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Prof. Dr. Beverly Metcalfe
Visiting Professor International Management and Development, USEK Lebanon and PSU, Saudi Arabia

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Research Keywords & Expertise

0 Educational Leadership
0 Women's leadership in MENA/Africa
0 HRD and HRM, international development and sustainability
0 Entrepreneurship/social entrepreneurship in the GCC and Middle East
0 NGOs and social change

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Journal article
Published: 17 November 2019 in Sustainability
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Entrepreneurship is increasingly popular among policy makers worldwide to promote and achieve economic development and growth. However, entrepreneurship rates differ from one country to another, and particularly the number of women entrepreneurs is still significantly lower than the number of male entrepreneurs in many contexts. In the present paper, we critically assess how country measures of gender inequality shape men and women’s entrepreneurial intentions, which were shown in literature to be excellent predictors of the establishment of new ventures. We analyze the direct and moderating effects of gender inequality on important individual-level antecedents of entrepreneurial intention. The United Nations Development Program (UNDP) identified gender inequality as a key contributor to the loss of human development and declared “gender equality” as a sustainable development goal (SDG) in the UN 2030 agenda. Our research draws on the gender inequality index and GEM data from nine Middle Eastern and North African (MENA) countries. Our results show that a culture of inequality leads to limited entrepreneurial behavior by both men and women in a population.

ACS Style

Bettina Lynda Bastian; Beverly Dawn Metcalfe; Mohammad Reza Zali. Gender Inequality: Entrepreneurship Development in the MENA Region. Sustainability 2019, 11, 6472 .

AMA Style

Bettina Lynda Bastian, Beverly Dawn Metcalfe, Mohammad Reza Zali. Gender Inequality: Entrepreneurship Development in the MENA Region. Sustainability. 2019; 11 (22):6472.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Bettina Lynda Bastian; Beverly Dawn Metcalfe; Mohammad Reza Zali. 2019. "Gender Inequality: Entrepreneurship Development in the MENA Region." Sustainability 11, no. 22: 6472.

Peer reviewed articles
Published: 07 November 2008 in Human Resource Development International
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A burgeoning amount of scholarship has attempted to unravel critical approaches to investigating human resource development (HRD). There are limited critiques, however, of gender, diversity and the intersections of these deliberations within HRD theorizing. Adopting a feminist poststructuralist approach, this paper advances critical understandings of HRD by challenging epistemological and dominant theorizing in HRD. The author examines what it means when HRD writings are said to be gendered; how the political and processual dynamics of doing HRD can be understood; how the differences for doing gender, doing HRD and embodying HRD can be unravelled; and how feminist modes of inquiry can engender the value of embodied reflexivity. Weaving together literature strands from gender and education, gender and organization, and women's studies and feminist writings, the paper provides a foundational framework for how HRD scholars can re-imagine new knowledge and inject notions of the feminine and difference in HRD writings. The analysis focuses on three interrelated areas and their implications for feminist critique: the importance of examining language and discourse in HRD; the performing body in HRD; and, finally, feminist embodied reflexivity. It is argued that the HRD scholarly community should consider critical modes of inquiry to refresh and renew HRD theory building, specifically that we should examine conceptualizations of the feminine and difference in HRD writings in order to aid transformational practice.

ACS Style

Beverly Dawn Metcalfe. A feminist poststructuralist analysis of HRD: why bodies, power and reflexivity matter. Human Resource Development International 2008, 11, 447 -463.

AMA Style

Beverly Dawn Metcalfe. A feminist poststructuralist analysis of HRD: why bodies, power and reflexivity matter. Human Resource Development International. 2008; 11 (5):447-463.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Beverly Dawn Metcalfe. 2008. "A feminist poststructuralist analysis of HRD: why bodies, power and reflexivity matter." Human Resource Development International 11, no. 5: 447-463.