aerobic endurance and muscle strength. It is important that SOPUs teams train their members’ physical capabilities to perform the tasks identified in this study, as well as follow a structured, supervised, and planned physical training program.

ACS Style

Eduardo Marins; Ossian Barbosa; Eduardo Machado; Robin Orr; Jay Dawes; Fabrício Del Vecchio. Profile of Self-Reported Physical Tasks and Physical Training in Brazilian Special Operations Units: A Web-Based Cross-Sectional Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020, 17, 7135 .

AMA Style

Eduardo Marins, Ossian Barbosa, Eduardo Machado, Robin Orr, Jay Dawes, Fabrício Del Vecchio. Profile of Self-Reported Physical Tasks and Physical Training in Brazilian Special Operations Units: A Web-Based Cross-Sectional Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17 (19):7135.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Eduardo Marins; Ossian Barbosa; Eduardo Machado; Robin Orr; Jay Dawes; Fabrício Del Vecchio. 2020. "Profile of Self-Reported Physical Tasks and Physical Training in Brazilian Special Operations Units: A Web-Based Cross-Sectional Study." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 19: 7135.

Journal article
Published: 25 September 2020 in Sustainability
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Law enforcement is an intermittently physically demanding job, interspersed with long periods of sedentary activity. To prepare for the physical demands of the job, law enforcement agencies enlist recruits into academies with a focus on physical training. Often, academies focus on aerobic-based exercise despite anaerobic fitness being strongly correlated to occupational tasks. The objective of this article is to analyze the changes in the fitness of police recruits during academy training. Initial and final fitness test results, encompassing muscular power, strength, endurance as well as aerobic and anaerobic fitness, were measured to analyze changes in fitness. Dependent t-tests showed significant increases (p < 0.05) across all fitness tests, with a trend towards larger increases in aerobic and muscle-endurance-based tests. Recruits from this academy tended to have higher fitness results compared to other academies and were either average or below average compared to age-matched standards in the general population. Physical training should persist for recruits beyond the academy to continue to develop fitness throughout their career. Academies should add a focus on muscular strength and power training as these measures relate to occupational tasks, which may better prepare recruits for demands they will be expected to face in the field.

ACS Style

Danny Maupin; Ben Schram; Elisa Canetti; Jay Dawes; Robert Lockie; Robin Orr. Developing the Fitness of Law Enforcement Recruits during Academy Training. Sustainability 2020, 12, 7944 .

AMA Style

Danny Maupin, Ben Schram, Elisa Canetti, Jay Dawes, Robert Lockie, Robin Orr. Developing the Fitness of Law Enforcement Recruits during Academy Training. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (19):7944.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Danny Maupin; Ben Schram; Elisa Canetti; Jay Dawes; Robert Lockie; Robin Orr. 2020. "Developing the Fitness of Law Enforcement Recruits during Academy Training." Sustainability 12, no. 19: 7944.

Review
Published: 24 September 2020 in Sustainability
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Limited evidence exists about non-specific low back pain (NSLBP) interventions among tactical personnel (police officers, firefighters, or army forces). The aim was to identify and systematically review the findings of randomized control trials (RCTs) investigating conservative interventions for the treatment NSLBP in tactical personnel. A search of seven databases for randomized controlled trials RCTs were conducted. Two independent reviewers extracted data and assessed the risk of bias (PEDro scale). Five RCTs (n = 387 military subjects; median PEDro score = 7/10) were included. The trials were highly heterogeneous, differing in pain and disability outcome measures, duration of NSLBP symptoms (acute, nonacute, nonchronic, and chronic), types of intervention (exercise, manual therapy, and physical therapy), types of control groups, and intervention durations (4–12 weeks). Two studies reported that strengthening exercise interventions were not effective for reducing pain or disability in military personnel with chronic or nonacute NSLBP. Manual therapy treatment was more effective than usual activities in current pain and pain typical symptoms in soldiers with acute NSLBP after four weeks. A multidimensional intervention reduced disability in military personnel with non-chronic NSLBP after four weeks. Strong evidence does not exist for the efficacy of any conservative interventions in the reduction of pain and disability in tactical populations with NSLBP.

ACS Style

Eduardo Marins; Eduardo Caputo; Marcelo Da Silva; Jay Dawes; Robin Orr; Cristine Lima Alberton. Conservative Interventions for Non-Specific Low Back Pain in Tactical Populations: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials. Sustainability 2020, 12, 7922 .

AMA Style

Eduardo Marins, Eduardo Caputo, Marcelo Da Silva, Jay Dawes, Robin Orr, Cristine Lima Alberton. Conservative Interventions for Non-Specific Low Back Pain in Tactical Populations: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (19):7922.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Eduardo Marins; Eduardo Caputo; Marcelo Da Silva; Jay Dawes; Robin Orr; Cristine Lima Alberton. 2020. "Conservative Interventions for Non-Specific Low Back Pain in Tactical Populations: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials." Sustainability 12, no. 19: 7922.

Journal article
Published: 18 September 2020 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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This study investigated differences in the body composition of police officers from different occupational groups and the moderation effects of leisure time physical activity (LTPA). A sample of 237 police officers (special anti-terrorist unit, gendarmerie, firefighters, and general duties) participated in the study. Body mass index (BMI), percent of body fat (%BF), percent of skeletal muscle mass (%SMM), and index of hypokinesia (IH) were assessed using a multichannel bioelectric impedance analyzer and officers reported the amount of LTPA using an international physical activity questionnaire. The sample was divided in three groups relative to LTPA, sedentary (0–149 min/week), moderately active (150–299 min/week), and very active (300+ min/week). Multiple analysis of variance (4 × 3) was used to analyze if occupational groups differed based solely on occupation, if officers from the same occupation differed in muscularity and fatness based on LTPA, and if any differences in body composition occurred between officers from different occupations with the same level of LTPA. Police officers from more physically demanding occupations demonstrated lower %BF and IH, while having higher %SMM. This was also observed among the officers of the same occupation who reported a higher LTPA, while officers who reported very high LTPA had similar body composition.

ACS Style

Filip Kukić; Katie M. Heinrich; Nenad Koropanovski; Walker S. C. Poston; Aleksandar Čvorović; J. Jay Dawes; Robin Orr; Milivoj Dopsaj. Differences in Body Composition across Police Occupations and Moderation Effects of Leisure Time Physical Activity. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020, 17, 6825 .

AMA Style

Filip Kukić, Katie M. Heinrich, Nenad Koropanovski, Walker S. C. Poston, Aleksandar Čvorović, J. Jay Dawes, Robin Orr, Milivoj Dopsaj. Differences in Body Composition across Police Occupations and Moderation Effects of Leisure Time Physical Activity. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17 (18):6825.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Filip Kukić; Katie M. Heinrich; Nenad Koropanovski; Walker S. C. Poston; Aleksandar Čvorović; J. Jay Dawes; Robin Orr; Milivoj Dopsaj. 2020. "Differences in Body Composition across Police Occupations and Moderation Effects of Leisure Time Physical Activity." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 18: 6825.

Preprint
Published: 01 September 2020
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Law enforcement is an intermittently physically demanding job, interspersed with long periods of sedentary activity. To prepare for the physical demands of the job, law enforcement agencies enlist recruits into academies with a focus on physical training. Often academies focus on aerobic based exercise despite anaerobic fitness being strongly correlated to occupational tasks. The objective of this article is to analyse the changes in fitness of police recruits during academy training. Initial and final fitness test results, encompassing muscular power, strength, endurance as well as aerobic and anaerobic fitness, were measured to analyse changes in fitness. Dependent t-tests showed significant increases (p < 0.05) across all fitness tests, with a trend towards larger increases in aerobic and muscle endurance-based tests. Recruits from this academy tended to have higher fitness results compared to other academies and were either average or below average compared to age matched standards in the general populations. Physical training should persist for recruits beyond the academy to continue develop fitness throughout their career. Academies should add a focus on muscular strength and power training as these measures relate to occupational tasks, which may better prepare recruits for demands they will be expected to face in the field.

ACS Style

Danny J. Maupin; Ben Schram; Elisa F.D. Canetti; Jay Dawes; Robert G. Lockie; Robin Orr. Developing the Fitness of Law Enforcement Recruits during Academy Training. 2020, 1 .

AMA Style

Danny J. Maupin, Ben Schram, Elisa F.D. Canetti, Jay Dawes, Robert G. Lockie, Robin Orr. Developing the Fitness of Law Enforcement Recruits during Academy Training. . 2020; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Danny J. Maupin; Ben Schram; Elisa F.D. Canetti; Jay Dawes; Robert G. Lockie; Robin Orr. 2020. "Developing the Fitness of Law Enforcement Recruits during Academy Training." , no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 13 August 2020 in Sustainability
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Physical fitness is an important aspect of physical health and wellbeing. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of 11-weeks of formal strength and conditioning training conducted during fire academy training on the physical fitness characteristics of firefighter trainees. Archived physical fitness data for 23 male fire academy trainees (age: 27.6 ± 4.3 y; height: 178.5 ± 6.9 cm; body mass [BM]: 83.9 ± 1.8 kg; BM index [BMI]: 26.8 ± 2.8 kg/m2) were analyzed for this study. These data included vertical jump height, maximum pull-up repetitions, hand grip strength, lower-body strength (3RM Hexbar) and aerobic fitness. Trainees performed three sessions per week (two resistance training sessions and one aerobic conditioning session) in addition to fire academy training. A repeated measures ANOVA revealed significant (p < 0.05) pre-post decreases in BM and BMI and significant increases in upper- and lower-body strength, and aerobic fitness. Strength and conditioning programs are beneficial for improving firefighter trainees’ physical fitness even when run concurrently with fire academy training and with limited space and equipment. This increased fitness may aid in mitigating known occupational injury risks to this population and improve task performance.

ACS Style

Brandon Stone; Brent Alvar; Robin Orr; Robert Lockie; Quincy Johnson; Jonathan Goatcher; J. Dawes. Impact of an 11-Week Strength and Conditioning Program on Firefighter Trainee Fitness. Sustainability 2020, 12, 6541 .

AMA Style

Brandon Stone, Brent Alvar, Robin Orr, Robert Lockie, Quincy Johnson, Jonathan Goatcher, J. Dawes. Impact of an 11-Week Strength and Conditioning Program on Firefighter Trainee Fitness. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (16):6541.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Brandon Stone; Brent Alvar; Robin Orr; Robert Lockie; Quincy Johnson; Jonathan Goatcher; J. Dawes. 2020. "Impact of an 11-Week Strength and Conditioning Program on Firefighter Trainee Fitness." Sustainability 12, no. 16: 6541.

Original article
Published: 07 August 2020 in Journal of Science in Sport and Exercise
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The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between two measures of trunk muscular endurance. Retrospective data for 520 male law enforcement officers (age 40.16 ± 7.71 years; height = 1.81 ± 0.07 m; body mass = 94.4 ± 15.01 kg) belonging to a single US based law enforcement agency were used for this analysis. The data provided included: age, height, body mass, sit-up repetitions completed in 1-min (SU) and time to completion for the isometric prone plank (IPP). A Pearson’s product correlation coefficient was used to determine the relationships between the SU and IPP. Significant (P < 0.001) moderate (r = 0.594, R2 = 0.352) relationships were discovered between the SU and IPP. Based on the results of this study it appears that both the SU and IPP tests are appropriate for evaluating trunk muscular endurance, but measure separate qualities (i.e., dynamic and static muscular endurance).

ACS Style

J. Jay Dawes; Cody A. Stahl; Robert G. Lockie; Jan E. Redmond; Charles L. Kornhauser; Ryan J. Holmes; Robin Orr. Associations Between Two Measures of Trunk Muscular Endurance Among Male Law Enforcement Officers. Journal of Science in Sport and Exercise 2020, 1 -5.

AMA Style

J. Jay Dawes, Cody A. Stahl, Robert G. Lockie, Jan E. Redmond, Charles L. Kornhauser, Ryan J. Holmes, Robin Orr. Associations Between Two Measures of Trunk Muscular Endurance Among Male Law Enforcement Officers. Journal of Science in Sport and Exercise. 2020; ():1-5.

Chicago/Turabian Style

J. Jay Dawes; Cody A. Stahl; Robert G. Lockie; Jan E. Redmond; Charles L. Kornhauser; Ryan J. Holmes; Robin Orr. 2020. "Associations Between Two Measures of Trunk Muscular Endurance Among Male Law Enforcement Officers." Journal of Science in Sport and Exercise , no. : 1-5.

Journal article
Published: 01 June 2020 in Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research
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Lockie, RG, Ruvalcaba, TR, Stierli, M, Dulla, JM, Dawes, JJ, and Orr, RM. Waist circumference and waist-to-hip ratio in law enforcement agency recruits: relationship to performance in physical fitness tests. J Strength Cond Res 34(6): 1666–1675, 2020—Law enforcement agencies (LEAs) use tests to assess recruit physical fitness. Body fat can influence test performance but is difficult to measure during academy because of time, equipment constraints, and instructor knowledge. This study examined relationships between waist circumference (WC) and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), practical measures of fat distribution, and fitness test performance. Retrospective analysis of 267 LEA recruits (age: ∼28 years; height: ∼1.73 m; and body mass: ∼80 kg; 219 males and 48 females) was conducted. The tests included: WC and WHR; grip strength; push-ups, sit-ups, and arm ergometer revolutions in 60 seconds; vertical jump (VJ); medicine ball throw; 75-yd pursuit run (75PR); and multistage fitness test (MSFT) shuttles. Partial correlations, controlling for sex, calculated relationships between WC, WHR, and the fitness tests. Recruits were split into quartile groups (based on the sample size) for WC and WHR (group 1 had the lowest WC and WHR; and group 4 the highest). A 1-way multivariate analysis of variance, with sex as a covariate and Bonferroni post hoc, compared between-group test performance. A greater WC related to lesser push-up, sit-up, VJ, 75PR, and MSFT performance (p ≤ 0.024). When recruits were split into WC groups, group 4 had lesser performance in push-ups, sit-ups, VJ, and the 75PR compared with all groups (p ≤ 0.038). When split into WHR groups, group 4 performed less push-ups than group 1, less MSFT shuttles than group 3, and had a lower VJ compared with all groups (p ≤ 0.042). Recruits with a greater WC tended to have poorer fitness test performance.

ACS Style

Robert G. Lockie; Tomas R. Ruvalcaba; Michael Stierli; Joseph M. Dulla; J. Jay Dawes; Robin M. Orr. Waist Circumference and Waist-to-Hip Ratio in Law Enforcement Agency Recruits: Relationship to Performance in Physical Fitness Tests. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 2020, 34, 1666 -1675.

AMA Style

Robert G. Lockie, Tomas R. Ruvalcaba, Michael Stierli, Joseph M. Dulla, J. Jay Dawes, Robin M. Orr. Waist Circumference and Waist-to-Hip Ratio in Law Enforcement Agency Recruits: Relationship to Performance in Physical Fitness Tests. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 2020; 34 (6):1666-1675.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Robert G. Lockie; Tomas R. Ruvalcaba; Michael Stierli; Joseph M. Dulla; J. Jay Dawes; Robin M. Orr. 2020. "Waist Circumference and Waist-to-Hip Ratio in Law Enforcement Agency Recruits: Relationship to Performance in Physical Fitness Tests." Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 34, no. 6: 1666-1675.

Journal article
Published: 01 April 2020 in Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research
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Marins, EF, Cabistany, L, Farias, CB, Dawes, J, and Del Vecchio, FB. Effects of personal protective equipment on metabolism and performance during an Occupational Physical Ability Test for Federal Highway Police officers. J Strength Cond Res 34(4): 1093–1102, 2020—Federal Highway Police (FHP) officers perform their duties while wearing personal protective equipment (PPE). Given the need for officers to wear PPE, it is important to understand the effects this additional load can have on occupational performance. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of load carriage on physiological, perceptual, and performance responses during an Occupational Physical Ability Test (OPAT). Thirteen male FHP officers completed an OPAT with PPE (WPPE, load = 12.0 kg) and without PPE (NPPE, load = 5.2 kg) in 2 separate sessions in a randomized and counterbalanced order. Metabolic responses (heart rate [HR] and its variability, and blood lactate concentration [Lac]), perceptual (rating of perceived exertion [RPE]), and OPAT performance were measured. Paired t and Wilcoxon tests were used to identify differences between conditions, and 2-way analysis of variance with Bonferroni post hoc was performed to analyze the results of Lac between the conditions. Occupational Physical Ability Test completion time was significantly greater in the WPPE condition compared with the NPPE condition (125.9 ± 13.8 vs. 118.3 ± 11 seconds, p < 0.01). Lac after the OPAT was higher in the NPPE condition compared with the WPPE (respectively 11.7 ± 2.7 vs. 9.6 ± 1.5 mmol·L−1, p < 0.05). The HRmax (NPPE = 180.5 ± 8.9 vs. WPPE = 178.3 ± 6.6 b·min–1, p = 0.44) and RPE (NPPE = 8.6 ± 0.8 vs. WPPE = 8.7 ± 1.0, p = 0.77) were not different between conditions. Personal protective equipment reduces performance in specific occupational circuit, changing Lac but without affecting HR and RPE. Strength and conditioning programs for FHP should aim to reduce the negative impact of additional load associate with wearing PPE.

ACS Style

Eduardo Frio Marins; Leo Cabistany; Charles Farias; Jay Dawes; Fabrício Boscolo Del Vecchio. Effects of Personal Protective Equipment on Metabolism and Performance During an Occupational Physical Ability Test for Federal Highway Police Officers. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 2020, 34, 1093 -1102.

AMA Style

Eduardo Frio Marins, Leo Cabistany, Charles Farias, Jay Dawes, Fabrício Boscolo Del Vecchio. Effects of Personal Protective Equipment on Metabolism and Performance During an Occupational Physical Ability Test for Federal Highway Police Officers. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 2020; 34 (4):1093-1102.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Eduardo Frio Marins; Leo Cabistany; Charles Farias; Jay Dawes; Fabrício Boscolo Del Vecchio. 2020. "Effects of Personal Protective Equipment on Metabolism and Performance During an Occupational Physical Ability Test for Federal Highway Police Officers." Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 34, no. 4: 1093-1102.

Randomized controlled trial
Published: 01 January 2020 in Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research
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Marins, EF, Cabistany, L, Bartel, C, Dawes, J, and Del Vecchio, FB. Effects of personal protective equipment on the performance of Federal Highway Policemen in physical fitness tests. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000–000, 2019—Personal protective equipment (PPE), worn by police officers, provi

ACS Style

Eduardo Marins; Leo Cabistany; Charles Bartel; Jay Dawes; Fabrício Boscolo Del Vecchio. Effects of Personal Protective Equipment on the Performance of Federal Highway Policemen in Physical Fitness Tests. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 2020, 34, 11 -19.

AMA Style

Eduardo Marins, Leo Cabistany, Charles Bartel, Jay Dawes, Fabrício Boscolo Del Vecchio. Effects of Personal Protective Equipment on the Performance of Federal Highway Policemen in Physical Fitness Tests. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 2020; 34 (1):11-19.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Eduardo Marins; Leo Cabistany; Charles Bartel; Jay Dawes; Fabrício Boscolo Del Vecchio. 2020. "Effects of Personal Protective Equipment on the Performance of Federal Highway Policemen in Physical Fitness Tests." Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 34, no. 1: 11-19.

Journal article
Published: 01 December 2019 in The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness
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Police institutions often use Occupational Physical Ability Tests (OPATs) as a measure of occupational performance. These tests are utilized to mimic the daily and essential tasks performed by the police officers, but few are performed with load carriage (LC). The purpose of this study was to examine the physical performance predictors of an OPAT performed without (NPPE) and with (WPPE) LC. Thirteen federal highway police officers (age: 36.8±3.7 years, body mass: 89±10.7 kg, height: 180±5.6 cm) volunteered to complete a battery of physical fitness tests (aerobic power and capacity, muscular endurance, lower limb power, upper limb strength, agility and anaerobic power) and anthropometrics. Occupational performance was measured by the total OPAT time consisting of 7 sequential police tasks. All subjects randomly completed the tests on both LC conditions. Agility (P<0.01), lower limb power and height (P<0.05) were significantly related to performance in the NPPE OPAT. In the WPPE condition, aerobic power (absolute and relative) (P<0.01), lower limb power and agility (P<0.05). The best predictors for OPAT performance were agility (R2=0.45, P<0.01) in the NPPE condition, as well as relative aerobic power, upper limb strength and agility in the WPPE condition (R2=0.81, P<0.01). Different conditions of LC have distinct occupational performance predictors. Thus, considering LC, physical exercise programs aimed at improving police occupational performance should aim at improving agility, upper limb strength and aerobic fitness.

ACS Style

Eduardo Frio Marins; Leo Cabistany; Charles Bartel; J Jay Dawes; Fabrício Boscolo Del Vecchio. Aerobic fitness, upper-body strength and agility predict performance on an occupational physical ability test among police officers while wearing personal protective equipment. The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness 2019, 59, 1835 -1844.

AMA Style

Eduardo Frio Marins, Leo Cabistany, Charles Bartel, J Jay Dawes, Fabrício Boscolo Del Vecchio. Aerobic fitness, upper-body strength and agility predict performance on an occupational physical ability test among police officers while wearing personal protective equipment. The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness. 2019; 59 (11):1835-1844.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Eduardo Frio Marins; Leo Cabistany; Charles Bartel; J Jay Dawes; Fabrício Boscolo Del Vecchio. 2019. "Aerobic fitness, upper-body strength and agility predict performance on an occupational physical ability test among police officers while wearing personal protective equipment." The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness 59, no. 11: 1835-1844.

Journal article
Published: 27 November 2019 in Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research
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Post, BK, Dawes, JJ, and Lockie, RG. Relationships between tests of strength, power, and speed and the 75-yard pursuit run. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000–000, 2019—The 75-yard pursuit run (75 PR) was designed to simulate a foot pursuit for law enforcement officers (LEOs). Currently, there has been no analysis of contributing physiological factors to performance in this test. The study purpose was to determine the relationships between the 75 PR and tests of linear speed, change-of-direction (COD) speed, and lower-body power and strength. Forty-three subjects (21 men and 22 women) completed 2 testing days. Day 1 consisted of the 75 PR, and linear speed (5- and 20-m sprint intervals) and lower-body power (standing broad jump, best lateral jump regardless of leg) tests. Day 2 included the COD speed (Illinois agility test [IAT], best 505 regardless of leg), lower-body power (vertical jump [VJ]), and strength (isometric mid-thigh pull: peak force, normalized peak force [nPF]) tests. Pearson's (men and women) and partial (combined controlling for sex) correlations (p r

ACS Style

Brett K. Post; Jay Dawes; Robert G. Lockie. Relationships Between Tests of Strength, Power, and Speed and the 75-Yard Pursuit Run. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 2019, Publish Ah, 1 .

AMA Style

Brett K. Post, Jay Dawes, Robert G. Lockie. Relationships Between Tests of Strength, Power, and Speed and the 75-Yard Pursuit Run. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 2019; Publish Ah ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Brett K. Post; Jay Dawes; Robert G. Lockie. 2019. "Relationships Between Tests of Strength, Power, and Speed and the 75-Yard Pursuit Run." Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research Publish Ah, no. : 1.