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Ms. Emily Hall
Nottingham Trent University, United Kingdom

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Research Keywords & Expertise

0 Thermometry
0 Heat-related illness
0 Heat stroke
0 Canine athlete
0 Exertional hyperthermia

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Heat-related illness
Heat stroke

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Short Biography

Emily is a veterinary surgeon and senior lecturer in veterinary nursing science at Nottingham Trent University. Her research interests include temperature monitoring in companion animals, canine heat-related illness and supporting clinical skill development in student veterinary nurses.

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Journal article
Published: 25 March 2021 in Scientific Reports
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Heat-related illness is a potentially fatal condition in dogs. Rapid and accurate recognition of the severity can improve clinical management in affected dogs and lead to better outcomes. This study explored retrospective VetCompass veterinary clinical records to investigate the clinical signs recorded for dogs presenting with heat-related illness to primary-care veterinary practice from 2016 to 2018. The relative risk of death associated with these clinical signs was reported and used to develop a novel clinical grading tool. From the clinical records of 856 heat-related illness events, the most frequently recorded clinical signs were respiratory changes (68.73%) and lethargy (47.79%). The clinical signs with the highest relative risk of death were neurological dysfunction, gastrointestinal haemorrhage and bleeding disorders. The novel VetCompass Clinical Grading Tool for Heat-Related Illness in dogs defines three grades: mild (altered respiration, lethargy), moderate (gastrointestinal signs, a single seizure, episodic collapse) and severe (neurological dysfunction, gastrointestinal haemorrhage, bleeding disorders). This novel grading tool offers a simple, evidence-based device to improve recognition of heat-related illness in dogs and promote improved decision-making for earlier interventions such as cooling and hospitalisation. This could improve outcomes and protect the welfare of dogs in the face of rising global temperatures.

ACS Style

Emily J. Hall; Anne J. Carter; Jude Bradbury; Dominic Barfield; Dan G. O’Neill. Proposing the VetCompass clinical grading tool for heat-related illness in dogs. Scientific Reports 2021, 11, 1 -11.

AMA Style

Emily J. Hall, Anne J. Carter, Jude Bradbury, Dominic Barfield, Dan G. O’Neill. Proposing the VetCompass clinical grading tool for heat-related illness in dogs. Scientific Reports. 2021; 11 (1):1-11.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Emily J. Hall; Anne J. Carter; Jude Bradbury; Dominic Barfield; Dan G. O’Neill. 2021. "Proposing the VetCompass clinical grading tool for heat-related illness in dogs." Scientific Reports 11, no. 1: 1-11.

Clinical
Published: 02 January 2021 in Veterinary Nursing Journal
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Measuring body temperature is a key part of a thorough clinical examination. Deviations from the normal range can be life-threatening and require immediate action. Despite temperature measurement being one of the most commonly measured clinical parameters – the T in TPR – there is little robust, evidence-based veterinary literature available to support the normal temperature range for many companion animals. There is also limited information on normal temperature ranges for different anatomical sites. This review will outline the options available for monitoring body temperature, the limitations of the thermometers available and the need for more research into this “hot topic”.

ACS Style

Emily J. Hall. Keeping your cool monitoring body temperature. Veterinary Nursing Journal 2021, 36, 19 -23.

AMA Style

Emily J. Hall. Keeping your cool monitoring body temperature. Veterinary Nursing Journal. 2021; 36 (1):19-23.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Emily J. Hall. 2021. "Keeping your cool monitoring body temperature." Veterinary Nursing Journal 36, no. 1: 19-23.

Journal article
Published: 05 December 2020 in Animals
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Elective health checks form an important part of the preventative healthcare of many zoo-housed animals. These procedures are not without risk or financial expenditure, meaning careful cost–benefit analysis is required when determining the frequency and intensity with which they are implemented. This study evaluated the value of elective health checks (n = 74) carried out on 33 gibbons at a single UK zoological collection from 2011 to 2018. Data were categorised by health check type, animal age, clinical findings and outcome. Univariable binary logistic regression and multivariable modelling were used to identify factors associated with the likelihood of actionable (clinically significant) outcomes. In total, 51.35% of all elective health checks resulted in an actionable outcome. Elderly heath checks had 13.64 times greater odds of an actionable outcome and 34 times greater odds of a significant radiographic finding, when compared to routine (non-elderly) health checks. Our findings suggest that 75% wild longevity is a suitable threshold for identifying elderly captive gibbons and increasing health check frequency. Whilst further work is needed to ascertain whether these findings can be extrapolated to other collections and/or species, this study demonstrates how the analysis of clinical data can aid in the implementation of an effective and evidence-based preventative healthcare plan.

ACS Style

Tawny Kershaw; Emily J. Hall; Phillipa Dobbs; Matyas Liptovszky; Victoria Strong. An Exploration of the Value of Elective Health Checks in UK Zoo-Housed Gibbons. Animals 2020, 10, 2307 .

AMA Style

Tawny Kershaw, Emily J. Hall, Phillipa Dobbs, Matyas Liptovszky, Victoria Strong. An Exploration of the Value of Elective Health Checks in UK Zoo-Housed Gibbons. Animals. 2020; 10 (12):2307.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Tawny Kershaw; Emily J. Hall; Phillipa Dobbs; Matyas Liptovszky; Victoria Strong. 2020. "An Exploration of the Value of Elective Health Checks in UK Zoo-Housed Gibbons." Animals 10, no. 12: 2307.

Journal article
Published: 14 August 2020 in Open Veterinary Journal
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Background: Dogs are regularly transported or housed in vehicles, with guidelines for housing dogs suggesting that the ambient temperature should be maintained between 15°C and 24°C. Veterinary drugs are routinely stored and carried in vehicles providing ambulatory veterinary care. Non-refrigerated medications typically require storage between 8°C and 25°C.Aim: This study aims to investigate the potential for thermal stress associated with vehicular storage and transportation of drugs and dogs in a temperate climate, such as the United Kingdom.Methods: The study used data loggers to continuously record internal temperatures of four vehicles at 15-minute intervals over a two-year period, to investigate the effect of seasonality and time of day on the internal car temperature.Results: The internal car temperature ranged from −7.4°C to 54.5°C during the study period. Temperatures fell below 8°C every month, except June and July. The internal car temperature exceeded typical drug storage recommendations (>25°C) during every month, and exceeded the canine thermoneutral zone (>35°C) from April to September. Peak temperatures occurred between 14:00 and 17:00 hours.Conclusion: The results demonstrate the year-round potential for thermal stress of both dogs and drugs left in cars. Public awareness campaigns highlighting the risks of leaving dogs in hot cars are typically launched in late spring, but should consider launching earlier in light of these findings. Veterinary surgeons transporting drugs should take measures to ensure that drugs are stored within the manufacturer’s temperature range year-round. This will limit the potential for drug degradation and decreased efficacy. Keywords: Car temperature, Drug storage, Dog transport, Thermal stress.

ACS Style

Anne J. Carter; Emily Hall; Sophie L. Connoll; Zoe F. Russell; Kirsty Mitchell. Drugs, dogs, and driving: the potential for year-round thermal stress in UK vehicles. Open Veterinary Journal 2020, 10, 216–225 -216–225.

AMA Style

Anne J. Carter, Emily Hall, Sophie L. Connoll, Zoe F. Russell, Kirsty Mitchell. Drugs, dogs, and driving: the potential for year-round thermal stress in UK vehicles. Open Veterinary Journal. 2020; 10 (2):216–225-216–225.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Anne J. Carter; Emily Hall; Sophie L. Connoll; Zoe F. Russell; Kirsty Mitchell. 2020. "Drugs, dogs, and driving: the potential for year-round thermal stress in UK vehicles." Open Veterinary Journal 10, no. 2: 216–225-216–225.

Feature
Published: 02 August 2020 in Veterinary Nursing Journal
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Objective structured clinical examinations (OSCEs) are high-stakes, stressful assessments for both examiners and students under any circumstances. During the COVID-19 global pandemic, a UK wide lockdown resulted in a temporary postponement of all veterinary nursing practical assessments, until appropriate procedures and government sanctions permitted OSCEs to be carried out in a safe environment. This is a reflective account of holding OSCE style assessments using a social distancing protocol, highlighting the positive impact these measures had on student assessment experience.

ACS Style

Alison Simpson; Matthew Hall; Emily J. Hall. Reflecting on holding high-stakes OSCE style assessments in a COVID-19 environment. Veterinary Nursing Journal 2020, 35, 246 -250.

AMA Style

Alison Simpson, Matthew Hall, Emily J. Hall. Reflecting on holding high-stakes OSCE style assessments in a COVID-19 environment. Veterinary Nursing Journal. 2020; 35 (8):246-250.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Alison Simpson; Matthew Hall; Emily J. Hall. 2020. "Reflecting on holding high-stakes OSCE style assessments in a COVID-19 environment." Veterinary Nursing Journal 35, no. 8: 246-250.

Journal article
Published: 31 July 2020 in Animals
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Heat-related illness will affect increasing numbers of dogs as global temperatures rise unless effective mitigation strategies are implemented. This study aimed to identify the key triggers of heat-related illness in dogs and investigate canine risk factors for the most common triggers in UK dogs. Using the VetCompassTM programme, de-identified electronic patient records of 905,543 dogs under primary veterinary care in 2016 were reviewed to identify 1259 heat-related illness events from 1222 dogs. Exertional heat-related illness was the predominant trigger (74.2% of events), followed by environmental (12.9%) and vehicular confinement (5.2%). Canine and human risk factors appear similar; young male dogs had greater odds of exertional heat-related illness, older dogs and dogs with respiratory compromise had the greatest odds of environmental heat-related illness. Brachycephalic dogs had greater odds of all three types of heat-related illness compared with mesocephalic dogs. The odds of death following vehicular heat-related illness (OR 1.47, p = 0.492) was similar to that of exertional heat-related illness. In the UK, exertional heat-related illness affects more dogs, and kills more dogs, than confinement in a hot vehicle. Campaigns to raise public awareness about heat-related illness in dogs need to highlight that dogs don’t die just in hot cars.

ACS Style

Emily J. Hall; Anne J. Carter; Dan G. O’Neill. Dogs Don’t Die Just in Hot Cars—Exertional Heat-Related Illness (Heatstroke) Is a Greater Threat to UK Dogs. Animals 2020, 10, 1324 .

AMA Style

Emily J. Hall, Anne J. Carter, Dan G. O’Neill. Dogs Don’t Die Just in Hot Cars—Exertional Heat-Related Illness (Heatstroke) Is a Greater Threat to UK Dogs. Animals. 2020; 10 (8):1324.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Emily J. Hall; Anne J. Carter; Dan G. O’Neill. 2020. "Dogs Don’t Die Just in Hot Cars—Exertional Heat-Related Illness (Heatstroke) Is a Greater Threat to UK Dogs." Animals 10, no. 8: 1324.

Journal article
Published: 18 June 2020 in Scientific Reports
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As climate change causes global temperatures to rise, heat-related illness, a potentially fatal condition in dogs, will become an ever-greater threat. This study aimed to report the incidence, fatality and canine risk factors of heat-related illness in UK dogs under primary veterinary care in 2016. The VetCompassTM programme collects de-identified electronic patient records from UK veterinary practices for research. From the clinical records of 905,543 dogs under veterinary care in 2016, 395 confirmed heat-related illness events were identified. The estimated 2016 incidence of heat-related illness was 0.04% (95% CI 0.04-0.05%), with an event fatality rate of 14.18% (95% CI 11.08 – 17.96%). Multivariable analysis identified significant risk factors including breed (e.g. Chow Chow, Bulldog and French Bulldog), higher bodyweight relative to the breed/sex mean and being over two years of age. Dogs with a brachycephalic skull shape and dogs weighing over 50 kg were also at greater risk. As we move into an ever-warmer world, veterinary professionals may need to include resistance to heat-related illness amongst their rationales when advising owners on breed selection. Breeding for good respiratory function and maintaining a healthy bodyweight should be considered key welfare priorities for all dogs to limit the risk of heat-related illness.

ACS Style

Emily J. Hall; Anne J. Carter; Dan G. O’Neill. Incidence and risk factors for heat-related illness (heatstroke) in UK dogs under primary veterinary care in 2016. Scientific Reports 2020, 10, 1 -12.

AMA Style

Emily J. Hall, Anne J. Carter, Dan G. O’Neill. Incidence and risk factors for heat-related illness (heatstroke) in UK dogs under primary veterinary care in 2016. Scientific Reports. 2020; 10 (1):1-12.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Emily J. Hall; Anne J. Carter; Dan G. O’Neill. 2020. "Incidence and risk factors for heat-related illness (heatstroke) in UK dogs under primary veterinary care in 2016." Scientific Reports 10, no. 1: 1-12.

Conference paper
Published: 01 April 2020 in BSAVA Congress Proceedings 2020
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BSAVA library: We promote excellence in small animal practice through education and science. Online Library contains Manuals, Guides, Formularies and other content from the BSAVA.

ACS Style

Emily Hall; Anne Carter; Dan O’Neill. Hot dogs — Which dog types have highest risk of heat related illness in the UK? BSAVA Congress Proceedings 2020 2020, 384 -384.

AMA Style

Emily Hall, Anne Carter, Dan O’Neill. Hot dogs — Which dog types have highest risk of heat related illness in the UK? BSAVA Congress Proceedings 2020. 2020; ():384-384.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Emily Hall; Anne Carter; Dan O’Neill. 2020. "Hot dogs — Which dog types have highest risk of heat related illness in the UK?" BSAVA Congress Proceedings 2020 , no. : 384-384.

Conference paper
Published: 01 April 2020 in BSAVA Congress Proceedings 2020
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BSAVA library: We promote excellence in small animal practice through education and science. Online Library contains Manuals, Guides, Formularies and other content from the BSAVA.

ACS Style

Emily Hall; Anne Carter; Dan O’Neill. Hot dogs – What triggers fan the flames of heat related illness for UK dogs? BSAVA Congress Proceedings 2020 2020, 385 -385.

AMA Style

Emily Hall, Anne Carter, Dan O’Neill. Hot dogs – What triggers fan the flames of heat related illness for UK dogs? BSAVA Congress Proceedings 2020. 2020; ():385-385.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Emily Hall; Anne Carter; Dan O’Neill. 2020. "Hot dogs – What triggers fan the flames of heat related illness for UK dogs?" BSAVA Congress Proceedings 2020 , no. : 385-385.

Feature
Published: 23 May 2019 in Veterinary Nursing Journal
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Assessing clinical competence in medical professionals typically involves both work-based assessment and simulated clinical examinations. Student veterinary nurses are assessed through the Nursing Progress Log during placement, then by means of practical examinations – objective structured clinical examinations (OSCEs). Time-constrained scenario-based practical examinations (TSPEs) are adapted from traditional OSCEs, including assessment of similar practical skills, but by means of a single patient scenario. This article introduces the theory behind using TSPEs and covers practical considerations for course teams considering adopting this assessment style.

ACS Style

Emily J. Hall; Alison Simpson; Heather Imrie; Nicola Ruedisueli. Time-constrained scenario-based practical examinations (TSPEs): an alternative to OSCEs? Veterinary Nursing Journal 2019, 34, 154 -158.

AMA Style

Emily J. Hall, Alison Simpson, Heather Imrie, Nicola Ruedisueli. Time-constrained scenario-based practical examinations (TSPEs): an alternative to OSCEs? Veterinary Nursing Journal. 2019; 34 (6):154-158.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Emily J. Hall; Alison Simpson; Heather Imrie; Nicola Ruedisueli. 2019. "Time-constrained scenario-based practical examinations (TSPEs): an alternative to OSCEs?" Veterinary Nursing Journal 34, no. 6: 154-158.

Clinical
Published: 14 March 2019 in Veterinary Nursing Journal
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This study investigated the accuracy of two animal specific non-contact infrared thermometers (Rycom and Thermofocus) when compared to rectal temperature in healthy horses. One hundred rectal and eye temperatures were measured in 22 horses. Fewer than 50% of the readings taken with the Thermofocus device were within ± 0.5°C of rectal temperature. Over 80% of eye temperature readings taken with the Rycom device were within ± 0.5°C of rectal temperature measured from the medial canthus region. The Rycom thermometer also appears to detect hyperthermia when measuring the left eye temperature; however, clinical patient testing is needed before its use can be recommended.

ACS Style

Anne J. Carter; Aleksandra Dimitrova; Emily J. Hall. Field testing two animal-specific non-contact thermometers on healthy horses. Veterinary Nursing Journal 2019, 34, 96 -101.

AMA Style

Anne J. Carter, Aleksandra Dimitrova, Emily J. Hall. Field testing two animal-specific non-contact thermometers on healthy horses. Veterinary Nursing Journal. 2019; 34 (4):96-101.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Anne J. Carter; Aleksandra Dimitrova; Emily J. Hall. 2019. "Field testing two animal-specific non-contact thermometers on healthy horses." Veterinary Nursing Journal 34, no. 4: 96-101.

Journal article
Published: 02 March 2019 in The Veterinary Nurse
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Background:Non-contact infrared thermometers (NCIT) provide a quick, hands off method of monitoring patients' body temperature. There are now animal specific NCIT devices available, however evidence for their use is currently lacking.Aims:To evaluate the accuracy of two animal NCIT devices when compared with rectal temperature in anaesthetised cats, and ear temperatures in exercising dogs.Methods:27 cats undergoing routine neutering under anaesthetic, and 30 dogs competing in cross country races were recruited to the study. Ocular surface temperature was measured with each of the NCIT devices and compared with rectal temperature (in cats) or ear temperature (in dogs).Findings:Less than a third of the readings from both NCIT devices reported temperatures within 0.5°C of rectal temperature (in cats) and ear temperature (in dogs).Conclusion:The animal specific NCIT devices do not accurately report body temperature in cats or dogs, so their use in clinical situations cannot be recommended.

ACS Style

Emily J Hall; Aisling Fleming; Anne J Carter. Investigating the use of non-contact infrared thermometers in cats and dogs. The Veterinary Nurse 2019, 10, 109 -115.

AMA Style

Emily J Hall, Aisling Fleming, Anne J Carter. Investigating the use of non-contact infrared thermometers in cats and dogs. The Veterinary Nurse. 2019; 10 (2):109-115.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Emily J Hall; Aisling Fleming; Anne J Carter. 2019. "Investigating the use of non-contact infrared thermometers in cats and dogs." The Veterinary Nurse 10, no. 2: 109-115.

Journal article
Published: 28 December 2018 in Journal of Equine Veterinary Science
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Previously published equine temperature ranges often fail to state the population of animals or the method of temperature measurement used to establish the range. An inappropriate reference range can negatively affect the interpretation of measurements, resulting in animals being misdiagnosed. A yard specific equine rectal temperature reference range was therefore calculated. 652 rectal temperatures were collected from a population of 41 healthy adult horses, including a range of breeds aged 2-23 years old. Rectal temperature was measured at a depth of 5cm, using lubricated digital predictive thermometers. The normal rectal temperature range of horses on this yard was 36.0 – 38.0°C (90% confidence interval [CI] = 35.97–36.03°C at the lower limit, CI = 37.97–38.03°C at the upper limit). A Mann Whitney test showed significant difference between geldings and mares (Z = -1.389, p = 0.165). Spearman’s correlation showed no significant correlations between rectal temperature and ambient temperature (Rs = 0.137, p = 0.052), or rectal temperature and horse height (Rs = -0.047, p = 0.791). The upper limit of the range is lower than most previously suggested temperature ranges, which may reflect the low stress environment in which temperatures were measured; horses were housed in a familiar environment and examined and handled by familiar equine technicians. The findings of this study suggest that establishing yard specific normal temperature ranges could improve early detection of fever, and support biosecurity protocols in the face of infectious disease outbreaks. Additionally, the results suggest that existing equine temperature ranges may need reviewing.

ACS Style

Emily J. Hall; Anne J. Carter; Anne G. Stevenson; Carol Hall. Establishing a Yard-Specific Normal Rectal Temperature Reference Range for Horses. Journal of Equine Veterinary Science 2018, 74, 51 -55.

AMA Style

Emily J. Hall, Anne J. Carter, Anne G. Stevenson, Carol Hall. Establishing a Yard-Specific Normal Rectal Temperature Reference Range for Horses. Journal of Equine Veterinary Science. 2018; 74 ():51-55.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Emily J. Hall; Anne J. Carter; Anne G. Stevenson; Carol Hall. 2018. "Establishing a Yard-Specific Normal Rectal Temperature Reference Range for Horses." Journal of Equine Veterinary Science 74, no. : 51-55.

Feature
Published: 19 April 2018 in Veterinary Nursing Journal
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Objective structured clinical examinations (OSCEs) inspire fear and loathing in student veterinary nurses and clinical coaches alike. With different courses using different assessment criteria, students can find preparing for OSCEs stressful if they receive different advice from difference sources. Unfamiliarity with equipment and resources present in the examination can be a further source of anxiety; if a student uses one type of centrifuge in practice, but faces a different model in their OSCE this can trigger panic and shaking hands may struggle to fill capillary tubes, especially with the added pressure of an examiner armed with a clipboard standing in attendance!

ACS Style

Emily J. Hall; Alison Simpson. Using video to support veterinary nursing students preparing for OSCEs. Veterinary Nursing Journal 2018, 33, 145 -147.

AMA Style

Emily J. Hall, Alison Simpson. Using video to support veterinary nursing students preparing for OSCEs. Veterinary Nursing Journal. 2018; 33 (5):145-147.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Emily J. Hall; Alison Simpson. 2018. "Using video to support veterinary nursing students preparing for OSCEs." Veterinary Nursing Journal 33, no. 5: 145-147.

Journal article
Published: 01 February 2018 in Journal of Thermal Biology
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Increasing numbers of people are running with their dogs, particularly in harness through the sport canicross. Whilst canicross races are typically held in the winter months, some human centred events are encouraging running with dogs in summer months, potentially putting dogs at risk of heat related injuries, including heatstroke. The aim of this project was to investigate the effects of ambient conditions and running speed on post-race temperature of canicross dogs in the UK, and investigate the potential risk of heatstroke to canicross racing dogs. The effects of canine characteristics (e.g. gender, coat colour) were explored in order to identify factors that could increase the risk of exercise-induced hyperthermia (defined as body temperature exceeding the upper normal limit of 38.8 °C).108 dogs were recruited from 10 race days, where ambient conditions ranged from −5 − 11 °C measured as universal thermal comfort index (UTCI). 281 post race tympanic membrane temperatures were recorded, ranging from 37.0 − 42.5 °C. There was a weak correlation between speed and post-race temperature (r = 0.269, P < 0.001). Whilst no correlation between any single environmental factor or UTCI and post-race temperature was found, the proportion of dogs developing exercise-induced hyperthermia during the race increased with UTCI (r = 0.688, P = 0.028). Male dogs (χ(1) = 18.286, P < 0.001), and dark coated dogs (χ(2) = 8.234, P = 0.014), were significantly more likely to finish the race with a temperature exceeding 40.6 °C. Prolonged elevati°n of body temperature above this temperature is likely to cause heatstroke. At every race dogs exceeded this critical temperature, with 10.7% (n = 30) of the overall study population exceeding this temperature throughout the study period. The results suggest male dogs, dark coloured dogs, and increased speed of running all increase the risk of heatstroke in racing canicross dogs. Further research is required to investigate the impact of environmental conditions on post-race cooling, to better understand safe running conditions for dogs.

ACS Style

Anne J. Carter; Emily J. Hall. Investigating factors affecting the body temperature of dogs competing in cross country (canicross) races in the UK. Journal of Thermal Biology 2018, 72, 33 -38.

AMA Style

Anne J. Carter, Emily J. Hall. Investigating factors affecting the body temperature of dogs competing in cross country (canicross) races in the UK. Journal of Thermal Biology. 2018; 72 ():33-38.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Anne J. Carter; Emily J. Hall. 2018. "Investigating factors affecting the body temperature of dogs competing in cross country (canicross) races in the UK." Journal of Thermal Biology 72, no. : 33-38.

Clinical
Published: 16 November 2017 in Veterinary Nursing Journal
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Studies have shown that tympanic membrane temperature (TMT) under-reports body temperature when compared to rectal temperature. This could lead to misinterpretation of the TMT, if comparing the result to a rectal temperature range. The aim of this study was to establish a normal canine TMT reference range. Four hundred and sixteen TMTs were taken from 157 healthy dogs, in a range of ambient temperatures. The normal reference range for canine TMT was found to be 36.6–38.8°C. This range should be considered by pet owners and veterinary professionals when interpreting TMT measured with a veterinary aural thermometer, to avoid misinterpretation of the results.

ACS Style

Emily J. Hall; Anne Carter. Establishing a reference range for normal canine tympanic membrane temperature measured with a veterinary aural thermometer. Veterinary Nursing Journal 2017, 32, 369 -373.

AMA Style

Emily J. Hall, Anne Carter. Establishing a reference range for normal canine tympanic membrane temperature measured with a veterinary aural thermometer. Veterinary Nursing Journal. 2017; 32 (12):369-373.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Emily J. Hall; Anne Carter. 2017. "Establishing a reference range for normal canine tympanic membrane temperature measured with a veterinary aural thermometer." Veterinary Nursing Journal 32, no. 12: 369-373.

Review
Published: 25 September 2017 in Veterinary Nursing Journal
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ACS Style

Louise A. Buckley; Emily J. Hall. Review of the centre for evidence-based veterinary medicine’s “using an evidence-based approach in your practice” course. Veterinary Nursing Journal 2017, 32, 289 -292.

AMA Style

Louise A. Buckley, Emily J. Hall. Review of the centre for evidence-based veterinary medicine’s “using an evidence-based approach in your practice” course. Veterinary Nursing Journal. 2017; 32 (10):289-292.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Louise A. Buckley; Emily J. Hall. 2017. "Review of the centre for evidence-based veterinary medicine’s “using an evidence-based approach in your practice” course." Veterinary Nursing Journal 32, no. 10: 289-292.

Journal article
Published: 06 March 2017 in Comparative Exercise Physiology
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The ability to monitor body temperature in athletes at risk of hyperthermia is essential in all species. Currently, the only commonly accepted temperature monitoring site in dogs is the rectum. This is impractical in field situations as it takes time, requires additional handlers to restrain the dog and is not tolerated by all animals. Tympanic membrane temperature (TMT) monitoring may provide a rapid measure of body temperature to facilitate identification of heat stress and heat stroke in canine athletes. In human studies, TMT diverges from rectal temperature (RT) as body temperature increases during exercise induced hyperthermia so is not recommended for monitoring human athletes. If the same divergence occurs in dogs, TMT may not be suitable for use when monitoring the temperature of canine athletes. The aim of the study was to determine if TMT diverged from RT following exercise in healthy dogs. 24 healthy dogs were recruited to the study. Body temperature was measured using a veterinary auricular infrared thermometer to record TMT and an electric predictive rectal thermometer. Temperatures were recorded pre- and post-exercise in a non-clinical setting, familiar to the dogs. The mixed model approach showed that exercise had no effect on the difference between RT and TMT (F(1,201)=0.026, P=0.872). The overall mean difference of RT minus TMT was 0.39 °C (n=116). 68.4% of readings fell within the accepted 0.5 °C difference in temperature recording method. In line with previously reported TMT to RT comparison studies in dogs, this study found that TMT measured consistently lower than RT. Using a correction factor of 0.4 °C minimised the difference. The hypothesis that dogs would show greater differences between TMT and RT following exercise was not supported, suggesting that TMT could be used to monitor body temperature in exercising dogs where RT is not possible.

ACS Style

E.J. Hall; A.J. Carter. Comparison of rectal and tympanic membrane temperature in healthy exercising dogs. Comparative Exercise Physiology 2017, 13, 37 -44.

AMA Style

E.J. Hall, A.J. Carter. Comparison of rectal and tympanic membrane temperature in healthy exercising dogs. Comparative Exercise Physiology. 2017; 13 (1):37-44.

Chicago/Turabian Style

E.J. Hall; A.J. Carter. 2017. "Comparison of rectal and tympanic membrane temperature in healthy exercising dogs." Comparative Exercise Physiology 13, no. 1: 37-44.

Clinical
Published: 17 November 2016 in Veterinary Nursing Journal
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With increasing summer temperatures and milder winters, the risk of heatstroke in dogs is growing. Veterinary nurses have a vital role in identifying high-risk patients and advising owners of the risks of heatstroke. Nurses are able to recommend preventative measures and first aid necessary to minimise the risk of heatstroke; in addition to increasing the chances of survival where heatstroke does occur. This article will provide an overview of the evidence that can be presented to owners during nursing consultations and the prognosis of patients presenting with heatstroke.

ACS Style

Emily J. Hall; Anne Carter. Heatstroke – providing evidence-based advice to dog owners. Veterinary Nursing Journal 2016, 31, 359 -363.

AMA Style

Emily J. Hall, Anne Carter. Heatstroke – providing evidence-based advice to dog owners. Veterinary Nursing Journal. 2016; 31 (12):359-363.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Emily J. Hall; Anne Carter. 2016. "Heatstroke – providing evidence-based advice to dog owners." Veterinary Nursing Journal 31, no. 12: 359-363.