A “cradle-to-grave” life cycle assessment is performed to identify the environmental issues of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) produced through a hybrid thermochemical-biological process using anaerobically digested sewage sludge (ADSS) as feedstock. The assessment includes a measure of the energy performance of the process. The system boundary includes: (i) Sludge pyrolysis followed by volatile fatty acids (VFAs) production; (ii) PHAs-enriched biomass production using a mixed microbial culture (MMC); (iii) PHAs extraction with dimethyl carbonate; and iv) PHAs end-of-life. Three scenarios differing in the use of the syngas produced by both pyrolysis and biochar gasification, and two more scenarios differing only in the external energy sources were evaluated. Results show a trade-off between environmental impacts at global scale, such as climate change and resources depletion, and those having an effect at the local/regional scale, such as acidification, eutrophication, and toxicity. Process configurations based only on the sludge-to-PHAs route require an external energy supply, which determines the highest impacts with respect to climate change, resources depletion, and water depletion. On the contrary, process configurations also integrating the sludge-to-energy route for self-sustainment imply more onsite sludge processing and combustion; this results in the highest values of eutrophication, ecotoxicity, and human toxicity. There is not a categorical winner among the investigated configurations; however, the use of a selected mix of external renewable sources while using sludge to produce PHAs only seems the best compromise. The results are comparable to those of both other PHAs production processes found in the literature and various fossil-based and bio-based polymers, in terms of both non-biogenic GHG emissions and energy demand. Further process advancements and technology improvement in high impact stages are required to make this PHAs production process a competitive candidate for the production of biopolymers on a wide scale.

The development of sustainable processes has an important role to play in balancing social productivity requirements, protecting the environment and natural resources. Up to date, efforts to combat microbial contamination have focused on the use of chemical-based sanitation procedures, which may have various limitations, as testified by the persistence of contamination itself, by the growing antimicrobial resistance of microbes and by the chemical related pollution. The purpose of this paper is to present a comparative analysis of the use of conventional and sustainable cleaning products and processes in civilian environments. The sampling campaign is conducted in a sports hall in Turin, Italy. Each sample comes from a specific environment, surface, furniture and sanitary and is taken using RODAC contact plates and swabs with a neutralizing agent in order to standardize the result of the microbiological evaluation. Sampling occurred before and after traditional and sustainable cleaning procedures. The sustainable experimental design using ecological products in the cleaning procedures of the analyzed areas proved to be a relevant technique. From CAM (minimal environmental criteria) requirements, the sustainable protocol must give equal or better results than the traditional protocol from both microbiological and environmental (LCA) point of view. It can be concluded that the ecological experimental system meets this criterion and has demonstrated better performance both in antimicrobial activity and in environmental impact than the conventional system: all findings are in an acceptable state of sanitation, with no evidence of pathogenic micro-organisms specified in the guideline.

The development of sustainable processes has a significant role in balancing social productivity demands, environmental protection, and natural resources. The control of microbial contamination has so far been concentrated on the use of chemical-based sanitation procedures, which may have various limitations, as testified by the persistence of contamination itself, by the growing antimicrobial resistance (AMR) of hospital microbes, and by chemical-related pollution. This communication aims to present a comparative analysis between the use of traditional and green sanitation products and processes in hospital environments. The sampling campaign was conducted in a day hospital ward of a general hospital (Imola, Santa Maria della Scaletta Hospital). Each sample comes from a specific surface, furniture or sanitary, and was taken using RODAC contact plates and swabs with a neutralizing agent in order to standardize the result of the microbiological evaluation. Sampling occurred before and after traditional and green cleaning procedures. The green experimental protocol using 100% natural and biodegradable products in sanitization procedures of hospital areas at a medium-high health risk was found to be a technique of relevant interest. From CAM requirements, the green protocol must give equal or better results than the traditional protocol. It can be concluded that the green experimental system meets this criterion and has shown better antimicrobial activity performance than the traditional system; all findings are in an acceptable state of sanitation, with no evidence of pathogenic micro-organisms specified in the guideline.

In response to the growing global concern for environmental sustainability, a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) study was conducted to evaluate the environmental benefits of the “Formula Servizi” GREEN protocol compared to a conventional cleaning protocol, as mandated by the updated Criteria for Environmental Sustainability (CAM—Criteri Ambientali Minimi) for cleaning services. The CAM, effective on 19 June 2021, requires companies to demonstrate the environmental advantages of their cleaning protocols over traditional methods. This study aligns with the new CAM guidelines and employs UNI EN ISO 14040–14044 technical standards for a comprehensive comparative analysis. The study highlights the significance of maintaining hygiene to ensure safety in various contexts, emphasizing the importance of environmental sampling and monitoring to prevent contamination and infection transmission. Despite the complexity and expenses associated with microbiological monitoring, this research affirms its crucial role in validating cleaning procedures, particularly in healthcare facilities, food service areas, and industrial settings. The findings reveal that both the “Traditional” and “GREEN” cleaning protocols demonstrate satisfactory effectiveness in controlling microbiological contamination according to established guidelines. Moreover, the LCA results indicate that the “GREEN” protocol, while exhibiting higher water consumption and wastewater treatment, showcases a strategic use of more sustainable cleaning and laundry detergents. Despite the increased water usage in certain phases, the significantly lower environmental impact per unit of weight demonstrates the potential for optimizing both environmental sustainability and operational efficiency in future Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment (LCSA) endeavors. The comparative LCA further reveals that the “GREEN” protocol enables an annual avoidance of 260 g of CO₂-e emissions per square meter of cleaned surface. The most significant reduction in absolute terms is associated with the use of eco-labeled detergents in the laundry system, resulting in the avoidance of 654.1 kg of CO₂-e per year of service (−77% compared to traditional laundry detergents).

This research conducts a comparative life cycle assessment (LCA) to examine both the ecological footprint and microbiological performance of eco-friendly and traditional cleaning methods in non-clinical environments. Conducted in accordance with the updated Minimum Environmental Criteria (CAMs), the research follows the principles and framework established by UNI EN ISO 14040 and 14044. Additionally, the assessment of carbon footprint (kg CO₂e) adheres to ISO 14067:2018, with guidance from Product Category Rules (PCR 2011:03 v3.0.1). Our findings demonstrate that the Green Protocol implemented by Dussmann Service reduces the carbon footprint of cleaning activities by 20.0% compared to the traditional protocol, equating to an annual reduction of 156 kg CO₂ at the pilot site. Laboratory analyses confirm that the Green Protocol maintains hygiene standards equivalent to conventional methods, ensuring adequate microbiological quality while significantly lowering environmental impact. The study highlights the feasibility of integrating eco-friendly cleaning practices without compromising effectiveness. Future research should explore the scalability, cost-efficiency, and long-term benefits of this approach. This assessment provides a scientifically validated foundation for adopting sustainable cleaning methodologies in professional settings, supporting the transition towards environmentally responsible facility management.